伟大探索 光辉成就——诺贝尔物理学奖获得者简介

1927年—康普顿和威尔逊康普顿(Arthur Holly Compton,1892-1962)因发现康普顿效应、威尔逊(charles Thomson Rees Wilson1869-1959)因发现通过蒸气凝结观察带电粒子径迹的方法,共同分享了1927年度的诺贝尔物理学奖。1920年,康普顿(左图)在华盛顿大学用X射线做散射实验。他设计并吹制了X射线管,使管子的靶和散射用的石墨靠得很近;他还设计了特制的X射线分光仪,改进了探测用的可调象限计,这些措施大大提高了X射线散射实验的检测灵敏度。通过实验,他清晰地观察到,散射后的X射线包含两种不同的波长成分:一种和入射X射线波长相同,称为不变…     

伟大探索光辉成就--诺贝尔物理学奖获得者简介

1927年-康普顿和威尔逊康普顿(Arthur Holly Compton,1892-1962)因发现康普顿效应、威尔逊(Charles Thomson Rees wilson,1869-1959)因发现通过蒸气凝结观察带电粒子径迹的方法,共同分享了1927年度的诺贝尔物理学奖。1920年,康普顿(左图)在华盛顿大学用X射线做散射实验。他设计并吹制了X射线管,使管子的靶和散射用的石墨靠得很近;他还设计了特制的X射线分光仪,改进了探测用的可调象限计,这些措施大大提高了X射线散射实验的检测灵敏度。通过实验,他清晰地观察到,散射后的X射线包含两种不同的波长成分:一种和入射X射线波长相同,称为不变…     

Si基上Co、Ta、NiO生长次序对界面结构的影响

用磁控溅射方法在Si衬底上制备了一系列NiO、Ta、Co的薄膜与多层膜,利用掠入射X射线散射方法研究了不同生长顺序的薄膜的表面、界面结构与形态,结果表明各层的沉积次序会影响各层的形态,尤其是SiO2层的厚度、质量密度等,对各层之间的界面粗糙度也会产生很大影响。进而研究了自旋阀结构的多层膜的界面形态和粗糙度,这对于解释含NiO的Co/Cu/Co基自旋阀的磁电阻提升提供了结构依据。     

伟大探索 光辉成就 1917年——巴克拉

巴克拉(CharlesGloverBarkla,1877-1944)因发现元素的次级X射线标识谱获得了1917年度诺贝尔物理学奖。当X射线照射到固体、液体或气体上时,都会引起两种完全不同的次级辐射:其一是微粒辐射,即电子发射;其二是次级X射线辐射。巴克拉对次级X射线辐射的本质作了最重要的和最详细的研究。他首先发现了次级X射线辐射存在两种不同的X射线:其中一种X射线的吸收系数、穿透本领等性质和入射X射线的相同,被认为是散射后的原X射线。这种散射后的X射线的强度随相对于入射X射线方向的不同而变化。通过对这种X射线强度分布的测量,巴克拉确定了一系列…     

伟大探索光辉成就

1917年——巴克拉巴克拉(CharlesGloverBarkla,1877-1944)因发现元素的次级X射线标识谱获得了1917年度诺贝尔物理学奖。当X射线照射到固体、液体或气体上时,都会引起两种完全不同的次级辐射:其一是微粒辐射,即电子发射;其二是次级X射线辐射。巴克拉对次级X射线辐射的本质作了最重要的和最详细的研究。他首先发现了次级X射线辐射存在两种不同的X射线:其中一种X射线的吸收系数、穿透本领等性质和入射X射线的相同,被认为是散射后的原X射线。这种散射后的X射线的强度随相对于入射X射线方向的不同而变化。通过对这种X射线强度分布的测量,巴…     

关于康普顿散射性质的讨论

康普顿效应是X射线通过物质时发生散射,除波长不变部分外,还有波长变长的部分出现.康普顿把这种现象解释为X射线的光子与电子碰撞的结果.通过对康普顿散射的仔细分析,可推出康普顿散射是弹性散射,光子也不可以任意分割.     

小角X射线绝对强度测量方案

通过理论分析,提出了利用吸收片衰减法,测量小角X射线散射绝对强度的方案,并利用本方案对绝对强度进行了测量,结果表明这个方案是正确的.     

日本开发出能观察细胞内部立体结构的X－射线显微镜

据新华网2008年12月31日消息,日本理化研究所的人员在12月30日出版的美国《物理评论通讯》网络版上发表了他们的这项研究成果的相关论文。论文说,这种新型显微镜利用了X射线相干散射原理,用波锋和波谷都非常有规则的X－射线照射细胞,通过检测穿过细胞的X－射线波形的细微变化,得到细胞内部结构的立体图像。科学家利用这种显微镜对人的染色体内部结构进行了观察,观察前无需破坏细胞标本,即不需进行染色、切片等步骤。     

聚焦光系统的X衍射仪对薄膜样品的掠入射衍射研究

采用常规的聚焦光源衍射仪—岛津XRD-7000型,设定θ轴为固定轴、2θ轴为转动轴进行掠入射测量。实验发现,采用常规衍射仪进行掠入射X衍射,操作方便、衍射强度高于平行光源的专用掠入射衍射仪;除了表层物相的粒度外,同样可以得到物相、晶胞参数等精确信息。其独特之处在于可以区分表层和非表层的物相,尤其是对挨得很近、难以分开的两个物相。该方法适于掠入射角<2°的超表面物相分析。     

(Fe21Ni79/TM/Cu/TM)30(TM=Ta,Cr,Cu)多层膜界面结构研究

用X射线散射的方法研究金属分隔的Py/Cu多层膜的界面结构,采用Ta,Cr,Cu等来分隔Py/Cu多层膜中的Py和Cu。     

箔条目标的散射特性研究

建立了箔条目标模型,得出了箔条目标散射场的解析解,为研究箔条目标的电磁波极化特性奠定了理论基础;研究了电磁波平行投射到箔条上与垂直投射到箔条上的散射特性;结果表明:无论是前向散射还是后向散射,箔条形状的变化对散射特性有着明显的影响,都具有后向散射增强效应,箔条在某一方向上的散射基本上由正对该方向的目标上的电磁源决定。     

双模激光场中电子-氩原子弹性散射

应用玻恩一阶近似理论,在电子入射方向平行于激光场的极化方向的特殊散射模式下,利用光学势模型研究了激光场中电子-氩原子散射问题。利用静电屏蔽势,应用第二玻恩近似公式对双模激光场中电子-氩原子散射进行了计算。在相位不同、散射截面出现关于ν=0对称和镜面对称的情况下,这个理论方法给出了较好的结果。     

双磁势垒结构中电子自旋极化输运

利用散射矩阵方法研究了双磁势垒结构中二维电子气的自旋极化输运性质.结果表明:电子的自旋极化输运性质与磁场构型、入射电子的能量、入射电子的波矢和外加偏置电压有关.在双磁势垒的磁场结构中只有两磁势垒不对称时,自旋向上和自旋向下的电子的传输概率才发生分离,电子隧穿不对称双磁势垒结构表现出自旋过滤效应.     

SARGO: A Training Program for Directors of Guidance Services

SARGO consists of 13 simulation units that have been developed for training potential directors of guidance. Responses of employed directors of guidance to a questionnaire on their specific duties formed the basis for the simulation unit topics and activities. Role-playing, case studies, in-basket/out-basket techniques, critical incident films, and program development were some of the activities used within each SARGO unit. Each trainee operated in a simulated school of his own design. Trainees reported that the semester-long simulation program was interesting, motivating, and realistic. The significant change in accuracy of trainee estimates of time that directors spent in a variety of activities was measured.     

Techniques in X-ray astronomy

The excellent X-ray images produced by X-ray telescopes require the use of detectors with imaging capability at the focal plane of the telescopes. In this concluding part of the article on experimental techniques in X-ray astronomy, I describe many X-ray detectors that have been used over the years. These can broadly be classified into two physical types: non-dispersive and dispersive. Traditionally the simple non-dispersive types have been used extensively in X-ray astronomy. The advancement of solid state technologies, cryogenics, and the quality of X-ray imaging has led to many new detectors of both types. Both the traditional and the new types of detectors are described briefly here with emphasis on principles and some technical details. Kulinder Pal Singh is in the Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai. His primary fields of research are X-ray studies of hot plasmas in stars, supernova remnants, galaxies, intergalactic medium in clusters of galaxies, active galactic nuclei, cataclysmic variables and X-ray binaries. He is leading the development of a soft X-ray imaging telescope for the ASTROSAT mission to be launched by India in 2007–2008. Part 1. Imaging Telescopes,Resonance, Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 15–23, 2005.     

远场模式反演声波阻尼区域的一种数值解法

研究了时间调和的声波反散射问题,利用散射波的远场模式反演阻尼边界条件中的边界。应用单层位势来逼近散射波,最终把反散射问题转化为一个最优化问题,应用Levenberg—Marquardt算法求解。给出的数值例子说明了该反演方法是可行和有效的。     

局域磁杂质导致的自旋流

研究局域化磁性杂质引发的散射势对入射电子自旋取向的影响,该势可用Rashba哈密顿项表示.通过解薛定谔方程求得自旋空间的波函数,再由边界条件确定波函数的振幅,进而求出散射矩阵.应用buttiker理论,计算出通过磁性杂质引起的电流和自旋流,结果表明,在低温下,自旋流受电子库中所加磁场影响很小,而受费米能影响较大.     

Surface motion of alluvial valley in layered half-space for incident plane P-waves

The indirect boundary element method (IBEM) is used to study the surface motion of an alluvial valley in layered half-space for incident plane P-waves based on Wolf’s theory. Firstly, the free field response can be solved by the direct stiffness method, and the scattering wave response is calculated by Green’s functions of distributed loads acting on inclined lines in a layered half-space. The method is verified by comparing its results with literature and numerical analyses are performed by taking the amplification of incident plane P-waves by an alluvial valley in one soil layer resting on bedrock as an example. The results show that there exist distinct differences between the wave amplification by an alluvial valley embedded in layered half-space and that in homogeneous half-space and there is interaction between the valley and the soil layer. The amplitudes are relatively large when incident frequencies are close to the soil layer’s resonant frequencies.     

Towards skin polarization characterization using polarimetric technique

Measurement of optical properties of skin is an expanding and growing field of research. Recent studies have shown that the biological tissue, especially skin, changes the polarization state of the incident light. Using this property will enable the study of abnormalities and diseases that alter not only the light intensity but also its polarization state. In this paper we report an experimental study for measuring changes of polarization state of the light scattered from a phantom similar to a sample model of scattering skin. Using the notation of Stokes vector for the polarized light and Mueller matrix for the sample with its polarization properties, we have shown that some elements of the matrix were particularly sensitive to the changes of the polarization-altering physical properties of the scatterers within the phantom.      

周期性介质层散射时的Wood奇异

本文算出了一种矩形刻槽周期性介质层的Brillouin图,从中预见到某一频率的平面电磁波以某一角度入射时将出现Wood奇异,随后对其散射性的计算正好证明了这一点。