不同方式运动与脑源性神经营养因子

脑源性神经营养因子是神经营养素家族中重要的神经生长因子,在神经可塑性方面有着重要作用。随着其生物学功能认识的不断深入,人们逐渐认识到运动刺激对脑源性神经营养因子在神经元中表达有影响。本文就近年来国内外有关不同方式运动与脑源性神经营养因子的相关研究现状作一综述。     

运动与脑源性神经营养因子

脑源性神经营养因子是神经营养素家族中重要的神经生长因子。近几十年来,随着对其生物学功能认识的逐渐深入,人们从不同的角度探讨影响脑源性神经营养因子的因素和机制。笔者综述了近年来国内外有关运动与脑源性神经营养因子的相关研究现状。     

The effects of a 20-week exercise program on blood-circulating biomarkers related to brain health in overweight or obese children: The ActiveBrains project

BackgroundEmerging research supports the idea that exercise positively affects neurodevelopment. However, the mechanisms linking exercise with brain health are largely unknown. We aimed to investigate the effect of exercise on (a) blood biomarkers selected based on previous evidence (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), cathepsin B (CTSB), kynurenine, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1)); and (b) a panel of 92 neurology-related proteins (discovery analysis). We also investigated whether changes in these biomarkers mediate the effects of exercise on brain health (hippocampal structure and function, cognitive performance, and mental health).MethodsWe randomized 81 overweight/obese children (10.1 ± 1.1 years, 41% girls) into 2 groups: either 20 weeks of aerobic plus resistance exercise or control. Candidate biomarkers were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for kynurenine, FGF21, and CTSB; colorimetry for β-hydroxybutyrate; and XMap for brain-derived neurotrophic factor and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. The 92 neurology-related proteins were analyzed by an antibody-based proteomic analysis.ResultsOur intervention had no significant effect on candidate biomarkers (all p > 0.05). In the discovery analysis, a reduction in circulating macrophage scavenger receptor type-I was observed (standardized differences between groups = –0.3, p = 0.001). This effect was validated using ELISA methods (standardized difference = –0.3, p = 0.01). None of the biomarkers mediated the effects of exercise on brain health.ConclusionsOur study does not support a chronic effect of exercise on candidate biomarkers. We observed that while chronic exercise reduced the levels of macrophage scavenger receptor type-I, it did not mediate the effects of exercise on brain health. Future studies should explore the implications of this novel biomarker for overall health.     

运动重塑大脑海马:来自神经科学的研究证据与发展展望

运动可以重塑大脑海马的结构与功能,改善情绪、增强记忆,对促进个体心理健康及成功老化具有重要意义。从动物学视角看,运动重塑海马结构主要包括运动促进海马神经发生和运动对海马神经元凋亡的双重影响两方面;运动重塑海马功能则集中在运动可以调节海马突触长时程增强效应方面。从人类影像学视角切入,运动重塑海马结构聚焦于运动对海马体积的影响;运动重塑海马功能则涉及运动影响海马激活水平、血流灌注水平及海马与其他脑区的功能连接三个方面。不同运动形式、不同运动剂量对海马作用效果存在差异,其机制涉及脑可塑性假说、脑源性神经营养因子假说和神经递质假说。未来研究可进一步关注海马可塑性与早期应激事件、儿童青少年学习与教育、情绪健康、老年期认知功能以及临床康复领域的关联。研究路径与布局需继续优化实验设计、革新研究技术手段、推进多学科交叉融合,从人毕生发展的角度深入探索运动促进海马健康的认知神经机制,开发运动干预海马相关神经系统疾病的运动处方,从而推进健康关口前移,发挥运动是良医的功效。     

运动与褪黑素抗抑郁的作用、机制以及联合策略研究进展

褪黑素(melatonin,MT)在同步昼夜节律方面具有关键作用,且抑郁症的主要特征就是昼夜节律紊乱导致的睡眠障碍和褪黑素分泌紊乱。针对昼夜节律系统开发出的褪黑素类似物(如阿戈美拉汀、雷美替胺、他司美琼等)在治疗抑郁症方面有积极作用,特别是阿戈美拉汀,这是一种具有抗抑郁和抗焦虑作用的褪黑素受体激动剂及5-HT2C受体拮抗剂。研究综述了昼夜节律紊乱与抑郁症之间的关联,以及褪黑素在运动调控生物节律与改善抑郁行为方面的作用及机制,并提出了运动联合MT的抗抑郁策略。提出运动的抗抑郁作用,一方面通过MT的分泌调节使生物节律同步和MT促进海马神经发生和生物钟基因表达同步,另一方面通过MT调节脑源性神经营养因子节律和水平及改善炎症和氧化应激。     

Response of brain-derived neurotrophic factor to combining cognitive and physical exercise

Purpose: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is well known for its potential to promote brain plasticity. It has been proposed that combining cognitive and physical exercise (CCPE) may have the potential to generate more synergistic benefits in cognitive function than either cognitive exercise (CE) or physical exercise (PE) alone. The purpose of this study was to examine acute responses of peripheral BDNF levels and cognitive performance to CE, PE, and CCPE.

Methods: Thirteen healthy adult men participated in four experimental sessions; a 30-min CE, a 30-min cycling PE at an intensity of 60% peak oxygen uptake, a 30-min CCPE at the same intensity as PE, and a 30-min session of complete rest. Plasma BDNF levels and cognitive performance were measured before and after each session.

Results: Both PE and CCPE significantly increased plasma BDNF levels (p?p?≥?.05), and there was no significant difference in peripheral BDNF levels between PE and CCPE (p?≥?.05). No session induced a significant change in cognitive performance (p?≥?.05).

Conclusions: Our study suggests that CE and PE have different responses of peripheral BDNF levels and that CCPE had no additional or synergistic effect on peripheral BDNF levels compared with PE alone. This study offers further insights into the potential mechanisms underlying the respective roles of CE, PE, and CCPE for peripheral BDNF levels and cognitive performance.     

Exercise interventions for older adults: A systematic review of meta-analyses

Background:The evidence concerning which physical exercise characteristics are most effective for older adults is fragmented.We aimed to characterize the extent of this diversity and inconsistency and identify future directions for research by undertaking a systematic review of metaanalyses of exercise interventions in older adults.Methods:We searched the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,PsycInfo,MEDLINE,Embase,CINAHL,AMED,SPORTDiscus,and Web of Science for articles that met the following criteria:(1)meta-analyses that synthesized measures of improvement(e.g.,effect sizes)on any outcome identified in studies of exercise interventions;(2)participants in the studies meta-analyzed were adults aged 65+or had a mean age of 70+;(3)meta-analyses that included studies of any type of exercise,including its duration,frequency,intensity,and mode of delivery;(4)interventions that included multiple components(e.g.,exercise and cognitive stimulation),with effect sizes that were computed separately for the exercise component;and(5)meta-analyses that were published in any year or language.The characteristics of the reviews,of the interventions,and of the parameters improved through exercise were reported through narrative synthesis.Identification of the interventions linked to the largest improvements was carried out by identifying the highest values for improvement recorded across the reviews.The study included 56 meta-analyses that were heterogeneous in relation to population,sample size,settings,outcomes,and intervention characteristics.Results:The largest effect sizes for improvement were found for resistance training,meditative movement interventions,and exercise-based active videogames.Conclusion:The review identified important gaps in research,including a lack of studies investigating the benefits of group interventions,the characteristics of professionals delivering the interventions associated with better outcomes,and the impact of motivational strategies and of significant others(e.g.,carers)on intervention delivery and outcomes.     

Cognitive enhancement: a comparative review of computerized and athletic training programs

Cognitive enhancement refers to any type of improvement in cognitive performance following targeted interventions. Cognitive training is a rapidly growing market with potential to further expand in the future. Several computerized software programs promoting cognitive enhancement have been developed in recent years, with controversial results and implications. Within the research field, advances have been made regarding our understanding of the benefits inherent to cognitive programs, mainly involving working memory mechanisms and videogame training paradigms. In a distinct literature, physical exercise has been shown to broadly enhance cognitive functions, in humans and animals. In this article, we bring together these two trends of research in a comparative review, leading the discussion to an emerging third approach: designed sports training. Specifically designed sports, which tax working memory and spatial ability by incorporating motion in three-dimensional space, are an optimal way to combine the benefits of traditional cognitive training and physical exercise into a single activity. We discuss these findings in the context of embodied cognition, and argue that sensorimotor learning in designed sports is a key mechanism linking training and cognitive enhancement.     

The impact of physical activity and fitness on academic achievement and cognitive performance in children

The potential for physical activity and fitness to improve cognitive function, learning and academic achievement in children has received attention by researchers and policy makers. This paper reports a systematic approach to identification, analysis and review of published studies up to early 2009. A three-step search method was adopted to identify studies that used measures of physical activity or fitness to assess either degree of association with or effect on a) academic achievement and b) cognitive performance. A total of 18 studies including one randomised control trial, six quasi-experimental and 11 correlational studies were included for data extraction. No studies meeting criteria that examined the links between physical activity and cognitive function were found. Weak positive associations were found between both physical activity and fitness and academic achievement and fitness and elements of cognitive function, but this was not supported by intervention studies. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that additional physical education time increases academic achievement; however there is no evidence that it is detrimental. The quality and depth of the evidence base is limited. Further research with rigour beyond correlational studies is essential.     

运动干预对自闭症患儿行为改善的研究进展

检索2000年1月-2015年12月间有关文献,通过分析自闭症运动干预已有研究,探讨运动干预促进自闭症行为改善的方法和原则。研究表明,除了对健康状况和身体活动水平的明显改善,运动干预对于自闭症患者的行为改善也具有积极正向效果,主要集中在重复性行为、社交行为和问题行为等方面。研究认为运动干预可有效辅助传统成熟的行为干预方法,如果实施得当、合理地增加体育活动对自闭症进行干预可以帮助他们克服许多困难,提高生活的整体质量     

The exercise–cognition relationship: A virtuous circle

Exercise and health psychology have generated 2 sets of empirical studies guided by separate theory-driven axes. The first axis focuses on the causal relationship between chronic exercise and cognition and, more particularly, high-level cognitive functions such as executive functions (EFs). The second axis examines factors influencing the adherence process to physical activity (PA). Research conducted during the past decade shows that these 2 topics are closely linked, with EFs and effortful control playing a pivotal role in the bidirectional relationship linking PA and mental/brain health. The present article supports the idea that an individual engaged in the regular practice of effortful PA initiates a virtuous circle linking PA and effortful control in a bidirectional way. On the one hand, chronic exercise leads to an improvement of EFs and effortful control. On the other hand, gains in EFs and effortful control effectiveness lead to a reciprocal facilitation of the maintenance of PA over time. Some limitations and perspectives to this effort hypothesis are proposed in the last part of the article.     

儿童身体锻炼的心理效应

儿童锻炼的心理效应的研究主要集中在身体锻炼的心理前因、身体锻炼与儿童体能、自尊、应激的关系等方面。大部分的研究表明 ,尽管儿童身体锻炼的动机存在着文化差异 ,但获得愉快感是儿童参加身体锻炼的主要动机之一 ,同时 ,内部动机是儿童坚持身体锻炼的重要因素 ;身体锻炼可能是造成儿童体能存在年龄与性别差异的重要原因 ;合理身体锻炼可以提高儿童的自尊或自尊的某一维度 ;儿童应激反应存在“过度反应模式” ,身体锻炼可以降低儿童不良的应激反应。     

论身体运动与身体认知的具身性转向

认知科学的发展改变了人们传统的身体认知观念,具身认知的思想逐渐引起研究者的关注与重视,关于身体认知的研究开始朝向具身化方向转变。从人体运动场域的视角,探讨身体运动与身体认知具身性转向之间的关系及其相互影响。研究认为,身体运动在身体认知与被认知的过程中起到中介和调适作用,身体运动的方式可以映射出身体认知过程的具身性变化。身体运动可分为客观身体运动与现象身体运动两种类型,它们对身体认知的具身性转向起着不同的推动作用。身体运动特有的行为模式反映了身体认知与周围环境的关联性,身体运动的限制作用体现在身体认知表征的特性与范围方面,身体运动的分派特征对身体认知转向中的构成性角色具有证实作用,身体运动的调适功能是身体认知与具身行动之间协调性存在的重要保障。在身体运动对身体认知具身性转向的解释方面,要求身体运动应在身体认知的具身性转向中保持主动,重视身体经验的投射功能,关注身体运动的物理属性与运动方式的决定性作用。将身体运动的相关研究融入到具身认知的范畴,形成完整而有序的研究范式,将有助于解决身体认知研究领域中出现的系列问题。     

Fördert ein multidimensionales Gesundheitssportprogramm kognitive und motorische Fähigkeiten im höheren Erwachsenenalter?

Research on successful aging has shown that physical training can have positive effects on cognitive and motor functions in the elderly. The article describes a study involving a 12-week multidimensional exercise program (endurance, strength, flexibility and relaxation) with one session per week which was established for older adults (60 years onwards). Cognitive training (e. g. attention, concentration and memory) was additionally targeted in each exercise session. The exercise program was evaluated by different standardized tests regarding its effects on motor and cognitive performance as dependent variables. In a randomized controlled trial with experimental and waiting control group two points of measurement were conducted. The results showed a significant increase in fitness parameters (endurance, strength and dynamic balance) for the experimental group in contrast to the control group. The expected significant increase for cognitive functions was not found. There is still not enough known about the relationship between cognitive function and physical activity in older adults.     

体育锻炼对青少年认知能力和学业成绩的影响

体育锻炼在提升青少年认知能力和学业成绩上发挥了重要作用,但国内鲜有基于全国样本数据的深入实证分析。基于中国教育追踪调查的基线数据,以周末体育锻炼为例,采用倾向得分匹配法,从教育效果公平的视角,分析了体育锻炼对不同特征青少年认知能力和学业成绩的影响,结果发现:1)体育锻炼显著改善了青少年学生的认知能力,并提升了青少年学生的学科成绩;2)体育锻炼发挥了促进教育效果公平的功能,主要表现在体育锻炼改善了中低收入家庭的青少年认知能力和学业成绩,对高收入家庭的青少年认知能力和学业成绩的影响不显著。     

大学生体育锻炼行为与时间管理倾向特征研究

采用体育锻炼阶段问卷和时间管理倾向问卷对大学生进行调查,探索大学生体育锻炼与时间管理倾向间的关系,结果发现没有时间并不是影响大学生参与体育锻炼的重要因素;在大学生意识到自己须积极参与体育锻炼后培养其时间管理的意识、技巧和效能有利于消除积极锻炼的障碍。     

运动干预调控肠道微生物介导认知功能的作用研究进展

认知功能障碍是神经系统疾病的重要特征表现,受诸多因素影响。肠道微生物在维持机体健康和多种疾病的发展中发挥作用,肠道微生物失衡与躯体运动能力和脑认知功能障碍,如阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病等神经退行性疾病关系密切。研究发现,运动干预可通过对肠道微生物的调节,建立肠-脑之间的联系,调控认知功能,改善神经退行性疾病,但不同方式的运动干预对肠道微生物的影响及其与认知功能的调节之间存在差异性。通过分析肠道微生物的生物学功能以及运动介导肠道微生物相关的改变与脑认知功能的关系,探讨肠道微生物在肠-脑神经联络以及运动调控肠道微生物改善认知功能的作用机理。     

Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity,executive functions and prefrontal brain oxygenation in children: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study

Despite accumulating evidence that regular exercise improves executive functioning, the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms have rarely been investigated. The present study aimed to compare cognitive performance as well as task-specific concentration changes in oxygenated haemoglobin in the prefrontal cortex between children with higher and lower moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Physical activity was measured over 7 consecutive days using actigraphy. Afterwards, participants (N = 50) completed verbal fluency tests (VFTs) and mental arithmetic (MA) for the assessment of cognitive flexibility and working memory capacity. During the tasks, changes of oxygenated haemoglobin were measured with functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Using average MVPA of 11-year-old children as cut-point, the sample was divided into children with lower and higher MVPA. Analyses of variance revealed no significant differences in correct and false responses on the cognitive tests between groups. With regard to oxygenated haemoglobin, no group differences were found for concentration changes in response to the cognitive tasks. In conclusion, VFTs and MA increased children’s activation in prefrontal regions associated with cognitive flexibility and working memory, respectively. However, these executive functions and cortical activation were not different between children with lower and higher MVPA.     

Effectiveness of peers in delivering programs or motivating older people to increase their participation in physical activity: Systematic review and meta-analysis

The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effectiveness of peers to deliver programs or encourage older people to be physically active and improve physical outcomes. Peer reviewed articles published in English between January 1976 and June 2016, retrieved from six databases according to the predefined inclusion criteria were included. Where possible results were pooled and meta-analyses conducted. Eighteen articles were included in the review, a total of 3,492 intervention participants, average age 66.5 years and 67.1% were female. Overall, study quality was medium to high. Interventions mainly included resistance, flexibility and cardiovascular training, however there was one aquatic exercise group. Eight studies were delivered by peers and five utilised peer support, which included advice and being positive but was not directly linked to an exercise intervention. While 16 of the 18 studies reported improvement in levels of physical activity and/or noted physical benefits by peer involvement, the meta-analyses findings supported the control groups for the six-minute-walk-test and the timed-up-and-go test. Findings from this review suggest exercise programs involving peers can promote and maintain adherence to exercise programs. However, results were inconclusive as to whether peers have a positive effect on improving older people’s physical function.     

胰岛素样生长因子- I 对骨骼肌生长和修复研究进展

生长激素（GH）／胰岛素样生长因子-I（IGF-I）轴是肌肉生长的重要调节因子之一。虽然许多组织都能表达IGF-I，但它们各自的功能不同。骨骼肌是IGF—I的靶器官，同时也分泌IGF—I。骨骼肌组织表达的IGF—I对骨骼肌损伤后的再生、修复非常重要，也是通过适当干预保持肌肉质量的重要调节因素。主要讨论GH／IGF—I在促进骨骼肌再生和修复中的作用，并讨论其在运动康复中的应用前景。