流场可视化的便携式烟风洞装置

文章介绍了一种整体长度为0.64m,重约为4kg,轻巧、便携的烟风洞装置的特点.该装置有着良好的烟气发生装置和烟气流动质量,方便的燃油补充机构和试件磁力固定结构,是流体力学学科中一种较完美的教学工具.轻巧的结构使得这种烟风洞装置可以很方便地携入教室用于教学演示.各种研究对象在风洞中的绕流情况可以很好地用高质量的数字照片显示出来,这些照片如圆柱绕流,平面叶栅的流线分布,都能较好地反映了流体力学流动基本规律;同时,通过对一个模型汽车所进行的流体力学数值计算（FLUENT）与实验对比,其结果显示出它们的流动状态吻合较好,说明这种便携式烟风洞的良好性能.     

Large eddy simulation of unsteady aerodynamic behavior of long-span vaulted roofs

This paper discusses the unsteady aerodynamic behavior of long-span vaulted roofs. First, a forced vibration test in a turbulent boundary layer is conducted in a wind tunnel. The models are force vibrated in the first anti-symmetric mode to investigate the effects of wind speed, rise/span ratio, and the amplitude and frequency of forced vibration on the distributions of wind pressures and unsteady aerodynamic forces. Then, a large eddy simulation (LES) is carried out to clarify the physical mechanism of wind-roof interaction as well as to investigate the influences of a roof’s vibration on the flow field around the roof. From the results of the wind tunnel experiment and the LES, we discuss the characteristics of unsteady aerodynamic forces on a long-span vaulted roof over a wide range of the reduced frequency of vibration. The effect of unsteady aerodynamic forces on the dynamic response of the roof is also discussed. A comparison between the wind tunnel experiment and the LES indicates that the LES can be used effectively to evaluate the unsteady aerodynamic behavior.     

3D finite element simulation of tunnel boring machine construction processes in deep water conveyance tunnel

Applying stiffness migration method, a 3D finite element mechanical model is established to simulate the excavation and advance processes. By using 3D nonlinear finite element method, the tunnel boring machine (TBM) excavation process is dynamically simulated to analyze the stress and strain field status of surrounding rock and segment. The maximum tensile stress of segment ring caused by tunnel construction mainly lies in arch bottom and presents zonal distribution. The stress increases slightly and limitedly in the course of excavation. The maxi-mum and minimum displacements of segment, manifesting as zonal distribution, distribute in arch bottom and vault respectively. The displacements slightly increase with the advance of TBM and gradually tend to stability.     

Wind tunnel test and numerical simulation of wind pressure on a high-rise building

We carried out a wind tunnel test to measure cladding loads for a high-rise building of 295 m in height, which would be located in the business center of Chongqing Municipality, P. R. China. The rigid model was used to determine fluctuating local pressures on the exterior surfaces of the building. The wind tunnel test results show the cr/tical zone of wind pressures on building surfaces in both standalone and interference conditions. The computational fluid dynamics （CFD） was conducted by using the FLUENT Code to compare with the wind tunnel test results, and the steady three-dimensional turbulent flow with Realizable k-ε as a turbulence model was used. The CFD results are agree with the wind tunnel test results in regards to distributions of wind pressures over a high-rise building＇s surfaces.     

小型垂直轴风力机叶片气动特性模拟与分析

针对NACA4412翼型风力发电机扰流流动特点,建立了二维和三维不可压缩湍流模型,并对基于流体连续性方程和N-S方程及k-ε湍流模型的二维流场进行数值模拟计算。采用多参考系计算（MRF）模型,用FLUENT模拟了流场内翼型截面的受力情况和速度分布情况,得到了NACA4412翼型风机的气动特性。     

大型低速回流风洞换热器设计研究

提出了用于某大气边界层风洞的新型换热装置,设计了一套水循环冷却系统。风洞内换热器是对第3拐角导流片进行特殊设计,该设计突破传统风洞换热器的设计模式,有效地降低了风洞气流的流动损失。在该设计中进行了换热系统的热力学计算、系统结构设计、流动阻力计算等。计算结果表明:对于该大气边界层风洞的技术参数,使用新型导流片换热器,可以使该风洞运转温度保持在25℃左右;该设计对于提高风洞实验数据的精度具有一定的实用价值。     

小型风力发电机外特性测试平台的设计

设计并实现了一个小型风力发电机的外特性测试平台,平台包括低速开放式风洞、数据采集系统两部分.风洞设计成口径3.5 m的直流式风洞,实验段采用圆形截面,动力段采用多风机提供动力,在风流通过蜂窝器后,大大改善了风流效果并提高了可靠性.数据采集系统通过工业控制数据采集卡对风速、风力发电机转速、输出电压、电流等进行数据采集和处理.通过对某小型风力发电机进行测试的结果表明,平台可满足测试小型风机外特性的实验要求.     

塔式建筑对大气扩散影响研究

1986年1月在深圳市罗湖区的南洋大夏(31层),现场监测了塔楼附近风速、风向、温度及汽车尾气污染物浓度随高度的变化,总结了一些规律。在此基础上,用SIMPLE方法模拟了北风、中性大气条件下南洋大厦附近的三维流场,用求对流扩散方程数值解的方法模拟了北风、中性大气条件下南洋大厦附近NOx的浓度分布,并与实测结果相比较。模拟结果表明,塔楼的风影能起到一个相当干烟囱的作用,对减轻街道面的汽车尾气污染有利。     

The fracture network model of Shen 229 block buried hill： A case study from Liaohe Basin, China

INTRODUCTION Several fields in Liaohe Basin are host to frac- tured hydrocarbon oil reservoir, fractures are consid- ered to influence productivity significantly in these reservoirs, which not only form a large part of the overall porosity, but also are responsible for the po- tential reservoir volume. More importantly, the frac- ture system facilitates permeability and flow. Ce- mented and closed fractures act as barriers to flow, whereas open fractures intersected by the wellbore may in…     

石油化工管道弯头冲蚀磨损数值模拟

针对油气管道运输系统存在的固液两相流对管道弯头的冲蚀破坏问题,采用CFD软件Fluent中的DPM和k-ε模型模拟多相流冲蚀现象.分析弯头内流场压力流速分布和颗粒运动轨迹,找出弯头最大冲蚀率与冲蚀位置分布规律.研究表明:在弯头内45°外侧壁面区域流场压强最大;弯头内流体流速在弯头内侧45°近壁区域达到最大值,其附近有二...     

机械创新能力培养的工程图学培养模式构建

工程图学是工科学生表达创新能力的基本手段。通过基于机械创新能力的工程图学课程体系构建,提出“图学思维能力+产品构建思维能力”的工程图学思维培养模式,构建基于三维数字化建模设计表达手段新平台。同时对基于机械创新设计的个性化设计模式、项目引入模式、项目组设计模式等培养模式进行了深入的研究和实践。     

Unsteady flow structure of an airfoil in ground effect

Particle image velocimetry （PIV） experimental results of wake flow structure of a NACA0012 airfoil with small attack angle mounted above water surface are introduced.The experiment was carried out in a small-scale wind-wave tunnel.The diameter of wind-wave tunnel test section is 1.7 m （long） × 0.4 m （width） × 0.4 m （height）.The flow fields around the airfoil were measured under four diffierent conditions by varying the distance between the airfoil and the water surface.The attack angle of the airfoil was kept 10- during the experiment.For each experimental condition,the time series of particle images was captured to calculate continuous evolution of the velocity fields.The velocity fields were ensemble averaged to get the statistic parameters such as mean velocity and vorticity.Typical instantaneous velocity fields for each case are introduced to show the basic flow structure of wind surface flow separation.The aerodynamic loads acting on the airfoil are analyzed qualitatively according to the mean vorticity distribution in the flow field based on the theory of vorticity aerodynamics.The results indicate that the flow structures and drag/lift force of the airfoil alter remarkably with the changing distance between the airfoil and water surface.     

A parametric sensitivity study by numerical simulations on plume dispersion of the exhaust from a cryogenic wind tunnel

The low temperature plume exhausted from a cryogenic wind tunnel may sink down, posing a severe threat to public health and safety. Quantitative risk assessment of cryogenic plume flow behavior therefore plays an important role in the design and optimization of a cryogenic wind tunnel. A numerical model with a modified Hertz-Knudsen relation considering the phase change physics of the small quantity of water involved is applied to analyze the dispersion of the low temperature nitrogen plume exhausted from a 0.3 m cryogenic wind tunnel. The homogeneous multiphase flow is modeled using the single-fluid mixture model. A model validation is presented for the exhaust plume from the US National Transonic Facility (NTF). The predicted results are found to be better than those predicted by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)’s two-stage analytical model. The influences of the environmental wind speed, the environmental wind temperature, the relative humidity, and the exhaust flow rate, on low temperature nitrogen plume dispersion are obtained. In particular, the parametric sensitivities of different influence factors are analyzed. The environmental wind temperature and the exhaust flow rate of the nitrogen gas have greater impact on the temperature of the plume near the ground than do the environmental wind speed and the relative humidity. The exhaust flow rate of the nitrogen gas has greater impact on the oxygen concentration near the ground than does the environmental wind speed, while the environmental wind temperature and the relative humidity have negligible impacts. The results provide guidance on the operation and design improvement of a cryogenic gaseous nitrogen discharge system to avoid its potential hazards.     

室内风速模拟的一种数值方法

在风力发电技术的研究中,进行室内试验是最有效率的方法,这样就必须模拟实际风场的风,而自然风具有不确定性,难于精准的构造模型.运用非平稳随机过程的方法,建立基于观测数据的非平稳随机过程的数学模型,运用这个模型和康平风场实际观测数据,进行了风速样本模拟.结果表明,采用本方法只需利用少量的风速观测数据就可以很好的模拟自然风.     

多点激励下多跨斜拉桥缩尺模型的地震响应研究．部分2：数值分析

研究目的：通过非线性动力有限元分析,模拟多塔斜拉桥在多点激励下的地震响应以及揭爪其在强震下的倒塌破坏模式。创新要点：解决了多塔斜拉桥的非线性动力数值模拟技术,并首次模拟了多塔斜拉桥在强震下的破坏模式。研究方法：首先采用隐式的Newmark-β法求解多点地震激励下的非线性动力方程（图3）,随后采用显式的中心差分格式对强震作用下桥梁的倒塌破坏过程进行数值仿真（图4）。重要结论：1．单主梁模犁的数值结果可以很好地反映地震模拟振动台试验的地震响应结果;2．在加速度峰值为4．0m／s2的E1。Centro波时,多塔斜拉桥模型只出现了中塔支座的破坏;3．在加速度峰值为4．0m／s2的江心波时,多塔斜拉桥模型先后出现了支序破坏、拉索与塔的连接破坏以及中塔上塔柱段的单元失效。     

二层刚架结构模型在力学教学实验中的应用

为了深化基础力学实验教学的改革，该文应用力法求解超静定结构的应力分布，并与工程实际结合，设计开发了二层刚架工程结构模型试验装置，为本科生开设了“工程结构电测应力分析”实验。通过对刚架单根柱的实验测试和理论计算求得的应力分布，一方面使学生由单个受力构件的应力分布可推测二层刚架整体结构的应力分布概况，验证了该教学实验的综合性和创新性；另一方面通过实验偏差的分析，使学生认识到实际工程结构与理论模型之间的偏差是客观事实，从而确立实验在工程实际中是必不可少的思想意识。     

Characterization of a modelling activity for a first qualitative approach to the concept of energy

How students acquire physics concepts is still an open research question, since the knowledge is complex and requires a long time to be acquired. Within this perspective, this paper presents an analysis of student’s cognitive processes and their evolution during the resolution of a succession of teaching tasks specifically designed to put into play a modelling activity in physics. We particularly focused on cognitive processes which establish relations between the world of objects and events (experimental field) and that of the theory/model. We observe the evolution from simple cognitive processes to more complex ones throughout the successive tasks. This evolution is only possible because the students can simultaneously process elements of the theory/model and the experimental field.     

周期性水波与淹没障碍物相互作用的数值研究

The interaction between regular water waves and a submerged obstacle in a channel is studied numerically. The fluid viscosity is taken into account and the volume of fluid method is used to deal with the free surface. The incident regular waves are generated by use of numerical absorbing wave maker paddle. The present method can be used to predict the nonlinear deformations of the transmitted regular waves, and to simulate the vortex flow near the obstacle and the shear flows beneath the free surface.     

Numerical Study of Interactions between Regular Water Waves and a Submerged Obstacle

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高耸结构的风荷载试验研究

南京奥体中心的观光塔为一高耸结构,其风荷载是必须考虑的问题之一.由于观光平台及观光塔本身形状的复杂性,建筑规范无法准确给出其风荷载,因此需要在风洞中进行测压测力试验,以测定观光塔整体及局部风载,获得风场数据.文章介绍了整个试验过程,并对试验结果进行分析,根据各风向角下的风压分布特征给出了结构抗风设计和考虑载人时的最不利风向角与最大风压值,可为观光塔结构强度设计、电梯间及观光平台的玻璃幕墙设计提供风荷载依据.