有氧健身操运动对女中学生免疫功能的影响

为了探讨有氧健身操运动对女高中生机体免疫功能的影响,对其进行了六个月的系统有氧健身锻炼,分别利用了放射免疫法和常规血检测定了系统进行有氧训练前后血清中IgG、IgM、IgA和WBC。结果显示:经过六个月的有氧健身操训练,实验后与实验前相比,IgG、IgM、IgA和WBC均具有显著性,说明有氧健身操训练可以很好地提高女中学生免疫系统的功能,同时也为有氧健身操在中学的广泛开展提高了科学的训练依据。     

运动对疫苗免疫应答影响的研究进展

对近20年来国内外有关运动干预影响疫苗接种后免疫应答的效应、机制进行系统分析,结果发现:在疫苗接种前或疫苗接种后进行急、慢性运动干预,可促进机体免疫系统对疫苗产生更好免疫应答反应,使疫苗接种后的抗体滴度水平更高,提升速度更快,且对宿主的免疫保护作用更持久,尤其是在年老、体弱、多病和女性人群中效果更明显,同时还可减轻疫苗接种后产生的不良反应,其机制与运动能够加快血液循环、增加循环血液中的白细胞数量、改变组织中细胞因子或趋化因子含量和淋巴循环,以及运动引起肌纤维微细损伤造成的炎性环境有关。研究结论对当前全球人口正在进行的新冠肺炎疫苗接种具有启示性意义。     

Recommendations to maintain immune health in athletes

Numerous studies over the last 35 years report an increase in upper respiratory infection (URI) symptoms in athletes during periods of heavy training and competition. Challenges athletes face such as heavy exercise and life stress influence immune function via activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system and the resulting immunoregulatory hormones. Both innate and acquired immunity are often reported to decrease transiently in the hours after heavy exertion, typically 15–70%: prolonged heavy training sessions in particular have been shown to decrease immune function; potentially providing an ‘open window’ for opportunistic infections. Whether the observed changes in immunity with acute strenuous exercise or periods of heavy training account for the increased susceptibility to URI symptoms remains contentious. Nevertheless, there is little doubt that URI symptoms hinder athletic training and competition; underpinning the need to identify the prominent risk factors and appropriate countermeasures. Recent studies have identified prominent risk factors, including: intensified training in the winter; long-haul travel; low energy availability; high levels of psychological stress and anxiety; and depression. Given the shared pathways and effector limbs for the body’s response to physical and psychological challenges, it is logical that psychological strain influences immunity and illness incidence in athletes under heavy training; indeed, stress and anxiety have recently been shown to modify the immune response to exercise. This mini-review provides new insights and evidence-based recommendations for coping with the various challenges that athletes encounter on immune health, including: heavy exercise; life stress; sleep disruption; environmental extremes and nutritional deficits.     

The effects of carbohydrate supplementation on immune responses to a soccer-specific exercise protocol

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) versus placebo (PLA) beverage consumption on the immune and plasma cortisol responses to a soccer-specific exercise protocol in 8 university team soccer players. In a randomized, counterbalanced design, the players received carbohydrate or placebo beverages before, during and after two 90 min soccer-specific exercise bouts (3 days apart) designed to mimic the activities performed and the distance covered in a typical soccer match. Blood and saliva samples were collected before, during and after the exercise protocol. Plasma lactate concentration increased to approximately 4 mmol x l(-1) at 45 and 90 min of exercise in both treatments (P<0.01). Plasma glucose concentration was significantly lower after 90 min of exercise with ingestion of the placebo than the carbohydrate (PLA: 4.57+/-0.12 mmol x l(-1); CHO: 5.49+/-0.11 mmol x l(-1); P<0.01). The pattern of change in plasma cortisol, circulating lymphocyte count and saliva immunoglobulin A secretion did not differ between the carbohydrate and placebo trials. Blood neutrophil counts were 14% higher 1 h after the placebo trial than the carbohydrate trial (PLA: 4.8+/-0.5x10(9) cells x l(-1); CHO: 4.2+/-0.5x10(9) cells x l(-1); P = 0.06), but the treatment had no effect on the degranulation response of blood neutrophils stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. We conclude that, although previous studies have shown that carbohydrate feeding is effective in attenuating immune responses to prolonged continuous strenuous exercise, the same cannot be said for a soccer-specific intermittent exercise protocol. When overall exercise intensity is moderate, and changes in plasma glucose, cortisol and immune variables are relatively small, it would appear that carbohydrate ingestion has only a minimal influence on the immune response to exercise.     

The effects of carbohydrate supplementation on immune responses to a soccer-specific exercise protocol

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) versus placebo (PLA) beverage consumption on the immune and plasma cortisol responses to a soccer-specific exercise protocol in 8 university team soccer players. In a randomized, counterbalanced design, the players received carbohydrate or placebo beverages before, during and after two 90min soccer-specific exercise bouts (3 days apart) designed to mimic the activities performed and the distance covered in a typical soccer match. Blood and saliva samples were collected before, during and after the exercise protocol. Plasma lactate concentration increased to ~4 mmol.l-1 at 45 and 90 min of exercise in both treatments (P? 0.01). Plasma glucose concentration was significantly lower after 90 min of exercise with ingestion of the placebo than the carbohydrate (PLA: 4.57 +/- 0.12 mmol.l-1; CHO: 5.49 +/- 0.11 mmol.l-1; P? 0.01). The pattern of change in plasma cortisol, circulating lymphocyte count and saliva immunoglobulin A secretion did not differ between the carbohydrate and placebo trials. Blood neutrophil counts were 14% higher 1 h after the placebo trial than the carbohydrate trial (PLA: 4.8 =/- 0.5 x 10 9 cells.l-1; CHO:4.2 +/- 0.5 x 10 9 cells.l-1; P=0.06),but the treatment had no effect on the degranulation response of blood neutrophils stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. We conclude that, although previous studies have shown that carbohydrate feeding is effective in attenuating immune responses to prolonged continuous strenuous exercise, the same cannot be said for a soccer-specific intermittent exercise protocol. When overall exercise intensity is moderate,and changes in plasma glucose, cortisol and immune variables are relatively small, it would appear that carbohydrate ingestion has only a minimal influence on the immune response to exercise.     

Comparison between multiple sets and half-pyramid resistance exercise bouts for muscle damage profile

Abstract

The present study compared the changes in markers of muscle damage after bouts of resistance exercise employing the Multiple-sets (MS) and Half-pyramid (HP) training systems. Ten healthy men (26.1±6.3 years), who had been involved in regular resistance training, performed MS and HP bouts, 14 days apart, in a randomised, counter-balanced manner. For the MS bout, participants performed three sets of maximum repetitions at 75%-1RM (i.e. 75% of a One Repetition Maximum) for the three exercises, starting with the bench press, followed by pec deck and decline bench press. For the HP bout, the participants performed three sets of maximum repetitions with 67%-1RM, 74%-1RM and 80%-1RM for the first, second and third sets, respectively, for the same three exercise sequences as the MS bout. The total volume of load lifted was equated between both bouts. Muscle soreness, plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity, myoglobin (Mb) and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were assessed before and for three days after each exercise bout, and the changes over time were compared between MS and HP using two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Muscle soreness developed significantly (P<0.01) after both bouts, but no significant difference was observed between MS and HP. Plasma CK activity and Mb concentration increased significantly (P<0.01) without significant differences between bouts, and CRP concentration did not change significantly after either bout. These results suggest that the muscle damage profile is similar for MS and HP, probably due to the similar total volume of load lifted.     

Effects of aerobic training on serum omentin-1 and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese men

Abstract

Omentin-1 is a newly discovered protein expressed and secreted from visceral adipose tissue that increases insulin sensitivity. We examined the effects of 12 weeks of aerobic training on serum omentin-1 concentrations together with cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese men. Eighteen overweight and obese participants (age 43.1 ± 4.7 years, BMI ≥25 kg · m^?2) were assigned to exercise training (n = 9) and control (n = 9) groups. A matched control group of normal weight participants (n = 8; age 42.2 ± 3.8 years, BMI <25 kg · m^?2) were also recruited for baseline comparison. The obese exercise group participated in 12 weeks of progressive aerobic training 5 days a week. Measures of serum omentin-1, insulin resistance, lipid profiles, blood pressure, and body composition were obtained before and after the 12 weeks. At baseline, normal weight participants had significantly higher serum omentin-1 concentrations than overweight and obese participants, and there were inverse correlations between omentin-1 and each of waist circumference, fasting glucose, insulin resistance, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and systolic blood pressure (P < 0.05). After the aerobic training, waist circumference, percent body fat, fasting glucose, insulin resistance, triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure were all significantly decreased (P < 0.05). In contrast, serum omentin-1 concentration was significantly increased after the aerobic programme (P < 0.05), and correlated with changes in insulin resistance (r = ?0.67, P = 0.04), glucose (r = ?0.65, P = 0.05), waist circumference (r = ?0.70, P = 0.03), and aerobic fitness r = ?0.68, P = 0.04). Aerobic training resulted in an improvement in cardiometabolic risk factors in obese participants, and this improvement was accompanied by increased omentin-1 concentrations.     

摔跤运动员冬训大负荷训练期间若干生化及免疫指标的监测研究

研究8名备战十运会的优秀男子古典式摔跤运动员进入冬训大负荷训练期4周后，运动训练对其部分血液生化及免疫指标的影响，以监控运动训练。结果显示，大负荷训练4周后，运动员BU、C、CK和CK-MB值均显著升高（P〈0．05），而Hb、T／C、CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值及NK（CD16^＋和CD56^＋）细胞数均显著下降（P〈0．05），变化幅度可以反映运动员运动性疲劳的程度、对训练的适应及恢复情况；对生化指标结合免疫学指标进行综合分析，能够更准确地评定运动员的机能状态，监控运动训练。     

Individual differences in the interleukin-6 response to maximal and submaximal exercise tasks

The inflammatory responsive cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) helps regulate immune responses to exercise. Evidence suggests that increases in IL-6 are related to exercise duration and intensity. However, the moderating effect of sex and underlying mediators have received limited attention. We compared plasma IL-6 responses to two cycling tasks with a resting control in young male (n = 12) and female (n = 12) recreationally active adults. Both 45 min tasks comprised an incremental test, either maximal or submaximal, followed by steady-state exercise at 55% peak power output. Interleukin-6 was elevated above baseline immediately after the maximal but not the submaximal task. Compared with the control condition, IL-6 was increased at 30 and 60 min after both exercise tasks. The IL-6 response was greater in women than men at 60 min after maximal exercise. Cortisol increased in both tasks compared with the control condition, the increase being greater after maximal than submaximal exercise. No associations were found between IL-6 responses and cortisol, heart rate, fitness or body mass index. The results show that 45 min of moderate-intensity exercise can increase IL-6 and suggest that the inclusion of maximal effort may accelerate this response. The finding that women showed a greater IL-6 response to maximal exercise may reflect a gender dimorphism in the immune response to stress.     

运动性免疫抑制的机制研究

为进一步研究运动性免疫抑制的机制 实验方法采用对大鼠进行为期8周,每周6次,每次150min的游泳训练,测定淋巴细胞的增殖功能、细胞因子等免疫指标、血清Gln、Arg含量以及淋巴细胞凋亡的变化。结果显示:①8周大负荷训练后,大鼠血清IL-2含量和淋巴细胞转化率均显著降低,而血清sIL-2R含量却显著升高。②8周大负荷训练后,大鼠血清Gln、Arg含量以及血清GM-CSF含量显著降低,而淋巴细胞凋亡率却显著升高。结论为:①长期大负荷训练可以导致机体细胞免疫功能的显著降低;②长期大负荷的运动训练可以导致血清Gln、Arg含量的降低和外周淋巴细胞凋亡增加,可能是运动性免疫抑制的重要机制。     

Creatine kinase,myosin heavy chains and magnetic resonance imaging after eccentric exercise

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between myosin heavy chain (MHC) release as a specific marker of slow-twitch muscle fibre breakdown and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of skeletal muscle injury after eccentric exercise. The effects of a single series of 70 high-intensity eccentric contractions of the quadriceps femoris muscle group (single leg) on plasma concentrations of creatine kinase and MHC fragments were assessed in 10 young male sport education trainees before and 1 and 4 days after exercise. To visualize muscle injury, MRI of the loaded thigh was performed before and 4 days after the eccentric exercise. All participants recorded an increase ( P ? 0.05) in creatine kinase after exercise. In five participants, T2 signal intensity was unchanged post-exercise compared with pre-exercise and MHC plasma concentration was normal; however, they showed an increase ( P ? 0.05) in creatine kinase after exercise. For the remaining five participants, there was an increase in T2 signal intensity of the loaded vastus intermedius and vastus lateralis. These changes in MRI were accompanied by an increase in MHC plasma concentration ( P ? 0.01) as well as an increase in creatine kinase ( P ? 0.01). We suggest that changes in MRI T2 signal intensity after muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise are closely related to damage to structurally bound contractile filaments of some muscle fibres. Additionally, MHC plasma release indicates that this damage affects not only fast-twitch fibres but also some slow-twitch fibres.     

Creatine kinase, myosin heavy chains and magnetic resonance imaging after eccentric exercise

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between myosin heavy chain (MHC) release as a specific marker of slow-twitch muscle fibre breakdown and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of skeletal muscle injury after eccentric exercise. The effects of a single series of 70 high-intensity eccentric contractions of the quadriceps femoris muscle group (single leg) on plasma concentrations of creatine kinase and MHC fragments were assessed in 10 young male sport education trainees before and 1 and 4 days after exercise. To visualize muscle injury, MRI of the loaded thigh was performed before and 4 days after the eccentric exercise. All participants recorded an increase (P < 0.05) in creatine kinase after exercise. In five participants, T2 signal intensity was unchanged post-exercise compared with pre-exercise and MHC plasma concentration was normal; however, they showed an increase (P < 0.05) in creatine kinase after exercise. For the remaining five participants, there was an increase in T2 signal intensity of the loaded vastus intermedius and vastus lateralis. These changes in MRI were accompanied by an increase in MHC plasma concentration (P< 0.01) as well as an increase in creatine kinase (P < 0.01). We suggest that changes in MRI T, signal intensity after muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise are closely related to damage to structurally bound contractile filaments of some muscle fibres. Additionally, MHC plasma release indicates that this damage affects not only fast-twitch fibres but also some slow-twitch fibres.     

5周递增负荷训练对内分泌免疫机能影响的研究

目的：探讨递增负荷训练对机体内分泌免疫机能的影响。方法：实验对象进行为期5周的递增负荷训练，于集合训练开始前一天和第2周、第3周、第4周及第5周训练结束末36h后上午7：30-8：00取安静时肘静脉血，测定训练前及每一负荷训练阶段后外周血液中内分泌激素指标和免疫指标的变化。结果：T第3周比训练前显著升高（P〈0．05），C第3、第5周比训练前显著升高（P〈0．05），T／C比值第4周比训练前显著下降（P〈0．05）。CD4第2周比训练前显著下降（P〈0．05），而第3周比训练前显著升高（P〈0．05）；CDB第4周比训练前、第2周、第3周显著下降（P〈0．05），CD4／CDB比值第3、第4周均比训练前、第2周显著升高（P〈0．05）。结论：训练负荷是影响机体内分泌免疫机能的一个重要因素，中等负荷训练促进机体内分泌免疫机能，大负荷训练会降低机体的内分泌免疫机能，但随着对递增负荷应激的适应，机体的内分泌免疫机能又会得到加强。     

Individual differences in the interleukin-6 response to maximal and submaximal exercise tasks

Abstract

The inflammatory responsive cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) helps regulate immune responses to exercise. Evidence suggests that increases in IL-6 are related to exercise duration and intensity. However, the moderating effect of sex and underlying mediators have received limited attention. We compared plasma IL-6 responses to two cycling tasks with a resting control in young male (n = 12) and female (n = 12) recreationally active adults. Both 45 min tasks comprised an incremental test, either maximal or submaximal, followed by steady-state exercise at 55% peak power output. Interleukin-6 was elevated above baseline immediately after the maximal but not the submaximal task. Compared with the control condition, IL-6 was increased at 30 and 60 min after both exercise tasks. The IL-6 response was greater in women than men at 60 min after maximal exercise. Cortisol increased in both tasks compared with the control condition, the increase being greater after maximal than submaximal exercise. No associations were found between IL-6 responses and cortisol, heart rate, fitness or body mass index. The results show that 45 min of moderate-intensity exercise can increase IL-6 and suggest that the inclusion of maximal effort may accelerate this response. The finding that women showed a greater IL-6 response to maximal exercise may reflect a gender dimorphism in the immune response to stress.     

不同游泳运动对增龄大鼠肾组织内皮素-1及其受体的影响

探讨了不同持续时间和运动频率的游泳运动对增龄大鼠肾脏 ET- 1及其受体的影响。研究对象为 2月龄和 9～ 10月龄雄性 SD大鼠 ,按体重将它们随机分成 8组 ,分别为安静对照组、运动 1h(6次 /周 )组、运动 2 h(6次 /周 )组和运动 1h(3次 /周 )组。运动组进行 14周的无负重游泳训练。采用放免法测定肾组织 ET- 1含量 ;EL ISA法测定肾组织 ETA- R浓度 ;黄嘌呤氧化酶法测定肾组织 SOD活性 ,硫代巴比妥酸 (TBA)比色法测定 MDA含量 ,考马斯亮兰法测定蛋白含量。结果 :1)随着增龄 ,肾组织 ET- 1含量明显升高 (P<0 .0 1) ;ETA - R浓度则降低 (P<0 .0 1) ;SOD/ MDA比值的变化没有显著性。 2 )运动后 ,6月龄大鼠肾组织 ET- 1含量与对照组的差异没有显著性 ;而 13～ 14月龄大鼠 ET- 1含量明显下降 (P<0 .0 1) ,而且表现为每周运动频率较高组下降幅度较大。 3)运动后 ,原 2月龄大鼠肾组织 ETA- R浓度的变化均没有显著性。结论 :1)随着增龄 ,肾组织 ET- 1含量明显增加 ,而 ETA- R浓度明显降低 ;2 )当增龄诱导的 ET- 1浓度升高时 ,运动可以降低其含量 ,运动对 ET- 1的作用表现为每周运动频率较高组降低幅度较大。 3)运动对肾组织 ETA- R的浓度没有明显的影响。 4 ) SOD/ MDA比值与 ET- 1和 ETA- R的分泌没有明显的因果关     

The effect of short-term isometric training on core/torso stiffness

“Core” exercise is a basic part of many physical training regimens with goals ranging from rehabilitation of spine and knee injuries to improving athletic performance. Core stiffness has been proposed to perform several functions including reducing pain by minimising joint micro-movements, and enhancing strength and speed performance. This study probes the links between a training approach and immediate but temporary changes in stiffness. Passive and active stiffness was measured on 24 participants; 12 having little to no experience in core training (inexperienced), and the other 12 being athletes experienced to core training methods; before and after a 15 min bout of isometric core exercises. Passive stiffness was assessed on a “frictionless” bending apparatus and active stiffness assessed via a quick release mechanism. Short-term isometric core training increased passive and active stiffness in most directions for both inexperienced and experienced participants, passive left lateral bend among experienced participants being the exception (P < 0.05). There was no difference between the inexperienced and experienced groups. The results confirm that the specific isometric training exercise approach tested here can induce immediate changes in core stiffness, in this case following a single session. This may influence performance and injury resilience for a brief period.     

Antioxidant diet supplementation enhances aerobic performance in amateur sportsmen

The effects of antioxidant diet supplements on blood lactate concentration and on the aerobic and anaerobic thresholds and their adaptations to training were analysed. Fifteen amateur male athletes were randomly assigned to either a placebo group or an antioxidant-supplemented group (90 days supplementation with 500 mg x day(-1) of vitamin E and 30 mg x day(-1) of beta-carotene, and the last 15 days also with 1 g x day(-1) of vitamin C). Before and after the antioxidant supplements, the sportsmen performed a maximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer and maximal and submaximal physiological parameters were assessed together with blood lactate concentration. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2max)), maximal blood lactate concentration, and the maximal workload attained rose significantly in both groups after the 3 months of training. At the end of the study, maximal blood lactate concentration was lower in the group that took supplements than in the placebo group. The percentage of VO(2max) attained at the anaerobic threshold rose significantly in both groups after 3 months of training, although the final value in the supplemented group was higher than that in the placebo group. Antioxidant diet supplements induced lower increases in blood lactate concentration after a maximal exercise test and could improve the efficiency in which aerobic energy is obtained.     

Nutritional strategies to counter stress to the immune system in athletes, with special reference to football

Although epidemiological data indicate that athletes are at increased risk of upper respiratory tract infection during periods of heavy training and the 1 - 2 week period following endurance race events, there is very limited information on the responses to football training and match-play. For several hours after heavy exertion, components of both the innate (e.g. natural killer cell activity and neutrophil oxidative burst activity) and adaptive (e.g. T and B cell function) immune system exhibit suppressed function. Although such responses to football training and competition do not appear to be as pronounced, variations in immune cell numbers and function are reported in professional footballers over the course of a season. Attempts have been made through nutritional means (e.g. glutamine, vitamins C and E, and carbohydrate supplementation) to attenuate immune changes following intensive exercise and thus lower the risk of upper respiratory tract infection. Carbohydrate supplementation during heavy exercise has emerged as a partial countermeasure and attenuates increases in blood neutrophil counts, stress hormones, and inflammatory cytokines, but has little effect on decrements in salivary IgA output or natural killer cell function. Animal research indicates that other nutritional components such as beta-glucan, quercetin, and curcumin warrant human investigations to determine if they are effective countermeasures to exercise-induced immune dysfunction.     

太极拳对增强女大学生血清总补体活性的影响

研究太极拳运动对四年级女大学生血清补体3(C3)与补体4(C4)及总补体活性的影响,为在高年级大学生中开展太极拳有氧运动提供免疫学实验依据。从南华大学护理学院2001级随机抽取40名女生,分成4组,分别设为对照组、实验1、23、组。实验组分别每周进行1、2、3次太极拳训练。于0、2、4、6、8、10、12周后抽血分离血清,分别利用免疫球透射比浊法与50%溶血法(CH50)测定训练前后血清中补体C3、C4质量浓度与总补体活性。结果显示每周参加3次太极拳训练者,血清补体C3、C4质量浓度与总补体活性比对照组及每周锻炼1或2次者高,且在第10周与第12周与对照组及每周锻炼1次者差异有显著性(P<0.05)。说明坚持运动量适中的太极拳有氧运动,能提高高年级女大学生机体合成C3与C4的能力,增强总补体活性。从而增强非特异性抗感染免疫,提高免疫应答水平。     

Influence of different types of exercise on the expression of haem oxygenase-1 in leukocytes

Haem-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an antioxidant stress protein that is mainly induced by reactive oxygen species, inflammatory cytokines and hyperthermia. We assessed the influence of different types of exercise on HO-1 expression in leukocytes of the peripheral blood in three groups of male participants: a short exhaustive run above the lactate steady state (n = 15), eccentric exercise (n = 12) and an intensive endurance run (half-marathon, n = 12). Blood samples were taken at rest and up to 24 h after exercise. Blood lactate concentration after exercise was 9.0 +/- 2.1, 3.8 +/- 1.6 and 5.1 +/- 2.2 mmol x l(-1) (mean +/- s) for the exhaustive run, eccentric exercise and half-marathon groups, respectively (P < 0.05). Creatine kinase concentration was highest 24 h after exercise: 133 +/- 91, 231 +/- 139 and 289 +/- 221 U x l(-1) for the exhaustive run, eccentric exercise and half-marathon groups, respectively (P < 0.05). The maximal increase in leukocyte counts after exercise was 11.5 +/- 19.2, 6.2 +/- 1.4 and 14.7 +/- 2.1 x 10(9) x l(-1). There was no change in HO-1 as a result of the short exhaustive run or the eccentric exercise, whereas the half-marathon had a significant stimulatory effect on HO-1-expression in lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes (P < 0.001) using flow cytometry analyses. In conclusion, eccentric exercise alone or short-term heavy exercise are not sufficient to stimulate the antioxidative stress protein HO-1 in peripheral leukocytes