雍正州县吏治初探

<正> 整顿史治,是雍正主要政绩之一。而州县吏治,又是雍正吏治改革的得要组成部分、本文仅就雍正州县吏治进行初步探讨。一.“吏治之本在州县”雍正始登皇位,在《谕知州、知县》的上谕中,即明确提出:“固邦本者在吏治,而吏治之本在州县。”认为“全省吏治如作室,焉督抚其栋梁也,司道其垣墉也,州县其基址也。苟州县之品行不端,犹基不立,则室不固,庸有济乎!”为此,他告诫州县官吏:“尔州牧县令,乃京民之官,吏治之始基也。贡赋狱讼,尔实司之,品秩     

雍正思想述论

雍正帝居康熙与乾隆之间,在位时间虽不长,其统治时期却是清代康熙,乾隆两代盛世的重要过渡阶段。针对康熙晚年吏治松弛,国家渐呈颓势的现状,雍正从整吏治入手,主张宽严相济;在处理民族关系上,主张平等对待和谐共处。雍正统治时期为乾隆期的繁盛奠定了基础。     

张廷玉的吏治思想及其实践

张廷玉是清朝康熙、雍正、乾隆时期的治世名臣,其吏治思想涉及面广,内涵丰富,对康乾盛世的形成起到积极推动作用,现今仍有一定借鉴价值.     

论田文镜及雍正朝的吏治

田文镜是雍正朝著名的“模范督抚”。康熙末雍正初的政局为田文镜的升迁提供了契机,田文镜为雍正的“严猛”政治树立了典范。“清官”加“酷吏”是田文镜一生的真实写照。田文镜的起用、升迁是雍正朝吏治的一个缩影,而雍正朝的吏治又与当时的政局紧密相联。     

雍正时期养廉银制度简论

养廉银制度是雍正对我国官更给俸制度的一次重要改革，它的实行，相对地减轻了人民负担，对整饬清代吏治有一定积极作用，同时有利于清代国家财政收入的增加，有利于加强中央对地方的管理，其积极作用是明显的。     

从甘肃捐监冒赈案反思清朝乾隆时期的吏治腐败成因

清朝自康熙继位以后,经过雍正、乾隆几个皇帝的励精图治,逐步形成清王朝的鼎盛局面.但政治上的各种弊端也渐渐显露,官场侵贪、吏治腐败层出不穷.甘肃捐监冒赈案发生于乾隆中后期,是一起全省性的集体贪污大案,具有相当的典型性.本文从社会性质、历史传统、制度架构、政策失误四个因素对这一案件进行分析,以期把握古代吏治腐败的基本规律,并为现今的廉政建设提供借鉴和参考.     

雍正皇帝评价之我见

雍正:爱新觉罗胤禛是一位有争议的帝皇。在一部分人的印象中雍正是篡位者,是屠戮功臣、施行特务统治的暴君。但他整顿吏治、清理积欠、推行摊丁入亩、倡导移风易俗…,在位十三年他勇于革除旧弊,是康乾盛世的有力推进者,是奋发有为的封建帝皇,也是促进清朝历史发展的政治家。     

得民心者得天下——读《雍正皇帝》

《雍正皇帝》是作家二月河所著的一个历史长篇小说系列,包括《九王夺嫡》、《雕弓天狼》、《恨水东逝》三部。洋洋洒洒140万字。从阿哥逐鹿,明争暗斗,雍正险胜;到整肃吏治,体恤民心,粉碎政变;再到严惩兄弟,邪病缠身,归赴大真。这部恢宏的历史画卷涉笔广泛,“以思想为经,艺术为纬”,鸟瞰历史,探究人     

宋育仁的吏治思想简论

治国之要,吏治为先。晚清以来不少爱国有识之士对吏治问题高度关注,宋育仁就是其中之一。他对吏治问题进行了深入的思考,其吏治思想主要包括两方面:一是对晚清吏治腐败的抨击和揭露,认为晚清吏治腐败主要表现在冗官成灾、损公肥私、官民隔阂等方面;二是对症下药,提出整顿吏治之举:严格官吏考核、监察制度,明确官吏的权利和义务,"均官职"等。     

灾害与明代吏治

受"灾异天谴说"的影响,明人往往将灾害视为上天的谴告,视吏治不修为重要的致灾之由,整顿吏治为重要的弭灾之道.为消弭灾谴,明政府一方面主动加强对整个吏治的整顿;一方面在官员因灾上言的推动下,在大臣因灾乞罢的传统之中对人事进行调整.可以说,灾害的发生为吏治整顿提供了重要契机.反过来讲,吏治对灾害也有着重要影响.明前期吏治较为清明则灾害较少,或有灾无害;明后期吏治腐败则灾害较多,或小灾变大灾.二者相互影响,相互促动.     

Phase diagram estimation of the Al2O3-SiO2-Re2O3 systems

Nine limiting binaries of Al₂O₃-SiO₂-Re₂O₃(Re=Nd, Sm, Gd and La) system are assessed. The binary diagrams or experimental information from Toropov, Mizuno, Aramaki, Bondar, Rolin and Coutures are optimized with the substitutional model of Kaufman and Nesor and the approximate formula of fusion free energy for rare earth element oxides of Wu and Pelton. The extracted Gibbs free energies of pure solid oxides and stoichiometric phases and the solution parameters are used to estimate the corresponding binaries, liquidus surfaces and a series of isothermal sections of four ternaries Al₂O₃-SiO₂-Nd₂O₃, Al₂O₃-SiO₂-Sm₂O₃, Al₂O₃-SiO₂-Gd₂O₃, and Al₂O₃-SiO₂-La₂O₃. In the Al₂O₃-SiO₂-Gd₂O₃ system samples as fired at exact temperature with different compositions were analyzed by X-ray diffractometer and the detected results are fitted with the calculation of isothermal sections. Supported by State Key Lab of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Micro-structure (9517 and 9708)     

On semiotics and subjectivity: a response to Tony Brown’s “signifying ‘students’, ‘teachers’, and ‘mathematics’: a reading of a special issue”

In this response we address some of the significant issues that Tony Brown raised in his analysis and critique of the Special Issue of Educational Studies in Mathematics on “Semiotic perspectives in mathematics education” (Sáenz-Ludlow & Presmeg, Educational Studies in Mathematics 61(1–2), 2006). Among these issues are conceptualizations of subjectivity and the notion that particular readings of Peircean and Vygotskian semiotics may limit the ways that authors define key actors or elements in mathematics education, namely students, teachers and the nature of mathematics. To deepen the conversation, we comment on Brown’s approach and explore the theoretical apparatus of Jacques Lacan that informs Brown’s discourse. We show some of the intrinsic limitations of the Lacanian idea of subjectivity that permeates Brown’s insightful analysis and conclude with a suggestion about some possible lines of research in mathematics education.

On Turán type inequality with doubling weights andA * weights

LetH _n be the set of real algebraic polynomials of degreen, whose zeros all lie in the interval [−1,1]. The well known Turán type inequalities tell us that forf(x)∈H _n , it holds ‖f′‖≥C√n‖f‖. This note deals with the weighted Turán type inequalities with the weights having inner singularities underL ^p norm for 0<p≤∞. Our results essentially extend the result of Wang and Zhou (2002), and the method used in this paper is simpler and more direct than that of Wang and Zhou (2002). The results and methods have their own values in approximation theory and computation.     

Committed for life? Variations in teachers’ work, lives and effectiveness

This paper is based upon a unique mixed methods 4-year research project which focused upon the variations in teachers’ work, lives, and effectiveness of 300 elementary and secondary school teachers in a range of 100 schools across seven regions of England. Its findings challenge linear conceptions of teacher development and expertise and provide new understandings of the effects of personal, school and broader policy contexts upon professional life phase trajectories and teachers’ emotional identities. It finds connections between these and teachers’ commitment, resilience, and effectiveness. This paper discusses these in relation to the school standards and teacher retention agendas.

Infrared Absorption Spectra of Serpentine Cat＇s Eye from Sichuan Province of China

Infrared （IR） absorption spectra and X-ray powder diffraction （XRD） patterrns of sexpenfine cat＇s eye from Sichuan Province have been investigated, and infrared absorption bands of the serpentine have been assigned in this paper. The results indicate that the bands near 3 600 - 3 700 cm^-1 belong to the stretching absorption band VOH, the bands in 948 - 1 100 cm^-1 axe assigned to the stretching vibraling band Usvo, and the bands at 600 570 and 440 cm^-1 respectively belong to the bending vibration band VOH, δMg-O and δSi-O. The serpentine cat＇ s eye includes two types： chrysotile and antigorite. Chrysotile has a sharp and intensive band at 3 688 cm^-1 and a weak band at 3 643 cm^-1 , while antigorite has only one intensive band in the region. At vibration band VSi-O, chrysotile and antigorite have a similar feature at 1 071 cm^-1, but the band at 980 cm^-1 in anfigorite has been split into two bands in chrysotile - a strong one at 1 027 cm^-1 and a weak one at 949 cm^-1. In addition, antigorite has a characteristic bending vibrating band δMg-O at 570 cm^-1. Based on the analysis of the feature of crystal structure, their IR differences axe well explained.     

Supposer et postuler pour produire des connaissances scientifiques: une évidence ou une conquête théorique? Une étude des points de vue d'étudiants

Résumé De manière générale, l'évidence sensorielle et, plus particulièrement, visuelle constitue pour les étudiants le principal fondement du savoir scientifique: nul besoin de supposer pour connaître, tout est donné ou presque. Du point de vue de l'enseignement des sciences, cette croyance à saveur réaliste est particulièrement critique, notamment parce qu'elle conduit à penser que les concepts, lois et théories scientifiques procèdent d'un monde de matérialités plutôt que d'un monde de modèles et de relations. Au cours d'une recherche effectuée auprès d'un groupe-classe de 35 étudiants durant douze semaines, nous avons pu observer que, pour la majorité des étudiants, la compréhension du caractère construit et consensuel du savoir scientifique était facilitée par le développement d'une métaréflexion sur leurs propres productions de connaissance et les inévitables postulats et suppositions qui les fondent. Nous avons également pu observer qu'il découle de cette activité réflexive un modèle de science qui se distingue des modèles initialement tenus par les étudiants, par le pouvoir créateur et, surtout, le pouvoir de théoriser qu'il comporte: postuler, supposer, jauger collectivement de la plausibilité des résultats plutôt qu'en appeler à une instance occulte, voilà quelques-unes des conquêtes théoriques qu'ils ont effectuées et sur lesquelles nous allons nous attarder.

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Sensorial, and more specifically, visual evidence is generally regarded by students as the basis for scientific knowledge: no need to postulate to understand, all is almost or practically given. From a science-teaching standpoint, this rather realistic approach is critical and leads to the belief that scientific concepts, laws, and theories stem from a world of materiality rather than from a world of models and relationships. During a 12-week study a group of 35 college students, we observed that for the majority of them, the development of metareflection on how they produce knowledge, with the inevitable and inherent postulates and conjecture, facilitated their understanding of the constructed and consensual character of scientific knowledge. We also observed that this reflexive activity facilitated the development of a new approach to science that differed from those models previously used by the students in its creative potential and, more importantly, in the power of its theoretics: to postulate, suppose, and collectively estimate the plausibility of results rather than calling up occult instances. These and other theoretical achievements will be discussed in this paper.

     

An Analysis of Anatomy Education Before and During Covid-19: May–August 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) created unparalleled challenges to anatomy education. Gross anatomy education has been particularly impacted given the traditional in-person format of didactic instruction and/or laboratory component(s). To assess the changes in gross anatomy lecture and laboratory instruction, assessment, and teaching resources utilized as a result of Covid-19, a survey was distributed to gross anatomy educators through professional associations and listservs. Of the 67 survey responses received for the May–August 2020 academic period, 84% were from United States (US) institutions, while 16% were internationally based. Respondents indicated that in-person lecture decreased during Covid-19 (before: 76%, during: 8%, P < 0.001) and use of cadaver materials declined (before: 76 ± 33%, during: 34 ± 43%, P < 0.001). The use of cadaver materials in laboratories decreased during Covid-19 across academic programs, stand-alone and integrated anatomy courses, and private and public institutions (P ≤ 0.004). Before Covid-19, cadaveric materials used in laboratories were greater among professional health programs relative to medical and undergraduate programs (P ≤ 0.03) and among stand-alone relative to integrated anatomy courses (P ≤ 0.03). Furthermore, computer-based assessment increased (P < 0.001) and assessment materials changed from cadaveric material to images (P < 0.03) during Covid-19, even though assessment structure was not different (P > 0.05). The use of digital teaching resources increased during Covid-19 (P < 0.001), with reports of increased use of in-house created content, BlueLink, and Complete Anatomy software (P < 0.05). While primarily representing US institutions, this study provided evidence of how anatomy educators adapted their courses, largely through virtual mediums, and modified laboratory protocols during the initial emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic.     

Association between infection of different strains of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Porphyromonas gingivalis</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans</Emphasis> in subgingival plaque and clinical parameters in chronic periodontitis

Objective： The aim of this study was to investigate subgingival infection frequencies ofPorphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strains with genetic variation in Chinese chronic periodontitis （CP） patients and to evaluate its correlation with clinical parameters. Methods： Two multiplex polymerase chain reaction （PCR） assays were developed to detect the 16SrDNA, collagenase （prtC） and fimbria （fimA） genes of P. gingivalis and the 16SrDNA, leukotoxin （lktA） and fimbria-associated protein （fap） genes ofA. actinomycetemcomitans in 60 sulcus samples from 30 periodontal healthy subjects and in 122 subgingival plaque samples from 61 patients with CP. The PCR products were further T-A cloned and sent for nucleotide sequence analysis. Results： The 16SrDNA,prtC andfimA genes ofP. gingivalis were detected in 92.6%, 85.2% and 80.3% of the subgingival plaque samples respectively, while the 16SrDNA, lktA andfap genes ofA. actinomycetemcomitans were in 84.4%, 75.4% and 50.0% respectively. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed 98.62%-100% homology of the PCR products in these genes with the reported sequences. P. gingivalis strains with prtC＋/fimA＋ and A. actinomycetemcomitans with lktA＋ were predominant in deep pockets （〉6 mm） or in sites with attachment loss 〉5 mm than in shallow pockets （3-4 mm） or in sites with attachment loss 〈2 mm （P〈0.05）. P. gingivalis strains withprtC＋/fimA＋ also showed higher frequency in gingival index （GI）=3 than in GI=1 group （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： Infection ofP. gingivalis with prtC＋/fimA＋ and A. actinomycetemcomitans with lktA＋ correlates with periodontal destruction of CP in Chinese. Nonetheless P. gingivalis fim4, prtC genes and A. actinomycetem- comitans lktA gene are closely associated with periodontal destruction, while A. actinomycetemcomitansfap gene is not.     

Precise asymptotics in the law of the logarithm for random fields in Hilbert space

Consider the positive d-dimensional lattice d (d≥2) with partial ordering ≤, let {XK; K ∈ d } be i.i.d. random vari- ables taking values in a real separable Hilbert space (H, ||·||) with mean zero and covariance operator ∑, and set partial sums SN =∑K≤NXK, K , N ∈ d . Under some moment conditions, we obtain the precise asymptotics of a kind of weighted infinite series for partial sums SN as ε 0 by using the truncation and approximation methods. The results are related to the convergence rates of the law of the logarithm in Hilbert space, and they also extend the results of (Gut and Spǎtaru, 2003).