Effects of school organizational conditions on teacher professional learning in China: The mediating role of teacher self-efficacy

Current education reforms have increasingly advocated schools to create facilitative organizational conditions to promote teacher learning. However, limited research has examined the effects of different aspects of school organizational conditions on teacher professional learning in China. Using a sample of 339 primary and secondary school teachers in Shanghai, this study examined the effects of three aspects of school organizational conditions (i.e., learning-centered leadership, learning opportunities, and cultural barriers) on teacher professional learning in China, with a particular focus on the mediating role of teacher self-efficacy as an important psychological condition. The results showed that two aspects of school organizational conditions (i.e., learning-centered leadership and learning opportunities) had significant and positive effects on teacher learning. Teacher self-efficacy significantly mediated the effects of both learning-centered leadership and cultural barriers on teacher professional learning. Practical implications are also discussed.     

残疾人职业动机影响因素研究

本研究尝试探索残疾人自我效能感与职业动机间的关系.首先编制了适合残疾人的《残疾人职业动机量表》以及《残疾人操作自我效能感量表》.基于相关性分析,发现残疾类别和残疾等级通过自我效能感间接影响职业动机.基于实证研究,构建了残疾等级、残疾类别、自我效能感为影响因子的职业动机预测模型.基于样本验证,证实了残疾人自我效能与职业动机之间的显著关系,此种研究对探索残疾人职业心理有着重要意义.     

大学生锻炼行为与自我效能的关系

基于行为阶段变化模式.分析锻炼行为与自我效能的关系,为大学生干预策略的发展提供手段和思路.采用锻炼阶段变化和锻炼自我效能量表对1247名大学生进行测壹.结果表明,大学生锻炼阶段分布是前意识阶段167人(13.4%),意识阶段220人(17.6%),准备阶段660人(52.9%),行动阶段122人(9.8%),雏持阶段78人(6.3%).自我效能与锻炼行为之间存在里著相关;自我效能的锻炼阶段特征明显,随着阶段行进显著提高.     

The Role of Age and Occupational Future Time Perspective in Workers’ Motivation to Learn

The purpose of this paper is to better understand the relationship between employees’ chronological age and their motivation to learn, by adopting a lifespan perspective. Based on socioemotional selectivity theory, we suggest that occupational future time perspective mediates the relationship between age and motivation to learn. In accordance with expectancy-value and self-efficacy theories, motivation to learn was operationalized as employees’ learning motivational beliefs (i.e., learning self-efficacy and learning value). To test our model, survey data were obtained from 560 workers between the ages of 21 to 64 years. Results demonstrated the importance of taking workers’ occupational future time perspective into account to explain relationships between age and learning motivational beliefs.     

中小学校长领导风格对校长信息化领导力影响的研究——以变革型领导理论为视角

研究在证实变革型领导风格对校长信息化领导力存在显著正向影响的基础上,采用Bootstrap中介效应检验法分析组织氛围和自我效能感两个变量在变革型领导风格与校长信息化领导力之间的中介效应。通过量化分析发现:(1)变革型领导风格对校长信息化领导力存在显著影响;(2)组织氛围在变革型领导风格的四个子维度(愿景激励、德行垂范、个性化关怀、领导魅力)对校长信息化领导力的影响中存在中介效应,其中组织氛围在德行垂范与校长信息化领导力之间的中介效应最强,而且为完全中介;(3)自我效能感在变革型领导风格的三个子维度(愿景激励、个性化关怀、领导魅力)对校长信息化领导力的影响中存在中介效应,自我效能感在德行垂范对校长信息化领导力的影响中不具有中介效应。     

Stimulating teachers' reflection and feedback asking: An interplay of self-efficacy,learning goal orientation,and transformational leadership

The goal of the study was to investigate how teachers' reflection and feedback asking – two crucial components of professional development – can be explained by occupational self-efficacy, learning goal orientation and transformational leadership. A survey study with data from 456 teachers from a Dutch College for Vocational Education and Training shows that occupational self-efficacy and learning goal orientation are positively related to reflection and feedback asking. Furthermore, learning goal orientation mediates the relationships between occupational self-efficacy and reflection and asking feedback. Finally, the positive relationship between transformational leadership and reflection and asking feedback appears to depend on learning goal orientation.     

The influence of leadership behavior and organizational commitment on organizational readiness for change in a higher learning institution

Many factors contribute to the effectiveness in implementing organizational change. However, many change effort fail due to several factors such as lack of commitment, style of leadership, and emotional distress of the employees who have to implement the change. This study was intended to determine the influence of leadership behavior and organizational commitment on organizational readiness for change in a higher learning institution. It was based on a conceptual framework that combined part of an adapted model from organizational development and change theory. A total of 169 academic staff from the main and branch campuses UiTM throughout Malaysia were selected based on stage and cluster sampling to participate in this study. The result shows that there is a significant relationship between organizational commitment and leadership behavior on organizational readiness for change. The findings also revealed that 36.5% of the variance in readiness for change is explained by organizational commitment and transactional leadership behavior. In determining the role of the organization commitment as a moderating variable, the result of the study indicates significant moderating effect of affective commitment on the relationship between transformational leadership behavior and organizational readiness for change. This study implied that building organizational commitment as well as developing transformational and transactional leadership behavior could contribute to formulation of organizational readiness for change and subsequently lead to the success of a change program.     

大学本科生大五人格与择业效能感的关系研究

文章以350名大学本科生为研究对象,探讨了大学生大五人格与择业效能感的关系。运用大五人格问卷（NEO-FFI）和择业效能感问卷（CDMSE—SF）进行问卷调查,采用SPSS12.0软件对数据进行处理分析,研究发现：在大五人格的一般特点研究中,不同性别的大学生在宜人性维度、不同年级的大学生在宜人性维度和尽责性维度上有显著差异;在择业效能感的一般特点研究中,不同性别的大学生在获得信息维度和职业规划维度上有显著差异;大五人格五维度与择业效能感五维度,除宜人性维度相关较低外,其余均有显著相关;大五人格的五个维度均成为预测变量进入择业效能感的回归方程。     

Teachers’ Innovative Behaviour: The Importance of Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction,Intrinsic Motivation,and Occupational Self-Efficacy

Teachers’ innovative behaviour and professional development are important aspects of high-quality education. It is often thought that motivation influences teachers’ innovative behaviour and professional development. The main purpose of this study is to gain more insight into motivational processes contributing to teachers’ innovative behaviour. Using Self-Determination Theory, both intrinsic motivation and basic psychological need satisfaction are addressed. From an organizational psychology perspective, occupational self-efficacy is also included in the hypothesized model. Online survey data from teachers in primary, secondary, and vocational education in the Netherlands (n?=?2,385) are analysed using structural equation modeling. Results show that basic psychological need satisfaction affects both intrinsic motivation and occupational self-efficacy, and that the latter strongly supports innovative behaviour.     

高职院校大学生职业价值观与职业决策自我效能的关系研究

以高职院校学生为对象,采用问卷调查法,选择职业价值观问卷和职业决策自我效能问卷研究了高职院校大学生职业价值观与职业决策自我效能之间的关系。研究结果表明：不同年级的高职生职业价值观存在显著性差异,大二学生的职业价值观高于大一学生;不同性别的高职生职业决策自我效能存在非常显著的差异,男生的职业决策自我效能大于女生;高职生职业价值观与职业决策自我效能之间存在显著的正相关。     

Self-efficacy beliefs as shapers of children's aspirations and career trajectories

This prospective study tested with 272 children a structural model of the network of sociocognitive influences that shape children's career aspirations and trajectories. Familial socioeconomic status is linked to children's career trajectories only indirectly through its effects on parents' perceived efficacy and academic aspirations. The impact of parental self-efficacy and aspirations on their children's perceived career efficacy and choice is, in turn, entirely mediated through the children's perceived efficacy and academic aspirations. Children's perceived academic, social, and self-regulatory efficacy influence the types of occupational activities for which they judge themselves to be efficacious both directly and through their impact on academic aspirations. Perceived occupational self-efficacy gives direction to the kinds of career pursuits children seriously consider for their life's work and those they disfavor. Children's perceived efficacy rather than their actual academic achievement is the key determinant of their perceived occupational self-efficacy and preferred choice of worklife. Analyses of gender differences reveal that perceived occupational self-efficacy predicts traditionality of career choice.     

An Educational Intervention Designed to Increase Women's Leadership Self-Efficacy

Women are sparsely represented in leadership in academic science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM). Cultural stereotypes about men, women, and leaders influence the attitudes, judgments, and decisions that others make about women and the choices women make for themselves. Multilevel interventions are needed to counteract the impact of these pervasive and easily activated stereotypes, which conspire in multiple ways to constrain women's entry, persistence, and advancement in academic STEMM. We describe an individual-level educational intervention. Using the transtheoretical model of behavioral change as a framework, we assessed the success of a semester course on increasing women's leadership self-efficacy for the first three cohorts of course participants (n = 30). Pre/post questionnaires showed gains in leadership self-efficacy, personal mastery, and self-esteem, and decreases in perceived constraints. Qualitative text analysis of weekly journals indicated increasing leadership self-efficacy as course participants applied course information and integrated strategies to mitigate the impact of societal stereotypes into their own leadership practices. Follow-up queries of the first two cohorts supported the enduring value of course participation. We conclude that providing strategies to recognize and mitigate the impact of gender stereotypes is effective in increasing leadership self-efficacy in women at early stages of academic STEMM careers.     

Distributed leadership and organizational change: Reviewing the evidence

This article explores the relationship between distributed leadership and organizational change. It draws upon the existing literature to consider whether distributed forms of leadership influence development and change in schools. The article examines the research base relating to distributed leadership and organizational outcomes. It focuses on how different patterns or configurations of distributed leadership contribute to organizational development. The article concludes by highlighting issues that require further study and more empirical confirmation. This article is based on a literature review commissioned by the Department for Education and Skills as part of a research project currently being undertaken by Leithwood, K., Day, C., Sammons, P., Harris, A., and Hopkins, D. (2006) ‘Leadership and student outcomes’ and Leithwood, K., Day, C., Sammons, P., Harris, A., and Hopkins, D. (2006) ‘Successful school leadership: What it is and how it influences pupil learning’. London, DFES.     

Leadership as Learning: Conceptualizing the Process

ABSTRACT

Community College leaders face new and diverse challenges, often requiring different orientations to leadership than were effective previously. Yet, focusing on leadership as a series of career stages through which particular skills and techniques are learned often leaves leaders without the capacity to do the adaptive work required of their changing organizations. Conceptualizing leadership as an on-going process of learning relinquishes the need for a specific career orientation, and focuses on developing and sharing leadership throughout the college. Taking this approach uncovers mental models that affect how administrators see the world and, therefore, act within any environment. It shifts the goal of leadership preparation to understanding the concepts (and processes) of transforming organizational reality, challenging organizational status quo, and of deep change. It also ties leadership more directly to creating learning environments for leaders and others, which is important for community colleges interested in fulfilling the role of learning colleges. A model presenting leadership as learning concepts is presented, showing changes over time reflecting cognitive development of leaders and followers.     

谈教育局长的领导力及其提升策略

教育局长是我国区域教育行政管理的基本领导群体,其领导行为直接影响着区域教育发展的内涵与进程。按照权变领导理论框架,教育局长的领导力与教育局长的工作情境直接相关。由于教育局长的工作情境具体由教育局、政府和学校系统三个开放的工作系统构成,因此,教育局长的领导力呈现出三维结构,即行政领导力、政治领导力和教育领导力。相应地,教育局长要提升领导力,应该从三个维度入手:领导领导者,有效提升教育局长的政治领导力;认识教育组织特征,有效提升教育局长的教育领导力;发展组织文化,提升教育局长领导的有效性。     

教师职业压力的影响因素及内在心理机制

文章从需要和动机、认知方式、人格特征、能力素质、自我期望、经验、心理准备状态等方面阐述了影响教师职业压力的内部心理因素和影响教师职业压力的社会因素——社会支持系统;分析认为,教师职业压力从产生到发展经历几个阶段：环境刺激→对压力情境的评估→应付策略的运用→严重压力症状的产生→反馈机制的制约,完善了教师职业压力的内在心理机制模式图,进一步揭示了教师职业压力的本质和压力产生的一般规律。     

The role of organizational learning in transformational leadership and organizational innovation

Leadership is an important factor affecting organizational innovation. Many studies show that transformational leadership has positive and significant influence on organizational innovation. Based on a literature review and previous work, this study aims to investigate the influence of transformational leadership on organizational innovation and to examine whether organizational learning is a mediator between their relationships. Structural equation modeling was used to test the model. The research sample consisted of 330 teachers in charge of administration in postsecondary schools. The findings of this study provide evidence that transformational leadership and organizational learning have significant positive relationship influence on organizational innovation. The research also demonstrates that there is significant effect on the role of mediation in organizational learning on the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational innovation. The study suggests that if school principals use the strategies of transformational leadership and organizational learning at the same time, organizational learning was highly effectiveness to achieve organizational innovation in the postsecondary schools.     

The effects of autonomy gap in personnel policy,principal leadership and teachers’ self-efficacy on their organizational commitment

School autonomy in personnel policy is important to effective personnel management. With increased autonomy in personnel policy, principals could wield their leadership to improve teachers’ organizational commitment. However, little is known about whether the given autonomy in personnel policy meets principals’ expectation and whether and how the gap in between has an effect on teachers’ organizational commitment. This research explores the effects of autonomy gap in personnel policy, principal leadership, teachers’ self-efficacy and school contextual factors on teachers’ organizational commitment. Multilevel analysis was used. The results show the effects of autonomy gap in personnel policy differ among areas. In particular, the autonomy gap in salary was found to be a significant antecedent of teachers’ organizational commitment. The results also highlight the importance of principal leadership in this process. Principals with a stronger leadership tend to perceive generally a larger autonomy gap in personnel policy. In addition, when transformational leadership increased, its positive influence on teachers’ organizational commitment became even stronger. Implications for developing efficacious leadership and autonomy policy in personnel management were discussed.     

Orchestrating Complex Educational Change: Local Reorganisation of Schools in England

This paper considers how complex educationalchange may be managed through the `metatask' oforchestration, narrowly distributed amongsenior formal leaders within and betweendifferent administrative levels of large publiceducation systems. Orchestration impliessteering the change process by organising andmaintaining oversight of an intricate array ofcoordinated tasks. It is the over-arching`complex change management theme' of ahierarchically ordered typology derivedinductively from a national study ofdistrict-wide initiatives to close or mergeschools so as to reduce spare student capacityand improve the quality of educationalprovision. The paper explores patterns revealedby this research relating to orchestration. Theresearch design and methods are outlined. Therelationship is clarified between the conceptsof orchestration, leadership and management. Ananalytical model is built-up for analysingcomplex educational change along threedimensions: change management themes, headed byorchestration; characteristics of thecomplexity of the change with managementimplications; and stages of the change process.The constituents of each dimension in turn aredescribed, briefly illustrated throughreference to reorganisation, and linked withorchestration. Characteristics of complexitydictated the response of orchestration and thesubordinate complex change management themesacross the different stages of the changeprocess. The analytical model is offered as aconceptual framework for future research thatwould test its wider applicability and as apractical planning tool. The importance isunderlined of developing generic yetcontext-sensitive practical guidance thatreflects the degree of complexity faced byorchestrators charged with managingcontemporary educational change.     

The perception of change in university departments

The purpose of this study is to identify perceptual differences between hierarchical levels in organizations in general and in university departments in particular, and to analyze their consequences on the relationships between the need for change, the implementation of change, and the assessment of the success of change.Three different models are developed and tested. The first model examines the amount of change in the various aspects of change at different types of departments. The second model examines the factor structure of the various actors in the system. The third model tests separately for each perceiver the magnitude of relationship between the different aspects of change and the success of change.The implications of the models and their empirical tests to future studies of organizational change are discussed and elaborated.