第16,17届世界杯足球决赛角球进攻战术对比分析

对第16，17两届世界杯足球决赛阶段角球进攻战术的主要特征，如对角球的组织配合形式、角球的罚向区域、角球的运行轨迹等进行对比分析。指出角球进攻战术的运用更趋向直接、快速，在战术运用中对时空的争夺更为激烈，角球进攻战术日趋成熟。     

On winning the “lottery”: psychological preparation for football penalty shoot-outs

The outcome of penalty shoot-outs is often referred to as a “lottery”, suggesting that luck, rather than the skill level of the player, predetermines outcome success. Throughout this article, we hope to show why such attitudes towards physical and psychological preparation can increase anxiety, diminish perceptions of control and negatively affect the behaviour and subsequent performance of penalty takers. From the synthesis of this evidence, we provide task-specific recommendations that are structured around the dynamic nature of emotions that players are likely to experience during each phase of the shoot-out and which can be implemented or adapted to suit the individual needs of the player. These recommendations are designed to provide a framework to help applied professionals to optimise the psychological preparation for this scenario with the overall aim of helping players to (re)gain control of this situation.     

运用模糊数学方法对田径运动技术进行综合评定的研究

田径技术评定方法的科学、合理对田径教学质量的提高具有重要的作用,合理运用模糊数学方法给出的评定模型和方法,可客观、定量化的对田径运动技术进行评定。     

田径运动训练过程控制理论研究现状与分析

在综合分析国内外文献资料基础上,分别对田径运动训练过程控制理论研究的起源、训练周期控制理论、运动负荷控制理论以及训练过程控制模型等领域的研究现状进行综述。研究表明:国内外学者在训练过程的周期划分、训练结构、训练内容等方面存在着较为一致的看法,但在训练周期具体安排方面却存在较大差异。对运动负荷控制理论研究的基点是依据人体生理适应与刺激变化展开的,而对训练过程控制模式的研究则主要是从专项训练和数学的角度,分别对运动员体能、技术和心理训练等内容进行研究,以上研究成果虽然具有一定的个体性和局限性,但为揭示运动负荷与训练模式的控制原理提供了重要依据。     

Decreasing Internal Focus of Attention Improves Postural Control During Quiet Standing in Young Healthy Adults

This experiment was designed to investigate whether and how decreasing the amount of attentional focus invested in postural control could affect bipedal postural control. Twelve participants were asked to stand upright as immobile as possible on a force platform in one control condition and one cognitive condition. In the latter condition, they performed a short-term digit-span memory task. Decreased center-of-gravity displacements and decreased center-of-foot-pressure displacements minus center-of-gravity displacements were observed in the cognitive condition relative to the control condition. These results suggest that shifting the attentional focus away from postural control by executing a concurrent attention-demanding task could increase postural performance and postural efficiency.     

Acute coordinative exercise ameliorates general and food-cue related cognitive function in obese adolescents

ABSTRACT

Whether the acute coordinative exercise could affect the inhibitory control and food-cue related attention in obese adolescents remains understudied. Therefore, this study used the Stroop test and the food-cue related Stroop test to explore the impacts of 20 min of acute coordinative exercise on the cognitive tests involving inhibitory control and attentional bias towards food-cue related stimuli, respectively, in obese adolescents. Thirty-eight obese adolescents (mean age = 14.63 ± 0.69 years) were equally divided into exercise and control groups. The cognitive tests (i.e., the Stroop test and the food-cue related Stroop test) and hunger scores were conducted and assessed before and after an intervention. The exercise group had significantly larger negative pre-post response time difference in the congruent (?1.04 ± 0.29 ms) and incongruent (?5.76 ± 1.66 ms) conditions of the Stroop test than the control group (ps < 0.01), and a smaller post-interference (1.13 ± 0.14) than the pre-interference (1.31 ± 0.14, p = 0.04). Moreover, a significantly larger negative pre-post response time difference on the food-cue related Stroop test was observed in the exercise group (?4.42 ± 7.20 ms) than the control group (1.76 ± 8.37 ms, p = 0.02). Collectively, an acute coordinative exercise session could induce superior inhibitory control and less attentional bias towards food-cue related stimuli in obese adolescents.     

竞赛特质焦虑干扰优势反应抑制的神经准备过程:ERP的证据

竞赛焦虑对操作表现的影响是运动心理学的重要研究领域,注意控制理论对二者关系从执行功能的角度进行了新的阐释,认为焦虑干扰执行功能中的抑制功能。近年来,运动心理学对抑制功能探讨较多,对优势反应和任务无关刺激的抑制是抑制功能的2个重要成分,但以往研究大多集中于抑制无关刺激,对优势反应抑制的探讨相对欠缺,而后者却是竞技场上运动员时常需要面对的问题。已有行为学研究发现,竞赛特质焦虑对优势反应抑制功能有干扰效应,但其神经机理尚待探讨。本研究采用ERP技术探讨竞赛特质焦虑干扰优势反应抑制的神经基础,假设竞赛特质焦虑干扰前脑区域（额区和中央区）优势反应抑制的神经准备过程。招募26名研究参与者,根据《赛前情绪量表32×6》测试得分,二分法划分竞赛特质焦虑高分组和低分组。2组均完成代表优势反应抑制功能的反向眼跳任务,分析抑制“线索”出现前-100~0 ms时程的ERP成分,发现反向眼跳的准备期在额区和中央区诱发出一负成分,竞赛特质焦虑高分组的波幅小于低分组。以上结果部分支持了假设,竞赛特质焦虑对优势反应抑制的神经准备期有干扰效应,且主要由前脑区域控制,此结果为注意控制理论在竞赛焦虑领域的适用性提供了神经生理学的部分证据。     

近十年中国和世界田径运动发展状况的比较研究

通过对第25届、第26届、第27届3届奥运会田径决赛成绩和第7届、第8届、第9届全运会田径决赛成绩的整理、统计，用客观数据说明了世界田径运动在高水平上保持稳定，投掷项目水平在第27届奥运会中得到重视并呈上升趋势。目前我国田径运动整体出现滑坡，与世界水平的差距有被逐渐拉大的趋势，优势项目滑坡明显。我国选手竞争力较低，因此，培养大量优秀的田径后备人才是我们工作的重点。     

Physiological variables and performance markers of serving soldiers from two “elite” units of the British Army

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare selected physiological variables and performance markers of soldiers from two “elite” units of the British Army. Ten soldiers from each of the two units were recruited for this study (n = 20). All participants completed three tests while carrying a 20 kg backpack load: (1) a maximal treadmill test using the Bruce protocol; (2) a 2 mile backpack run test specific to Unit A on a consistently flat tarmac road; and (3) a 29 km time-trial over hilly terrain typical of a mountainous area used by Unit B for performance assessment. Heart rate, maximal blood lactate concentration and performance (run time) were assessed during all three tests, with peak oxygen uptake also being measured during the maximal treadmill test. Measurements of anthropometry, isokinetic strength and mental toughness (MT48) were also recorded. There were no significant differences in terms of performance markers between the units (P > 0.05). Performance on the maximal treadmill test correlated with performance on the 2 mile backpack run test (r = ?0.57) and 29 km time-trial (r = ?0.66). Performance on the 2 mile backpack run test in turn correlated with 29 km time-trial performance (r = ?0.77), accounting for 59% of the variance. In conclusion, the maximal treadmill test and the 2 mile backpack run test are useful indicators of performance on the arduous hill march and could be employed in the screening and selection of potential recruits.     

我国体育理论研究与发展若干问题的思考

我国市场经济确立与逐步完善,对当前体育产生几乎全方位的冲击,引起体育的重大变革,体育理论研究也必然要有一个大的转变和大的发展。理论的发展要依靠深刻的理论研究。畅通理论研究,实现理论革新,是体育腾飞的关键。笔者对体育理论研究人员思想观念的转变、体育理论研究方法、市场经济条件下体育理论的功能等三个方面进行了论述,并对体育问题研究与体育理论建设问题进行了探讨。     

建构主义学习理论与高校学风教育

学风建设是高等教育改革和发展中一个永恒的主题，优良的学风是保证提高教育质量的重要条件。建构主义的教育理论极其丰富，其中，建构主义的学习理论对当前高校的学风教育有着积极的作用和有益的启示。     

Relation between multidimensional performance characteristics and level of performance in talented youth field hockey players

To determine the relationship between multidimensional performance characteristics and level of performance in talented youth field hockey players, elite youth players (n = 38, mean age 13.2 years, s = 1.26) were compared with sub-elite youth players (n = 88, mean age 14.2 years, s = 1.26) on anthropometric, physiological, technical, tactical and psychological characteristics. Multivariate analyses with performance level and gender as factors, and age as the covariate, showed that the elite youth players scored better than the sub-elite youth players on technical (dribble performance in a peak and repeated shuttle run), tactical (general tactics; tactics for possession and non-possession of the ball) and psychological variables (motivation) (P <?0.05). The most discriminating variables were tactics for possession of the ball, motivation and performance in a slalom dribble. Age discriminated between the two groups, indicating that the elite youth players were younger than the sub-elite players. In the guidance of young talented players to the top as well as in the detection of talented players, more attention has to be paid to tactical qualities, motivation and specific technical skills.     

专题研究与田野调查——少数民族体育研究的途径

对学术价值的追求和加强基层体育文化建设的需要要求深化少数民族体育的研究.专题研究"小题大做"、"以小窥大"的特点和以田野调查为基础的实证研究方法能够深刻地认识少数民族体育的社会功能和文化价值,但有一些理论和方法上的问题需要重视和解决.     

论深入学习邓小平理论的途径

本文从三个方面论述了深入学习邓小平理论的途径 ,强调应抓住中心、突出重点、端正学风 ,以提高理论学习的效果。