运动、营养与白细胞

白细胞是人体免疫功能的执行者之一,其中的淋巴细胞及亚群对于运动应激的应答更是有着重要意义.本文采用文献综述的研究方法,探讨在不同的运动强度、不同的运动时间下,白细胞的数目、活性变化及发生机制.在此基础上,进一步指出运动及营养对白细胞的影响.     

赛前、赛后速滑运动员白细胞总数变化初探

根据近年来运动医学在血液形态方面的研究证明:在运动时白细胞总数明显增高。叶果洛夫和兰道施把这种由运动所引     

急性运动对免疫细胞的影响

回顾了运动免疫学近几年的研究，着重讨论了急性运动对免疫细胞的影响。包括急性运动对淋巴细胞亚群的影响，淋巴细胞对有丝分裂原的增生反应，NK细胞及中性粒细胞数量和功能的变化，以及运动后白细胞转运可能的机制等。     

运动卫生、保健

G804.3 9903338运动与体重控制[刊,中,A]/罗昶润∥中华体育季刊.-1999.-12(4).-85-90表1参8(YYW)运动∥体重控制∥计划∥脂肪由于生活形态改变,身体劳动的机会降低,社会上产生了许多营养过剩及肥胖的问题。于是,体重控制便成了许多人生活上的一大困扰。体重控制的方法很多,如何选择最理想的方式,是大家最关心的问题。根据过去许多专家学者的研究,理想的体重控制,透过运动应该是较好的方法,它不仅可达成体重控制的目的,所带来的周边效应,对心血管疾病、糖尿病、高血压及慢性疾病的预防,都有很正面的贡献。如能加强本身对于体重控制的认知,拟定完善的运动计划,养成规律的运动习惯,相信对于体重控制,必能发挥最大的功效。     

大学女生适宜运动负荷的实验研究

运动能导致白细胞总数增多,其增多又可分为三个时相,即淋巴时相、中性时相、中毒时相,作为健身的适宜运动应在中毒时相出现之前结束。在上述理论研究的基础上,以普通大学女生为实验对象,对受试者施以三种不同的运动负荷及运动时间,检测运动前、运动后即刻的血液学指标,从运动医学角度,探讨与分析普通大学女生的适宜运动负荷及运动时间,以期为大学女生的健身运动及体育工作者提供科学的理论依据。     

1038例足球运动员白细胞及其分类

前言白细胞的主要功能是保护机体、抵抗外来微生物的侵害。这一功能靠各类不同白细胞共同完成。正常情况下白细胞总数及其分类计数均在一定的范围之内,因此,血液中白细胞的数目,是临床血液检查的一项重要内容。从运动医学角度看,研究白细胞及其分类的意义不仅停留在疾病的诊断,还把它视为判定训练程度和身体机能状况的指标。不少专业工作者对白细胞在运动前后数量的变化做出了     

中、日青少年骨密度对比研究

通过对中、日青少年骨密度的共同研究，在测定从初中到大学各年龄段骨密度的基础上，进一步分析骨密度与形态及运动、饮食习惯的关系。研究表明，我国青少年的骨密度略高于日本，中、日青少年的骨密度在18岁以后呈明显的下降趋势，女青少年的骨量峰值早于男青少年出现。身体形态与骨密度的相关性较低。运动与饮食习惯对于青少年的骨密度起重要的促进作用。和日本相比，我国青少年的饮食与运动习惯有待提高。     

运动、β-内啡肽与红细胞免疫

运动过程中免疫系统的变化,过去的研究主要集中在白细胞上,对红细胞的研究甚少.自从1981年Siegel提出红细胞免疫系统(Red Cell Immune System)新概念后,红细胞在免疫系统中的作用才逐渐被人们所认识.免疫系统与神经内分泌又是密切相关的,形成免疫-神经内分泌网络.     

运动对肌糖原贮备不同大鼠脂肪细胞白细胞介素-6及受体和激素敏感性脂肪酶基因表达的影响

研究目的观察定量运动对肌糖原贮储不同大鼠脂肪细胞白细胞介素-6及受体和激素敏感性脂肪酶基因表达的变化.研究方法通过跑台运动与膳食干预来造成运动前大鼠肌糖原储备不同,分为正常(肌)糖原组和低(肌)糖原组,然后再进行定量跑台运动.在运动过程中宰杀进行动态观察.通过实时荧光定量PCR法测定脂肪细胞中的白细胞介素-6及受体和激素敏感性脂肪酶的mRNA.结果研究发现,定量运动引起了脂肪组织中IL-6mRNA、IL-6RmRNA和HSLmRNA上升,其中IL-6mRNA和HSLmRNA的上升并不存在肌糖原储备的差异,而IL-6RmRNA则不然.结论定量运动过程中肌糖原储备的差异对脂肪组织IL-6RmRNA的影响深刻,而对IL-6mRNA和HSLmRNA的影响较小.     

吸烟对专业运动员血清、红细胞、白细胞中锌含量影响的报告

吸烟损害运动员的身心健康。对长年吸烟的专业运动员血清、红细胞、白细胞中锌含量进行了测试。研究结果表明,吸烟不是直接导致运动员血液中锌含量下降的原因。研究结果提示。大运动量训练后的恢复和营养及时补充保障,对于恢复血液中锌含量回升具有一定实际意义。     

运动性免疫失衡过程中转录因子的变化

目的:探讨运动性免疫失衡大鼠外周血白细胞中Th1型转录因子IRF、STAT4、Th2型转录因子GATA3、CCR4 mRNA表达量的变化.方法:应用实时定量PCR方法检测运动性免疫失衡模型建立过程中大鼠外周血白细胞中IRF、STAT4、GATA3、CCR4 mRNA的表达.结果:IRF/GATA3、STAT4/GATA3、STAT4/OCR4均下降,IRF/CCR4呈上升趋势,其中,STAT4/GATA3的下降统计学处理具有显著性(P＜0.05).结论:转录因子IRF、STAT4、GATA3、CCR4在运动性免疫失衡中可能起重要作用,其中,STAT4/GATA3具有最高的敏感性,可以作为进一步研究运动性免疫失衡机制的靶基因.     

Acute impact of submaximal resistance exercise on immunological and hormonal parameters in young men

In this study, we examined the acute effects of submaximal resistance exercise on immunological and hormonal parameters in 7 resistance-trained and 10 non-resistance-trained males. The participants, who were aged 29.5 +/- 7.1 years (mean +/- s), performed submaximal resistance exercise at 75% of their one-repetition maximum. Blood samples were taken before, during, immediately after, and 30, 60 and 120 min after exercise and analysed for leukocyte subpopulations and stress hormones. Total leukocytes, neutrophils and monocytes increased during exercise, reaching their maximum 2 h after exercise. Lymphocytes increased during exercise, T-helper cells returned to resting values after exercise, and natural killer cells and T-suppressor cells decreased below resting values. The CD4/CD8 ratio decreased during exercise but increased during recovery. The resistance-trained participants tended to have lower T-helper cell counts before, during and immediately after exercise and a lower CD4/CD8 ratio during recovery than the non-resistance-trained participants. Plasma cortisol correlated positively with leukocytes during exercise (r = 0.572, P < 0.05), but negatively with T-helper cells 30 and 60 min after exercise (r = -0.573, P < 0.05; r = -0.642, P < 0.01, respectively). Our results indicate that resistance exercise leads to acute changes in leukocyte counts, despite moderate hormonal changes, independent of training status. Regular resistance exercise might lead to decreased T-helper cell counts and a lower CD4/CD8 ratio, which could increase susceptibility to infections.     

长期运动训练对青年男性淋巴细胞凋亡及线粒体DNA修复酶的影响

目的探究长期运动训练对青年男性淋巴细胞凋亡及线粒体DNA(mtDNA)修复酶(8-氧鸟嘌呤DNA糖基化酶,OGG1)的影响及可能机制。方法训练组为20名男子足球专业运动员,对照组为20名男子大学生。2组均在功率自行车上完成递增负荷力竭运动。运动前和运动后即刻采集静脉血。流式细胞法检测淋巴细胞凋亡率,比色法检测超氧阴离子和羟自由基含量和Caspase-3,Caspase-9活性,高效液相色谱法检测mtDNA中8-氧鸟嘌呤(8-oxodG)含量,Western-blotting法检测线粒体OGG1蛋白(mtOGG1)表达水平。结果运动前和运动后,训练组与对照组比较,超氧阴离子、羟自由基、Caspase-3,Caspase-9活性、8-oxodG降低,OGG1升高;运动后,训练组与对照组比较,淋巴细胞凋亡率降低。对照组和训练组在运动后与运动前比较,淋巴细胞凋亡率、超氧阴离子、羟自由基、Caspase-3,Caspase-9活性和8-oxodG均升高,但训练组升高幅度低于对照组;运动后对照组OGG1降低,而训练组OGG1升高。结论一次性力竭运动诱导产生高水平ROS,并抑制mtOGG1表达,使mtDNA氧化损伤,促进淋巴细胞凋亡;长期耐力训练可通过抑制ROS生成,并提高mtOGG1表达,抑制运动性淋巴细胞凋亡。     

运动与免疫系统研究进展

运动对机体免疫功能有急慢性以及正负性影响。有规律的适度运动可增强免疫功能而降低感染风险。急性运动后肌源性IL-6释放增加,IL-10上升从而抑制细胞免疫功能。急性运动增强自然杀伤细胞活性但是降低白细胞的吞噬功能。长时间的高强度运动可能会通过抑制黏膜IgA分泌而增加上呼吸道感染风险。定期补充抗氧化剂如维生素C和E以及在运动过程中摄入碳水化合物有助于预防免疫抑制。平衡营养饮食匹配合理的运动计划可支持和促进免疫系统。     

Influence of different types of exercise on the expression of haem oxygenase-1 in leukocytes

Haem-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an antioxidant stress protein that is mainly induced by reactive oxygen species, inflammatory cytokines and hyperthermia. We assessed the influence of different types of exercise on HO-1 expression in leukocytes of the peripheral blood in three groups of male participants: a short exhaustive run above the lactate steady state (n = 15), eccentric exercise (n = 12) and an intensive endurance run (half-marathon, n = 12). Blood samples were taken at rest and up to 24 h after exercise. Blood lactate concentration after exercise was 9.0 +/- 2.1, 3.8 +/- 1.6 and 5.1 +/- 2.2 mmol x l(-1) (mean +/- s) for the exhaustive run, eccentric exercise and half-marathon groups, respectively (P < 0.05). Creatine kinase concentration was highest 24 h after exercise: 133 +/- 91, 231 +/- 139 and 289 +/- 221 U x l(-1) for the exhaustive run, eccentric exercise and half-marathon groups, respectively (P < 0.05). The maximal increase in leukocyte counts after exercise was 11.5 +/- 19.2, 6.2 +/- 1.4 and 14.7 +/- 2.1 x 10(9) x l(-1). There was no change in HO-1 as a result of the short exhaustive run or the eccentric exercise, whereas the half-marathon had a significant stimulatory effect on HO-1-expression in lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes (P < 0.001) using flow cytometry analyses. In conclusion, eccentric exercise alone or short-term heavy exercise are not sufficient to stimulate the antioxidative stress protein HO-1 in peripheral leukocytes     

The effect of caffeine ingestion on human neutrophil oxidative burst responses following time-trial cycling

Following fixed-duration exercise of submaximal intensity, caffeine ingestion is associated with an attenuation of the exercise-induced decline in N-formyl-methionyl-phenyl-alanine (f-MLP) stimulated neutrophil oxidative burst. However, the response following high-intensity exhaustive exercise is unknown. Nine endurance-trained male cyclists ingested 6 mg caffeine or placebo per kilogram of body mass 60 min before cycling for 90 min at 70% of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and then performing a time-trial requiring an energy expenditure equivalent to 30 min cycling at 70% maximum power output. Time-trial performance was 4% faster in the caffeine than in the placebo trial (P = 0.043). Caffeine was associated with an increased plasma adrenaline concentration after 90 min of exercise (P = 0.046) and immediately after the time-trial (P = 0.02). Caffeine was also associated with an increased serum caffeine concentration (P < 0.01) after 90 min of exercise and immediately after the time-trial, as well as 1 h after the time-trial. However, the f-MLP-stimulated neutrophil oxidative burst response fell after exercise in both trials (P = 0.002). There was no effect of caffeine on circulating leukocyte or neutrophil counts, but the lymphocyte count was significantly lower on caffeine (20%) after the time-trial (P = 0.003). Our results suggest that high-intensity exhaustive exercise negates the attenuation of the exercise-induced decrease in neutrophil oxidative burst responses previously observed when caffeine is ingested before exercise of fixed duration and intensity. This may be associated with the greater increase in adrenaline concentration observed in the present study.     

The time-frame of acute resistance exercise effects on football skill performance: The impact of exercise intensity

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the recovery rate of football skill performance following resistance exercise of moderate or high intensity. Ten elite football players participated in three different trials: control, low-intensity resistance exercise (4 sets, 8–10 repetitions/set, 65–70% 1 repetition maximum [1RM]) and high-intensity resistance exercise (4 sets, 4–6 repetitions/set, 85–90% 1RM) in a counterbalanced manner. In each experimental condition, participants were evaluated pre, post, and at 24, 48, 72 h post exercise time points. Football skill performance was assessed through the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test, long passing, dribbling, shooting and heading. Delayed onset muscle soreness, knee joint range of motion, and muscle strength (1RM) in squat were considered as muscle damage markers. Blood samples analysed for creatine kinase activity, C-reactive protein, and leukocyte count. Passing and shooting performance declined (P < 0.05) post-exercise following resistance exercise. Strength declined post-exercise following high-intensity resistance exercise. Both trials induced only a mild muscle damage and inflammatory response in an intensity-dependent manner. These results indicate that football skill performance is minimally affected by acute resistance exercise independent of intensity suggesting that elite players may be able to participate in a football practice or match after only 24 h following a strength training session.     

中小学课间操的创新研究

课间操是中小学生每天必须进行的体育活动,是中小学体育教育中不可缺少的重要教学内容之一,在中小学体育教学中占有很重要的位置。学生认真做课间操,是保证课间操的前提,也是课间操发挥最大作用的因素,所以要保证课间操的质量就是要让学生喜欢做课间操。课间操丰富的内容、新颖的动作,能够提高学生做课间操的兴趣,同时提高做课间操的质量。本文针对课间操存在的一些问题,提出课间操的创新,以及创新课间操对提高学生做课间操的兴趣,提高课间操的质量都是非常重要的。     

运动对体液调节激素心钠素和醛固酮的影响

心钠素和醛固酮是体内重要的体液调节激素,运动会引起血浆心钠素(ANP)、醛固酮(ALDO)的增高,血浆心钠素(ANP)随运动强度的增加而增加,系统合理的运动训练能提高血浆心钠素水平,力竭运动血浆ANP含量过度增高,增加潜在的心肌受损的可能性。运动中血浆醛固酮(ALDO)浓度与运动强度和脱水程度相关,血浆心钠素(ANP)与机体脱水程度关系不大。运动中检测心钠素、醛固酮浓度的变化对合理制定运动强度、科学指导运动训练具有重要意义。     

呼吸肌疲劳对运动能力的影响

迄今为止,人们比以往任何时候都相信,呼吸系统是影响耐力的重要因素之一。不仅剧烈的耐力练习会导致呼吸肌的疲劳,而且运动训练和比赛所导致的呼吸肌的疲劳也会影响运动员的竞技状态。因而运动员进行呼吸肌的耐力训练可以提高其耐力水平。勿庸置疑,呼吸系统的疾病可以影响运动能力,但是呼吸系统在何种程度上影响运动能力仍然有争议。