中跑运动员跑步经济性与运动成绩的相关性研究

探索中跑运动员跑步经济性(running economy,RE)与运动成绩的相关性,通过实验探索出中跑运动员RE测试的最佳负荷。根据.VO2max相对值及800 m运动成绩,最终确定7人为研究对象。研究结果发现,7名受试者运动成绩的排序和RE12的排序相关性呈现出高度显著性(r=0.98,P=0.00)。研究结论表明,800 m运动成绩越好,RE12水平越好;同时也发现,选择12.0 km/h的测试速度评价中跑运动员的RE水平比较适合。     

学校体育中群体凝聚力、努力与个人成绩关联研究

为了检验高中篮球队员的群体凝聚力与他们的客观个人运动成绩之间的关联,对南昌市两所中学男、女篮球队员在赛前和赛后的情况进行调查。结果显示：在赛前,不同性别与个人运动成绩之间存在着显著性差异;正式比赛结束后,测试得出群体凝聚力与个人的运动成绩之间存在高度相关,＂努力＂是其中介因素。因此,学校体育教育应重视群体凝聚力对学生个体成绩的影响。     

不同水平中长跑运动员跑步能效的比较

目的:观察不同水平中长跑运动员跑步效能是否存在差异。方法:江苏田径队一、二线中长跑运动员,男性,各6名;便携式氧代谢测试仪器测试个人最好成绩平均速度下的跑步能效(RE,ml.kg-1.m-1)。结果:高水平组的跑步能效显著低于普通组的跑步能效(11.2±0.35,11.9±0.6,P=0.043)结论:本研究中高水平组运动员具有更好的运动节省能力。     

跑节省化(RE)实验方法及其影响因素的研究进展

跑节省化（RE）是在给定一个特定跑速下的稳定摄氧量，它反映了机体外周对氧的利用效率，是与耐力运动成绩紧密相关的指标。早在20世纪八九十年代，国外就已经对RE进行了深入的研究，并认为其表达优秀耐力较之最大摄氧量有更大的贡献率。RE在国内只是近些年才逐渐引起学者们的注意。鉴于RE正逐渐成为运动生理学和运动训练学的一个研究热点，从跑节省化的测试方法、测试条件和影响因素等方面对国外的研究进行综述，为以后将RE运用到运动实践中以及理论研究提供参考。     

影响跑步经济性的动力学因素

为了探索影响中跑运动员个体间跑步经济性(running economy,RE)差异的动力学因素,根据VO2max相对值及800 m运动成绩,最终确定7人为研究对象(年龄(21.43±0.53)岁;身高(172.8±3.79)cm;体重(63.66±3.82)kg;训练年限(4.57±0.98)年;RE(35.65±2.58)mL·kg-1.min-1).研究结果发现,RE分别与力的峰值、力的波动范围及冲量相关性都不显著.研究结果表明,垂直方向、前后方向和内外方向的地面反作用力以及跑步支撑阶段冲量,并不是造成中跑运动员RE差异的原因,但是,RE较差的中跑运动员表现出在垂直方向冲量较大的趋势,RE的差异可能是人体下肢肌肉做功的差异造成的.     

浅谈运动团体中的群体凝聚力

群体凝聚力是反映运动团体群体心理特征的一个重要指标。它是运动团体存在和发展的基本要求，其高低直接影响团体的运动成绩。国外对群体凝聚力的研究起步较早，研究理论已经较为完备，我国在这方面研究成果较少，也存在一些问题，特别是运动团体群体凝聚力的研究领域，其研究成果更为稀缺。本文在搜集大量国内外文献资料的基础之上，通过对群体凝聚力的概念述说，影响因素的阐述，提出了一些增强运动团体群体凝聚力的方法与途径。     

影响跑步经济性的人体下肢肌肉做功研究

探索人体下肢肌肉做功对跑步经济性的影响,选择受过良好训练且水平在一级左右的男子中长跑运动员15人.根据VO2 max相对值及800 m运动成绩,最终确定7人为研究对象.研究发现,在摆动和支撑阶段,臀大肌的做功排名与RE呈负相关(r= -0. 89,P<0.01);表征摆动阶段的腓肠肌外侧和腓肠肌内侧以及支撑阶段的股直肌、股外侧肌、胫骨前肌和腓肠肌外侧等肌肉做功的主成分与RE呈负相关性(r=-0.80,P<0. 05).研究表明,提高运动员在拉长一缩短周期(SSC)的做功能力可以有效地改善运动员的跑步经济性.建议对中长跑运动员在训练过程中尝试穿插爆发性力量训练,从而通过改善SSC的做功效率来提高运动员的跑步经济性.     

跑步经济性研究述评

对国内外跑步经济性研究成果进行回顾与分析。国外自上世纪60年代开始对跑步经济性进行研究,经过半个世纪的发展,跑步经济性研究在概念体系、影响因素、评价标准以及成绩预测、训练方法等方面取得丰富的研究成果。目前认为,跑步经济性(RE)较最大摄氧量(V02max)更能反映(评价)有氧耐力水平,具有较强的可训性。国内跑步经济性研究起步较晚,研究成果以生理学、心理学、训练学为多,但发展并不均衡。     

不同运动强度对女大学生心理健康的影响——以跑步为例

使用症状自评量表SCL-90研究工具,通过实验比较的方法,旨在研究女大学生参与不同强度跑步运动与心理健康之间的关系.实验结果表明:跑步运动有助于调节身心矛盾,增强心理健康.女大学生参与中、小强度的跑步运动能够促进心理健康,中等强度的身体运动更有利于增进心理健康.     

跑步经济性

最大摄氧量被视为有氧能力生理指标和耐力成绩指标.运动员的最大摄氧量与耐力成绩高度相关.然而,同项目运动员,如经过专业化训练的跑步运动员,其最大摄氧量与运动成绩的相关性则不是很高.为什么在最大摄氧量相近的个体中,耐力成绩却各不相同?     

中国北方汉族男子FECH基因-252A/G多态与耐力训练敏感性的关联研究

目的:探讨中国北方汉族男性亚铁螯合酶(FECH)基因-252A/G多态性与耐力训练敏感性的关联,寻找与有氧耐力训练效果的分子标记。方法:选取102名中国北方汉族男性健康受试者,以95%～105%个体无氧阈强度进行5 000米跑训练,每周3次,共18周,训练前后测定VO2max、RE等指标。使用PCR-RFLP和测序方法解析该基因多态性的分布特征,并进行该多态与上述生理指标进行关联性分析。结果:1)耐力训练前,AA基因型跑节省化时的心率(RE/HR)、跑节省化时的最大摄氧量(RE/rVO2)起始值均显著性低于GG基因型(P<0.01);2)有氧耐力训练后,AA基因型通气阈时的摄氧量(△VT/VO2)增加的幅度显著性高于GG基因型(P<0.05);AA基因型在跑节省化时的心率(△RE/HR)下降的幅度显著性高于GG基因型(P<0.05)。结论:在FECH基因-252A/G多态性中,AA基因型耐力训练具有较高的训练敏感性,可作为预测有氧耐力训练敏感性的分子标记。     

耐力训练、神经骨骼肌系统适应与跑步经济性

跑步经济性和运动成绩密切相关。进行专项运动训练,下肢运动肌募集方式更为精炼。耐力训练可诱导神经骨骼肌系统发生适应,降低代谢需求,提高运动成绩。自行车运动单项与多项组合项目相比,下肢运动肌募集方式存在差异。目前,研究非常关注单项与多项组合项目诱导神经骨骼肌系统适应间的差异。但是,并不清楚这些特异性神经骨骼肌系统适应是否有助于提高或损害耐力性项目的运动成绩？神经骨骼肌系统适应可能在影响耐力性项目的运动成绩。力量训练和超等长训练可提高运动的经济性,但这些适应性的变化对跑步时运动肌募集方式产生多少有益的影响并不清楚。当前,尚没有充足的证据显示拉伸训练和运动鞋可提高运动的经济性。     

Neuromuscular control and running economy is preserved in elite international triathletes after cycling

Running is the most important discipline for Olympic triathlon success. However, cycling impairs running muscle recruitment and performance in some highly trained triathletes; though it is not known if this occurs in elite international triathletes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cycling in two different protocols on running economy and neuromuscular control in elite international triathletes. Muscle recruitment and sagittal plane joint angles of the left lower extremity and running economy were compared between control (no preceding cycle) and transition (preceded by cycling) runs for two different cycle protocols (20-minute low-intensity and 50-minute high-intensity cycles) in seven elite international triathletes. Muscle recruitment and joint angles were not different between control and transition runs for either cycle protocols. Running economy was also not different between control and transition runs for the low-intensity (62.4 +/- 4.5 vs. 62.1 +/- 4.0 ml/min/kg, p > 0.05) and high-intensity (63.4 +/- 3.5 vs. 63.3 +/- 4.3 ml/min/kg, p > 0.05) cycle protocols. The results of this study demonstrate that both low- and high-intensity cycles do not adversely influence neuromuscular control and running economy in elite international triathletes.     

NRF1基因多态性可预测中国北方地区汉族男性有氧能力的差异

目的：拟探讨核呼吸因子1（NRF1）基因多态性与最大（VO2max）和次最大有氧能力（running economy，RE）的关联性。方法：102名无训练史的健康男子进行18周有氧耐力训练，测试训练前后的VO2 max和12km／h跑速下的RE。用FCR-RFLP分析NRF1基因的SNPrs2302970、rs6949152和rs10500120多态性。结果：3个多态位点均符合H—W平衡（P〉0．05）。rs2302970与rs6949152强连锁不平衡（D’=0．950，12=0．631），经haplo．em推算，主要存在4种单体型；3个SNPs及单体型与VO2max的初始值及训练敏感性均不关联；RE的初始能力与rs2302970多态性关联，携带CT基因型的群体显著高于CC基因型。RE的训练敏感性与rs2302970和rs6949152多态性关联，携带CT或AG基因型的群体显著高于CC或AA基因型。结论：NRF1基因多态性能够预测中国北方地区汉族男性次最大有氧能力的差异。     

力量训练提升马拉松跑者耐力运动表现的研究进展及训练策略

有氧能力的高低是马拉松跑者能否取得优异成绩的关键。最大摄氧量、乳酸阈和跑步经济性是衡量运动员有氧能力和耐力运动表现的关键指标，也是长跑训练效果的核心考量。由于力量和耐力训练对机体产生不同的训练刺激，教练员和运动员很少将力量训练作为提升耐力运动表现的手段，以防止有氧能力受到负面影响。通过对大量文献梳理发现，力量训练可以在不影响机体最大摄氧量和乳酸阈值的前提下，通过改善神经肌肉功能、转换肌纤维类型以及增强肌肉肌腱刚度和利用弹性势能的能力，提高跑步经济性和无氧能力，改善运动员耐力运动表现。本文基于对力量、耐力训练的生理学适应的探讨，总结不同形式力量训练对耐力运动表现的影响与作用机制，并为马拉松选手科学安排力量训练提出建议，从而优化其耐力运动表现。     

Effect of resistance training regimens on treadmill running and neuromuscular performance in recreational endurance runners

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of heavy resistance, explosive resistance, and muscle endurance training on neuromuscular, endurance, and high-intensity running performance in recreational endurance runners. Twenty-seven male runners were divided into one of three groups: heavy resistance, explosive resistance or muscle endurance training. After 6 weeks of preparatory training, the groups underwent an 8-week resistance training programme as a supplement to endurance training. Before and after the 8-week training period, maximal strength (one-repetition maximum), electromyographic activity of the leg extensors, countermovement jump height, maximal speed in the maximal anaerobic running test, maximal endurance performance, maximal oxygen uptake ([V·]O(?max)), and running economy were assessed. Maximal strength improved in the heavy (P = 0.034, effect size ES = 0.38) and explosive resistance training groups (P = 0.003, ES = 0.67) with increases in leg muscle activation (heavy: P = 0.032, ES = 0.38; explosive: P = 0.002, ES = 0.77). Only the heavy resistance training group improved maximal running speed in the maximal anaerobic running test (P = 0.012, ES = 0.52) and jump height (P = 0.006, ES = 0.59). Maximal endurance running performance was improved in all groups (heavy: P = 0.005, ES = 0.56; explosive: P = 0.034, ES = 0.39; muscle endurance: P = 0.001, ES = 0.94), with small though not statistically significant improvements in [V·]O(?max) (heavy: ES = 0.08; explosive: ES = 0.29; muscle endurance: ES = 0.65) and running economy (ES in all groups < 0.08). All three modes of strength training used concurrently with endurance training were effective in improving treadmill running endurance performance. However, both heavy and explosive strength training were beneficial in improving neuromuscular characteristics, and heavy resistance training in particular contributed to improvements in high-intensity running characteristics. Thus, endurance runners should include heavy resistance training in their training programmes to enhance endurance performance, such as improving sprinting ability at the end of a race.     

高校体育训练中如何提高耐力素质

跑步训练中可以分为变速跑、跟随跑和计时跑;跳绳训练包括短绳跳、长绳跳的训练方法。辅助训练方式包括多级跨跳、跑训练、上坡跑训练与柔韧性训练。本文主要研究高校体育训练当中提高学生耐力素质的有效方法,先对高校体育训练中提高耐力素质的必要性进行简单概述,并重点研究高校体育训练中耐力素质训练的具体方式。     

Moderate-domain pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics and endurance running performance

The aims of this study were to determine if the primary time constant (tau) for oxygen uptake (VO2) at the onset of moderate-intensity treadmill exercise is related to endurance running performance, and to establish if tau could be considered a determinant of endurance running performance. Thirty-six endurance trained male runners performed a series of laboratory tests, on separate days, to determine maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), the ventilatory threshold (VT) and running economy. In addition, runners completed six transitions from walking (4 km x h-1) to moderate-intensity running (80% VT) for the determination of the VO2 primary time constant and mean response time. During all tests, pulmonary gas-exchange was measured breath-by-breath. Endurance running performance was determined using a treadmill 5-km time-trial, after which runners were considered as combined performers (n=36) and, using a ranking system, high performers (n=10) and low performers (n=10). Relationships between tau and endurance running performance were quantified using correlation coefficients (r). Stepwise multiple regression was used to determine the primary predictor variables of endurance running performance in combined performers. Moderate correlations were observed between tau, mean response time and endurance running performance, but only for the combined performers (r=-0.55, P=0.001 and r=-0.50, P=0.002, respectively). The regression model for predicting 5-km performance did not include tau or mean response time. The velocity at VO2max was strongly correlated to endurance running performance in all groups (r=0.72 - 0.84, P < 0.01) and contributed substantially to the prediction of performance. In conclusion, the results suggest that despite their role in determining the oxygen deficit and having a moderate relationship with endurance running performance, neither tau nor mean response time is a primary determinant of endurance running performance.     

The effect of attentional focus on running economy

Abstract

In research on motor control, the detrimental effect of an internal focus of attention on movement execution of well-learned motor skills is a frequently replicated finding. This experimental study was designed to determine whether this effect is observed with physiological variables during endurance exercise. We examined whether the focus of attention can influence running economy (oxygen consumption at a set running speed). Trained runners had to focus their attention on three different aspects while running on a treadmill. For three consecutive 10-min periods, runners concentrated on the running movement, on their breathing, and on their surroundings. Results showed an increased running economy in the external focus condition. In line with research on motor control, endurance sport also shows that an external focus of attention is better than an internal focus in terms of the physiological performance measure of oxygen consumption.