后北京奥运时期优秀运动队建设的探索

北京奥运会后如何加强优秀运动队队伍建设是从事竞技体育管理人员面临的最紧要的问题。以科学发展观为指导,探索后北京奥运会时期的队伍建设,必须把坚持运动员为本作为优秀运动队队伍建设的基础和关键一环,必须切实加强运动员、教练员等队伍建设,必须加强运动队文化建设和思想建设,建立立体的优秀运动队保障体系。     

运动队预防“非典”营养学与中药调理方法的探讨

增强优秀运动员免疫力，不仅需要合理的膳食营养，还需要特殊的营养补充及中药的调理。为此我们为“非典”期间仍然坚持训练的运动员、教练员及运动队的管理人员，提供一些良好的营养学建议。     

优秀运动队和谐管理论略

加强优秀运动队和谐管理,创建和谐优秀运动队是一项系统工程,它要求我们坚持"和谐哲学",变革管理观念,努力营造运动队团体文化,妥善处理运动队的各种人际关系(包括促进运动员个人心理的"自我和谐"),妥善处理和化解各种矛盾,同时坚持以章治队,周密制定并严格实施各项规章制度,不断激发运动队的团体活力,特别是创造性活力,为每位运动员营造公平竞争的和谐环境和良好平台,使大家保持平和的心态,促进整个运动队训练绩效和比赛成绩的持续提高.     

篮球运动员对队友信任的测量及与相关变量的关系

信任是球类集体项目运动队中人员合作的基础,是运动队管理的基石,对于运动队运动训练过程的顺利进行以及最终比赛成绩的获得都有着非常重要的作用.沿着信任的前因变量-信任-信任结果变量的逻辑顺序,研究篮球项目运动员对队友信任测量量表、信任前因对信任的预测作用以及信任与运动队绩效的关系.通过专家访谈、问卷调查,将所获数据主要运用探索性因子分析、结构方程模型、多元线性回归、典型相关等统计方法进行处理.结果表明,篮球项目运动员对队友信任量表的信效度符合心理测量学的要求,可用于此项目运动员对队友信任状况的测量.运动队目标明确性、成员之间沟通有效性对运动员信任队友程度的形成具有不同程度的预测作用.运动员对队友的信任与运动队绩效之间具有相互影响的关系,其中运动队成员合作行为以及全队平均每场得失分比和全队平均助攻次数对运动员信任队友程度的影响要大于信任对对方的影响.     

普通高校办高水平运动队的实证研究——以湖北大学五人制足球队为例

采用文献资料、逻辑分析等研究方法,对普通高校办高水平运动队进行研究。认为普通高校具有办高水平运动队的优势和条件,能培养出综合素质高的优秀运动员。普通高校办高水平运动队为竞技体育提供了全新的管理和训练模式。     

上海市体育运动学校优秀运动员思想状况的调查与分析

通过问卷调查法,对上海市体育运动学校优秀运动员进行理想信念、运动队管理和运动员心理与道德修养等3方面的调查与分析,并提出针对性的建议。     

浙江省优秀运动员文化教育的研究

采用分层问卷调查、专家咨询、座谈等方法 ,对浙江省优秀运动队的文化教育进行了探讨。分析认为 ,优秀运动员文化教育的依从性决定了人文教育可作为优秀运动员文化教育的指导思想 ,藉以协调学训矛盾 ;改革体育总局系统内成人运动训练专业单独统一招生考试制度 ,确立具有人文精神的局部发展的人为现实培养目标 ,用面向学生、面向社会、面向生活、面向竞训的教育理念 ,构筑运动员的人文学习环境 ,在义务教育的基础上实行富有个性的“扬长”式高等教育。     

优秀运动队管理中心理契约的绩效及其构建研究

运用现代管理学相关理论,对心理契约的内涵加以阐释,探讨了心理契约在优秀运动队管理中的绩效与构建。其绩效表现为:培养运动员对运动队的归属感;有利于提高运动队的运动成绩;有利于运动队的可持续发展;有利于节约管理成本。构建运动队与运动员间的心理契约可从6方面着手:确立"以人为本"的管理思路;给予运动员应有的支持与鼓励;形成行之有效的激励机制;塑造和构建共同有价值的远景;建立运动员与运动队的信任机制;构筑运动员人力资源保障体系与管理体系。     

体育院校办高水平运动队的实证研究 ——以武汉体育学院体操队为例

总结体育院校办高水平运动队的实践经验,认为体育院校具有办高水平运动队的优势和条件,能培养出综合素质高的优秀运动员。体育学院办高水平运动队为竞技体育提供了全新的管理和训练模式。     

我国运动员培养模式的对比分析

通过文献资料、调查访问等方法,对我国运动员培养模式进行研究。分析我国"优秀运动队"模式、"三位一体"模式、"体教结合"模式和"俱乐部"模式的优势和不足,研究认为:"三位一体"模式、"体教结合"模式较"优秀运动队"模式、"俱乐部"模式有所改进,进一步考虑了运动员的全面发展,既考虑眼前利益,又兼顾了运动员长远发展的要求。在此基础上,提出我国运动员人才培养结构要进一步开放、投资渠道要拓宽、管理结构要完善的建议。     

对体育院校优秀运动员教学管理的探究

就体育院校优秀运动员教学管理定位和教学管理体系的建立,抓好优秀运动员学习过程管理,提高优秀运动员的文化素质等问题进行了研究,提出了对体育院校高水平运动员的教学管理必须坚持"以人为本"、"以学生为主体",优秀运动员的教学管理是体育院校管理的重要环节。对于突出体育院校的办学特色和提升优秀运动员的文化素质具有重要意义。     

中国体操队、举重队备战、参赛北京奥运会的心理训练

高水平运动比赛的成功发挥除了坚实的训练水平之外,还取决于竞技心理水平的高低.在北京奥运会上,中国体操和举重健儿发挥出色取得了优异的成绩,教练员和运动员都认为良好的心理状态是在此次奥运会上获得成功的重要因素.对中国体操队、举重队北京奥运会备战、赛前的心理准备情况进行总结,并展示相关实际案例,以期为高水平运动员大赛心理准备研究提供实践经验,为心理学工作者对运动队提供心理学帮助提供参考.     

“玫瑰”花期为什么这样短——从人文社会学角度看中美优秀女足运动员的运动寿命

优秀运动员的培养过程是一个复杂的系统工程,其最终目的是使运动员尽可能早的达到竞技能力高峰期,并尽可能长的维持这个高峰期。运动寿命一直是人们关注的热点,本文选择人文社会学视角为切入点,通过对中美女足运动员的比较分析,来研究其对运动寿命的影响。     

Education in the Chinese national sport system: experiences of professional wushu athletes

Abstract

Within the Chinese national sport system, the government provides resources and funding to train athletes from a young age to become high-performance competitors. Though athletes are well supported to excel in their sport, during their years of intense physical training, athletes generally receive little to no formal education to prepare them for life outside of sport. The sacrifice of forgoing formal education to compete in elite level sport is not uncommon for athletes within centralized sporting systems and has been widely documented; however, there is little research that focuses on the impact of the team’s educational systems from the perspective of the athletes. To add to the growing body of research in this area, the authors utilized in-depth interviews to examine professional wushu athletes’ education experiences whilst training on their team. Thematic analysis of the findings revealed that athletes who committed themselves to sport training in the Chinese national system had to negotiate a number of factors related to time, motivation, social influences, and resources when it came to education and academia. Findings highlight the ways in which these athletes experience and come to terms with limited academic opportunities, preparation and support from their team and the training environment.     

关于一般训练与专项训练相结合理论的实践思考

本文通过世界优秀选手成长的训练实践，对一般训练与专项训练相结合的理论进行再认识，提出关注项目特性、重视专项化的一般训练的指导思想，供训练参考之用．     

Differences in self-regulatory skills among talented athletes: The significance of competitive level and type of sport

Abstract

Research has shown that talented athletes outscore their mainstream peers on the basis of self-regulation. Although valuable, this does not tell us more about the distinction between good athletes and the best, which is a prerequisite in talent development. Therefore, we examined the self-regulatory skills of 222 male and female talented athletes aged 12–16 years as a function of competitive sport level (junior international or junior national athletes) and type of sport (individual or team sports). Multivariate analyses of covariance in combination with a discriminant function analysis revealed that “reflection” distinguishes between athletes at the highest levels of excellence. Furthermore, athletes playing individual sports had higher scores on “planning” and “effort” than team sport athletes, highlighting the importance of differences between types of sport. In conclusion, we emphasize the importance of reflection as a self-regulatory skill. Reflection facilitates the development of sport-specific characteristics, which may vary by type of sport. This means that an advanced sense of reflection may help talented athletes to acquire desirable characteristics during their “talent” years to ultimately reach adult elite levels of competition.     

Elite athletes as mothers: Managing multiple identities

Mothers’ voices are often silent in the sports literature, especially as elite athletes. This research used a symbolic interactionist approach and semi-structured interviews to explore the experiences of nine elite female athletes in New Zealand who were also mothers at the time of competing. The specific objectives were to explore how motherhood impacted on the identity of elite athletes, how they negotiated their multiple identities and roles, and how support systems were utilized to encourage and retain elite athletes as mothers. The women managed their multiple identities and negotiated constraints such as guilt, lack of time and limited organizational support by emphasizing how integral sport was to their sense of self. They highlighted the mutual benefits of motherhood to their sport aspirations and vice versa, by utilizing time/space management strategies, and by creating and accessing strong support networks which sometimes included organizational support. There was a move towards the integration of multiple identities and a focus on how women's choices in leisure and sport were realized for future research and theory development. Sport management practices and policies that create opportunities for mothers to achieve and maintain elite athlete status are also mentioned.     

我国单板滑雪U型项目运动员人格、赛前情绪的类型及关系研究

探讨我国单板U型滑雪运动员人格和赛前情绪类型的基本特点及其关系,采用卡特尔16种人格因素量表和赛前情绪量表–T,对我国43名运动员进行调查,结果显示:(1)运动员的人格类型主要有普通型、兴奋敢为型和敏感紧张型。运动员的赛前情绪类型主要有混合型、自信型和淡漠型。地方队的混合型和淡漠型运动员显著多于国家队。赛前情绪为混合型的运动员没有取得过国际名次,自信型运动员取得的国际名次最多。(2)普通型和敏感紧张型运动员的个体失败焦虑显著高于兴奋敢为型运动员;敏感紧张型运动员的社会期待焦虑显著高于兴奋敢为型运动员。(3)从个案看:该项目优秀运动员大多属于兴奋敢为型和自信型运动员。结论:兴奋敢为型和自信型的单板滑雪U型项目运动员焦虑更少、成绩更好、更易成功。     

Sleep/wake behaviours of elite athletes from individual and team sports

Abstract

Sleep is an essential component for athlete recovery due to its physiological and psychological restorative effects, yet few studies have explored the habitual sleep/wake behaviour of elite athletes. The aims of the present study were to investigate the habitual sleep/wake behaviour of elite athletes, and to compare the differences in sleep between athletes from individual and team sports. A total of 124 (104 male, 20 female) elite athletes (mean ± s: age 22.2 ± 3.0 years) from five individual sports and four team sports participated in this study. Participants' sleep/wake behaviour was assessed using self-report sleep diaries and wrist activity monitors for a minimum of seven nights (range 7–28 nights) during a typical training phase. Mixed-effects analyses of variances were conducted to compare the differences in the sleep/wake behaviour of athletes from two sport types (i.e. individual and team). Overall, this sample of athletes went to bed at 22:59 ± 1.3, woke up at 07:15 ± 1.2 and obtained 6.8 ± 1.1 h of sleep per night. Athletes from individual sports went to bed earlier, woke up earlier and obtained less sleep (individual vs team; 6.5 vs 7.0 h) than athletes from team sports. These data indicate that athletes obtain well below the recommended 8 h of sleep per night, with shorter sleep durations existing among athletes from individual sports.