关注铅危害 防治铅中毒

治理“铅魔”危害，防止儿童铅中毒，这不仅仅是医学问题，也是一个家庭问题、社会问题，需要全社会高度重视，积极参与。     

有机磷中毒时阿托品合理应用的探讨

有机磷农药抑制机体内的胆碱酯酶，引起乙酰胆碱在体内蓄积，过度兴奋胆碱受体，产生M样、N样和中枢症状，可导致患者中毒死亡。阿托品是M胆碱受体阻断药，能竞争性的对抗乙酰胆碱对M受体的兴奋作用，起效迅速，合理有效的使用阿托品往往是成功抢救有机磷农药中毒的关键。     

Clinical features and treatment in patients with acute 2,4-dinitrophenol poisoning

Objective  

To report clinical features and treatment of 16 cases of acute 2,4-dinitrophenol poisoning.     

急性铅中毒对小鼠睾丸病理损伤研究

为了研究急性铅中毒对小鼠睾丸病理变化的影响,通过对小鼠饲喂含有醋酸铅的去离子水建立铅负荷小鼠模型.处理10 d后取材,分析体质量、睾丸指数和睾丸病理剖检变化.结果显示：与对照组相比,铅中毒组小鼠体质量无明显变化,睾丸指数降低,且差异显著（P＜0.05）;小鼠睾丸中支持细胞、生精细胞和间质细胞数量减少.铅对小鼠睾丸具有显著损害作用,从而影响小鼠的生殖健康.     

Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of immunosuppressive pulse therapy in the treatment of paraquat poisoning

Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B - Paraquat (PQ), a highly effective herbicide, is widely used worldwide. PQ poisoning can cause multiple organ failure, in which the lung is the primary...     

Evaluation of efficacy of resin hemoperfusion in patients with acute 2,4-dinitrophenol poisoning by dynamic monitoring of plasma toxin concentration

Objective: The intoxications caused by 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), even death, have been frequently reported in recent years. This study aims to investigate the dynamic changes of plasma toxin concentration and explore the clinical value of resin hemoperfusion (HP) in the treatment of patients with acute 2,4-DNP poisoning. Methods: We reported 16 cases of acute 2,4-DNP poisoning through occupational exposure due to ignoring the risk of poisoning. The blood samples were collected from the 14 survivors. According to the different treatments of resin HP, the survivors were divided into routine HP (n=5) and intensive HP (n=9) groups. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectroscopy (UPLC-MS/MS) was used to detect the 2,4-DNP concentration in plasma in this study. Results: The 14 survivors recovered very well after treatment. The initial plasma 2,4-DNP concentrations (C ₁) of survivors ranged from 0.25 to 41.88 µg/ml (mean (12.56±13.93) µg/ml). A positive correlation existed between initial plasma 2,4-DNP concentration (C ₁) and temperature. The elimination of 2,4-DNP was slow and persistent, and the total clearance rates of plasma toxin from the 1st to 3rd day (R ₃), the 3rd to 7th day (R _3–7), and the 1st to 7th day (R ₇), were only (53.03±14.04)%, (55.25±10.50)%, and (78.29±10.22)%, respectively. The plasma toxin was cleared up to 25 d after poisoning in most of the patients. The R ₃, R _3–7, and R ₇ in the intensive HP group were all apparently higher than those in the routine HP group, with statistical significance (P<0.05). Simultaneously, the elimination half-life (t _1/2) of 2,4-DNP in the intensive HP group was apparently shorter than that in the routine HP group, with statistical significance (P<0.05). Conclusions: The clinicians should be aware of this slow and persistent process in the elimination of plasma 2,4-DNP. Higher initial plasma toxin concentration resulted in a more severe fever for the patient. According to the limited data, longer and more frequent resin HP may accelerate to eliminate the poison.     

应用余弦模型分析农药中毒发生的季节性特征

应用余弦模型对延津县1988～1997年农药中毒季节性特征进行了分析。结果表明：农药中毒发生的高峰期为8月中旬,该结果符合实际情况,为农药中毒的防治提供了科学的依据。     

A comparison of learned aversions to gustatory and exteroceptive cues in rats

The experiment provides a direct comparison of the ability of subjects (rats) to associate gustatory and exteroceptive stimuli with illness. Previous experiments which have made similar comparisons between gustatory and exteroceptive cues have suffered from certain methodological problems involving stimulus control and compounding. The present experiment utilized a between-subjects design wherein half of the subjects had an auditory cue associated with poisoning and half had a taste cue. In both cases, the other cue was present, but was not predictive of poisoning, The auditory cue, like the taste cue, occurred only during drinking. This comparison was made in both an immediate and a delayed poisoning situation. The experiment found that while subjects were able to quickly associate a taste cue with illness, they were unable to form a similar association between poisoning and the exteroceptive stimulus. Results also showed that subjects will fail to acquire a taste aversion to a novel and salient gustatory cue when that cue is followed by illness only 50% of the time. This latter effect was more pronounced in the delayed poisoning situation.     

儿童铅中毒现状与防治新进展

随着现代工业和交通的迅速发展以及铅的大量开采和应用,环境中的铅污染也日愈严重。铅的职业危害早已被认识,但近年来国内外大量研究表明,铅对儿童的危害更大,更广泛,儿童铅中毒的问题越来越引起人们的关注。认识铅毒的危害,了解国内外铅中毒的现状及研究新进展,并通过健康教育、环境干预、药物治疗相结合来防治儿童铅中毒,具有重大的现实意义。     

蕈类食物的风险评估

蕈类中毒是常见的植物性食物中毒,其对人体健康的危害极为严重。通过危害识别、危害描述、暴露评估和风险描述等方面对蕈类风险进行全面的分析,并提出了风险管理的建议。     

US preexposure: Effects on flavor aversions produced by pairing a poisoned partner with ingestion

If an unpoisoned rat drinks a flavored solution and then is exposed to another rat suffering from lithium poisoning, the unpoisoned rat will later exhibit a flavor aversion. This is called the poisoned partner effect (PPE). The present experiments showed that (1) the US preexposure effect applies to the PPE since, if the unpoisoned rat is preexposed to poisoned partners, the PPE is attenuated, (2) the magnitude of the PPE increases with the dose of poison, and (3) a poisoned partner accustomed to poisoning produces a slightly weaker PPE than a partner naive to poisoning. Two earlier findings were confirmed: (1) The PPE occurs because the poisoned partner is an aversive US, not because a learned aversion is transferred from one rat to another; and (2) the PPE is weaker than an aversion produced by poisoning itself.     

儿童氟乙酰胺中毒12例诊治体会

目的 :探讨乙酰胺肌注治疗儿童氟乙酰胺中毒的疗效与安全性。方法 :对收治的氟乙酰胺中毒儿童以乙酰胺肌注治疗 ,剂量为 10 0mg/kg .d ,作临床分析。 结果 :全部病例效果良好 ,无一例遗留后遗症。结论 :对有机氟类灭鼠药中毒早期使用肌注乙酰胺治疗 ,疗效较好 ,安全性好。     

Amount of solution drunk is a factor in the establishment of taste aversion

Experiment I demonstrated that the strength of a rat’s aversion to saccharin is a direct function of the amount of saccharin it consumed prior to poisoning. Using Kalat and Rozin’s (1973) procedure, Experiment II showed that results consistent with a “learned-safety” theory of taste aversion appear to depend on whether rats drink most saccharin on their first or second exposure to the solution prior to poisoning. Experiment III demonstrated that when animals drank equal amounts of saccharin solution on each of two exposures prior to poisoning, evidence strongly confirming the “learned-safety” theory was obtained. These experiments together demonstrate the importance of amount of solution drunk in the determination of taste aversion.     

评分法在救治急性有机磷农药中毒中的应用

目的：探讨在治疗急性有机磷农药中毒时阿托品用量的评价方法，方法：用心率快慢、瞳孔大小，皮肤干湿程度进行评分，评价阿托品化及维持用药的多少。结果：331例急性有机磷农药中毒患者，无一例因托品不足或过量或病情反跳死亡。结论：评分法是阿托品用量客观的评价方法，，可避免阿托品用量不足和过量，防止过早减量或停药，为救治急性有机磷农药中毒提出了一个新的评价阿托品用量的方法。     

几种生物农药对同型巴蜗牛防治效果比较

采用植保上常用的生物农药对同型巴蜗牛进行初步毒杀试验,根据初步毒杀的结果,筛选出三种毒杀效果相对较好的生物农药,即甲维盐.高氯、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和核型多角体病毒.对同型巴蜗牛分组进一步的毒杀处理表明,甲维盐.高氯和甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对同型巴蜗牛毒杀效果较好,而核型多角体病毒处理的毒杀效果不佳.     

The poisoned partner effect in rats: Some parametric considerations

Five experiments are reported establishing the poisoned partner effect (PPE) in rats as a robust phenomenon and indicating some of the factors that control its occurrence. Experiment 1 was a replication of Lavin, Freise, and Coombes (1980) and demonstrated that the PPE could be obtained under the conditions they described. Experiment 2 established that the PPE was not due to sensitization. Experiment 3 indicated that the nonpoisoned partner (NPP) had to be familiar with its poisoned partner in order for the PPE to be observed. Experiment 4 established that, under the conditions employed here, the NPP and its sick partner had to be paired together for at least 30 min following poisoning of the latter for the PPE to occur. Finally, Experiment 5 demonstrated that the NPP and its poisoned partner had to be paired together immediately following the poisoning episode. If 40 min or more was allowed to elapse following poisoning before the two were placed together, the PPE was attenuated. Taken together, these results indicate that the time course of the PPE is similar to that of the effects of the poisoning agent and suggest that some stimulus secreted by the poisoned rat and associated with the administration of the poison is the causative factor in the PPE.     

合用醒脑静和脑多肽注射液治疗急性一氧化碳中毒的疗效比较

目的：观察合用醒脑静注射液和脑多肽注射液治疗急性一氧化碳（CO）中毒的疗效．方法：62例急性CO中毒患者分为醒脑静、脑多肽组（32例）与脑多肽组（3例）,并对二组疗效进行比较结果：醒脑静、脑多肽组的显效率（87.5％）明显高于脑多肽组（60％）,显效时间（18±2.0）小时（h）则明显短于脑多肽组（33±8h）,二组比较均具有显著性差异（P＜0．05,P＜0．01）．但二组总有效率无显著性差异（P＞0．05）．结论：醒脑静注射液与脑多肽注射液配合应用,二者具有协同作用,临床疗效较好,值得推广应用．     

氰化物中毒的生化机理

从氰化物的结构、细胞色素氧化酶的结构及典型呼吸链中生物氧化过程探讨氰化物中毒的机理。并提出中毒的机理在于CN-和细胞色素氧化酶结合,使酶的结构改变,不能再从底物获得电子,中断整个生物氧化过程,使细胞摄取能量严重不足,导致人和动物体因缺乏能量而死亡。     

铅中毒与阿尔茨海默病发病机制相关性的研究进展

阿尔茨海默病是一种病因未明确的神经退行性疾病,以老年斑和神经元纤维缠结为主要病理特点。由于目前尚无特效疗法,近年来许多学者和专家都致力于其发病机制和发病原因的研究,认为环境中的某些金属元素如铅、铝、铜等因素与阿尔茨海默病的发生有一定的联系,其中铅中毒成为近期研究热点。同时许多学者也提出了铅与神经毒性、脂质过氧化等都有一定关联。本文就近年来铅中毒与阿尔茨海默病发病机制相关研究进展进行了综述。     

高校学生食堂饮食卫生管理中存在的问题与改进措施

高校扩招 ,学生食堂就餐人数剧增 ,工作量增大 ,加之社会诸多环境因素的影响 ,食物中毒现象时有发生 ,严重影响了高校学生的学习和校园秩序。针对高校学生食堂面临的实际问题 ,提出了高校学生食堂饮食卫生安全管理的意义及预防食物中毒和保证饮食卫生安全的几点措施