芍药属的研究(1)——国产几个野生种核型的报道

In the present paper 8 species with 15 populations of the genus Paeonia L. (if P. papaveracea and P. japonica are recognised as species) were collected from Sichuan, Shaanxi and Hebei provinces (see the Appendix for detail of the materials).  The micrographs of their somatic metaphase (also Mii in the case of P.veitchii) are shown in Plates 1-4, the karyo- type formulae, ranges of chromosome length and classification of karyotypes according to Steb- bins (1971) are shown in Table 5: the idiograms in Figs. 1-2, and the parameters of chromo- somes in Table 1-4.  The essential points are mentioned as follows:        (1)   Chromosomes of the various species in the section Modan have so far been examined and they are all diploid, the two species in the section Onaepia are also diploid, and thus tetraploids exist only in the section Paeonia.        (2)  Chromosomes in the genus Paeonia are relatively stable except for the differentiation of ploidy.  The karyotypes (Table 1-4) show no differences among different taxa in Sect. Modan and the same can also be said about the taxa in Sect. Paeonia (Table 1).  Not only are the karyotypes very similar, but also among the members within  either section have the same parameters of chromosomes, and, differences, if occur, are not statistically significant. Between the two sections, however, the situation is different. The arm ratios of the first pairs of chromosomes in Sect. Modan are 1.53, 1.52 and 1.48 (Table 1), but those in Sect. Paeonia are 1.12-1.28 (Table 2-4), 95% confidence limits are 1.46-1.60 for the section Modan and 1.07-1.28 (1.21-1.35 only for PB85078) for the section Paeonia, not overlapping, which indi- cates that the two sections have differentiated in respect of the first pairs of chromosomes.        (3)The population PB85024, which belongs to the P. obovata complex, has a karyotype of 2B (stebbins, 1971), which is a new one in the genus Paeonia. This karyotype is a stable one, for several individuals in the population are uniform in this respect, which shows that Steb- bins’ (1971) generalization that all the species in Paeonia have 2A does not hold true.        (4)  Three populations of P. obovata complex studied in this work from Sichuan and Shaanxi are all tetraploids, and one from Hebei is a diploid.  From the present work and the previcus reports, the materials from Japan and Korea, no matter whether flowers are pink or white, are diploids, those from Heilongjiang Province (with both pink and white flowers) (Liu Ming-yuan, personal communication) and from Heibei Province (with pink flowers) in China are also diploids, the one from Sakhalin (pink flowers) is tetraploid, those from Priamur of the Soviet Union are a tetraploid (with white flowers) and a diploid (with pink flowers), and those from Shaanxi (the Qinling Range) and western Sichuan (with both pink and white flowers) are all tetraploids.  As far as we have now known, ploidy in this parti- cular complex is correlated with the geographical distribution: diploids are found in the cen- tral part, tetraploids occur in the northern limits, and in the south  letraploids are the only cytotype.      (5)  The materials of P. mairei from western Sichuan and Shaanxi (the Qinling Range) are found all to be tetraploids, which shows that two cytotypes, diploid and tetraploid, exist in this  species,  but the geographical distribution pattern of these two cytotypes is to be revealed in the future investigation.     

白芷的核型研究及其分类意义

The present paper deals mainly with the karyotype analysis of five materials in Angelica dahurica collected in Yanbian of Jilin, Anguo of Hebei, Yuxian of Henan, Hangzhou of Zhejiang and Suining of Sichuan.  They are under the names “Dongbeidahuo”, “Qibaizhi”, “Yubaizhi”, ”Hangbaizhi” and “Chuanbaizhi” respe- ctively.  Among then “Dongbeidahuo” is a wild plant, which occurs in  northeastern China, and the others are cultivated as important crude drugs in some provinces. “Qi- Baizhi” and “Yubaizhi” have been identified as conspecific with the wild Baizhi-“Do- Ngbeidahuo” (A. dahurica) according to the external morphological features, whereas the other cultivated ones, “Hangbaizhi” and “Chuanbaizhi”, treated as a variety (A. dahu- rica var. formosana).      The results of karyotype analysis are shown in Plate 1, 2, with the formula 2n=22 =12 m+2 mSAT+4sm+4st. The karyotypes described here are constantly characterized by satellites attached to the fourth pair of metacentric chromosomes and differ from the pu- blished reports on the other species of the genus.  It is reasonable to say that the five materials collectively named “Baizhi” are taxonomically closely related to each other and could be regarded as conspecific.  Since the second chromosome pair is submetacen- tric in “Dongbeidahuo”, it may be justifiable to separate the wild plant from the cul- tivated ones and treat them as two separate varieties.     

知母染色体核型的研究

  A karyotypical analysis of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bung. of the monotypic genus Anemarrhena Bung. (Liliaceae) was carried out for the first time. The number of chromo- somes in root-tip cell of the species was found to be 22, agreeing with that reported by Sato[12], although inconsistent in some other respects, such as position of  centromeres, length of chromosomes, and nucleoli, etc. (Table 1 ). According to the terminology defined by Levan et al.［8］, the karyotype formula is therefore 2n=22=2sm (SAT)+2sm+18m. Photomicrographs of the chromosome complements and idiogram of the karyotype are given   Fig. 1 and 2).       The karyotype of Anemarrhena asphodeloides shows explicitly to be asymmetrical, with three pairs of long chromosomes and eight pairs of short chromosomes. This specialized feature, when considered together with the rare occurrence of the basic chromosome number of 11 of the genus within the Tribe Asphodeleae of Liliaceae (see Table 1), suggests that the genus Anemarrhena is probably a rather specialized one, which has scarcely any intimate relationship with the other genera of the above tribe. The fact that this specialized karyotype is associated with certain trends of morphological specialization, such as flowers possessing three stamens only, gives support to the above suggestion. But, it is impossible to draw a more precise conclusion without a more thorough and comprehensive investigation of the species in question.     

中国特有的露蕊乌头亚属及铁破锣的染色体研究

The paper reports chromosomal number and chromosomal morphologies of annual Aconitum gymnandrum endemic to China and Beesia calthifolia for the first time.  Of the two spcies, chromosome number is same (X=8, 2n=16) and chromosome average lengths are 6.17μ , 10.73μ respectively.  The longest chromosome 1, the short chromosomes 3-5, 7 and the shortest chromosome 8 are metacentrical (m), the chro- mosomes 2, 6 are submetacentrical (sm), and the pairs 4, 5, 8 have satellites in the karyotype of A. gymnandrum.  In B. calthifolia, all of the chromosome 1-5 are the long m, the chromosomes 6, 8 are the short sm and the 7 is telocentrical (t). The pairs 3, 4, 6 have satellites.      According to the comparison of karyotypes of three subgenera—subgen. Para- conitum, subgen. Aconitum and subgen. Gymnaconitum in Aconitum, the evolution trend of chromosomes is further discussed.      Finally, the relationship between Aconitum and Beesia is also discussed in thispaper.     

木兰科分类系统的初步研究

A new system of classification of Magnoliaceae proposed.  This paper deals mainly with taxonomy and phytogeography of the family Magnoliaceae on the basis of external morphology, wood anatomy and palynology.  Different  authors have had different ideas about the delimitation of genera of this family, their controversy being carried on through more than one hundred years (Table I).  Since I have been engaged in the work of the Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae, I have accumulated a considerable amount of information and material and have investigated the living plants at their natural localities, which enable me to find out the evolutionary tendencies and primitive morphological characters of various genera of the family.  According to the evolutionary tendencies of the characters and the geographical distribution of this family I propose a new system by dividing it into two subfamilies, Magnolioideae and Liriodendroideae Law (1979), two tribes, Magnolieae and Michelieae Law, four subtribes, Manglietiinae Law, Magnoliinae, Elmerrilliinae Law and Micheliinae, and fifteen genera (Fig. 1 ), a system which is different from those by J. D. Dandy (1964-1974) and the other authors.      The recent distribution and possible survival centre of Magnoliaceae. The members of Magnoliaceae are distributed chiefly in temperate and tropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere, ——Southeast Asia and southeast North America, but a few genera and species also occur in the Malay Archipelago and Brazil of the Southern Hemisphere. Forty species of 4 genera occur in America, among which one genus (Dugendiodendron) is endemic to the continent, while about 200 species of 14 genera occur in Southeast Asia, of which 12 genera are endemic.  In China there are about 110 species of 11 genera which mostly occur in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan; 58 species and more than 9 genera occur in the mountainous districts of Yunnan.   Moreover,  one  genus (Manglietiastrum Law, 1979) and 19 species are endemic to this region.  The family in discussion is much limited to or interruptedly distributed in the mountainous regions of Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan.  The regions are found to have a great abundance of species, and the members of the relatively primitive taxa are also much more there than in the other regions of the world.      The major genera, Manglietia, Magnolia and Michelia, possess 160 out of a total of 240 species in the whole family.  Talauma has 40 species, while the other eleven genera each contain only 2 to 7 species, even with one monotypic genus.   These three major genera are sufficient for indicating the evolutionary tendency and geographical distribution of Magnoliaceae.  It is worthwhile discussing their morphological  characters  and distributional patterns as follows:      The members of Manglietia are all evergreen trees, with flowers terminal, anthers dehiscing introrsely, filaments very short and flat, ovules 4 or more per carpel.  This is considered as the most primitive genus in subtribe Manglietiinae.  Eighteen out of a total  of 35 species of the genus are distributed in the western, southwest to southeast Yunnan. Very primitive species, such as Manglietia hookeri, M. insignis  and M. mega- phylla, M. grandis, also occur in this region. They are distributed from Yunnan eastwards to Zhejiang and Fujian through central China, south China, with only one species (Manglietia microtricha) of the genus westwards to Xizang.  There are several species distributing southwards from northeast India to the Malay Archipelago (Fig. 7).      The members of Magnolia are evergreen and deciduous trees or shrubs, with flowers terminal, anthers dehiscing introrsely or laterally, ovules 2 per carpel, stipule adnate to the petiole.  The genus Magnolia is the most primitive in the subtribe Magnoliinae and is the largest genus of the family Magnoliaceae. Its deciduous species are distributed from Yunnan north-eastwards to Korea and Japan (Kurile N. 46’) through Central China, North China and westwards to Burma, the eastern Himalayas  and northeast India.  The evergreen species are distributed from northeast  Yunnan  (China)  to  the Malay Archipelago.  In China there are 23 species, of which 15 seem to be very primi- tive, e.g. Magnolia henryi, M. delavayi, M. officinalis and M. rostrata, which occur in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan.      The members of Michelia are evergreen trees or shrubs, with flowers axillary, an- thers dehiscing laterally or sublaterally, gynoecium stipitate, carpels numerous or few. Michelia is considered to be the most primitive in the subtribe Micheliinae, and is to the second largest genus of the family.  About 23 out of a total of 50 species of this genus are very primitive, e.g. Michelia sphaerantha, M. lacei, M. champaca,  and  M. flavidiflora, which occur in Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan (the distributional center of the family under discussion)  and extend eastwards to Taiwan  of  China, southern Japan through central China, southwards to the Malay Archipelago through Indo-China. westwards to Xizang of China, and south-westwards to India and Sri Lanka (Fig. 7).      The members of Magnoliaceae are concentrated in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan and radiate from there.  The farther away from the centre, the less members we are able to find, but the more advanced they are in morphology.  In this old geographical centre there are more primitive species, more  endemics  and  more monotypic genera. Thus it is reasonable to assume that the region of Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan, China, is not only the centre of recent distribution, but also the chief survival centreof Magnoliaceae in the world.     

星果草属、独叶草属、鸡爪草属的染色体观察和系统位置的探讨

1.  The present paper describes the observations of chromosome  numbers  and karyomorphology of 2 species of 2 endemic genera and I endemic species of Chinese Ranunculaceae: Asteropyrum peltatum (Franch.)  Drumm et Hutch. 2n=16, x=8; Kingdonia unifolia Balf. f. et W. W. Sm. 2n=18, x=9 and Calathodes oxycarpa Spra- gue 2n=16, x=8.  The chromosome counts of three ranunculaceous genera are repor- ted for the first time.       2.  The morphylogical, palynological and cytological date in relation to the syste- matic postition of Asteropyrum, Kingdonia and Calathodes within the family Ranun- culaceae are diseussed and resulted in following conclusions:       (1).  On the basis of the basic number x=8 in Asteropyrum, it is further con- firmed that this genus is distinct from the r elated genera such as Isopyrum, Dichocarp- um and other allied taxa.       The comparison of Asteropyrum with Coptis shows that they are identical in short chromosomes, with magnoflorina and benzylisaquinodine type of alkaloides, but dif- ferent from coptis in the chromosome numbers (T-type), pantocolpate pollens, united carpels and the dorsi-ventral type of petioles.  In view of these fundamental morpho- logical and cytological differences, Asterop yrum is better raised to the level of Tribe. However Asteropyrum and Coptis may represent two divaricate evolutional lines of Thalictroideae.       (2).  The systematic position of the genus Kingdonia has been much disputed in the past.  We support the view of Sinnote (1914), namely, the trilacunar in leaf traces “the ancient type”, appeared in the angiosperm line very early, while the uni- lacunar of Kingdonia may be derived from the trilacunar.  On the basis of the chromo- some numbers and morphylogical observation, the present writer accept Tamura’s and Wang’s treatment by keeping Kingdonia in Ranunculaceae instead of raising it to a family rank as has been been done by Forster  (1961).  Kingdonia and  Coptis are similar in having short chromosome with x=9, but with one-seeded fruits; therefore it is suggested that placed into Thalictroideae as an independent tribe, indicating its close relationship with Coptideae.        (3).  Comparing with its allies, Calathodes being with out petals, seems to be more  primitive than Trollius. But Calathodes differs from Trollius with R-type chromosomes in having T-type chromosome with x=8 and subterminal centromere.  Those charac- teristics show that it is very similar to the related genera of Thalictroideae.  But as Kurita already pointed out that most speci es of Ranunculus have usually large long chromosomes but some species have compar ativelly short chromosomes, therefore we regard T-type and R-type chromosomes appear independently in different subfamilies of Ranunculaceae. According to Tamura, G alathodes seems to be  closely related  to Megaleranthis, because of the resemblance in follicles.  But due to lack of cytological data of the latter genus, the relationship between the two genera still is not clear pen- ding further studies. From the fact that the  morphology and  chromosomes  of  the Calathodes differs from that of all other genera of the Helleboroideae, we consider Calathodes may form an independent tribe of its own with a closer relationship withTrollieae.     

西藏豆科植物区系的形成与分化

 Xizang (Tibet) is rich in Leguminosae flora, comprising 41 genera and 254 species so far known, exclusive of the commonly cultivated taxa (including 11 genera and 16 species). There are 4 endemic genera (with 8 species), 10 temperate genera (with 175 species) and 19 tropical genera (with 46 species) as well as the representatives of those genera whose distribution centers are in East Asia-North  America, Mediterranean and Central Asia.       1.  There are altogether 4 endemic genera of Leguminosae in this region. Accord- ing to their morphological characters, systematic position and geographical distribution, it would appear that Salweenia and Piptanthus are Tertiary paleo-endemics, while Straceya and Cochlianths are neo-endemics. Salweenia and Piptanthus may be some of more primitive members in the subfamily Papilionasae and their allies are largely distributed in the southern Hemisphere.  The other two genera might have been derived from the northern temperate genus Hedysarum and the East Asian-North American genus Apios respectively, because of their morphological resemblance. They probably came into existanc during the uplifting of the Himalayas.       2. An analysis of temperate genera       There are twelve temperate genera of Leguminosae in the region, of which the more important elements in composition of flora, is Astragalus, Oxytropis and Cara- gana.       Astragalus  is a  cosmopolitan  genus comprising 2000 species, with its center distribution in Central Asia. 250 species, are from China so far known, in alpine zone of Southwest and Northwest, with 70 species extending farther to the Himalayas and Xizang Plateau.       Among them, there are 7 species (10%) common to Central Asia, 12 species (15.7%) to Southwest China and 40 species (60%) are endemic, it indicates that the differentia- tion of the species of the genus in the region is very active, especially in the subgenus Pogonophace with beards in stigma. 27 species amounting to 78.5% of the total species of the subgenus, are distributed in this region.  The species in the region mainly occur in alpine zone between altitude of 3500—300 m. above sea-level. They have developed into a member of representative of arid and cold alpine regions.      The endemic species of Astragalus in Xizang might be formed by specialization of the alien and native elements. It will be proved by a series of horizontal and vertical vicarism of endemic species.  For example, Astragalus bomiensis and A. englerianus are horizontal and vertical vicarism species, the former being distributed in southeast part of Xizang and the latter in Yunnan; also A. arnoldii and A. chomutovii, the former being an endemic on Xizang Plateau and latter in Central Asia.      The genus Oxytropis comprises 300 species which are mainly distributed in the north temperate zone. About 100 species are from China so far known, with 40 species extending to Himalayas and Xizang Plateau.  The distribution, formation and differ- entiation of the genus in this region are resembled to Astragalus.  These two genera are usually growing together, composing the main accompanying elements of alpine mea- dow and steppe.      Caragana is an endemic genus in Eurasian temperate zone and one of constructive elements of alpine bush-wood. About 100 species are from China, with 16 species in Xi- zang. According to the elements of composition, 4 species are common to Inner Mon- golia and Kausu, 4 species to Southwest of China, the others are endemic. This not only indicates that the species of Caragana in Xizang is closely related to those species of above mentioned regions, but the differentiation of the genus in the region is obviously effected by the uplifting of Himalayas, thus leading to the formations of endemic species reaching up to 50%.      3. An Analysis of Tropical Genera      There are 19 tropical genera in the region. They concentrate in southeast of Xizang and southern flank of the Himalayas. All of them but Indigofera and Desmodium are represented by a few species, especially the endemic species. Thus, it can be seen that they are less differentiated than the temperate genera.      However, the genus Desmodium which extends from tropical southeast and northeast Asia to Mexio is more active in differentiation than the other genera. According to Oha- Shi,s system about the genus in 1973, the species of Desmodium distributed in Sino-Hima- laya region mostly belong to the subgenus Dollinera and subgenus Podocarpium.  The subgenus Dollinera concentrates in both Sino-Himalaya region and Indo-China with 14 species, of which 7 species are endemic in Sino-Himalaya.  They are closely related to species of Indo-China, southern Yunnan and Assam and shows tha tthey have close con- nections in origin and that the former might be derived from the latter.      Another subgenus extending from subtropical to temperate zone is Podocarpium. Five out of the total eight species belonging to the subgenus are distributed in Sino- Himalaya and three of them are endemic.      An investigation on interspecific evolutionary relationship and geographic distribu- tion of the subgenus shows that the primary center of differentiation of Podocarpium is in the Sino-Himalaya region.      Finally, our survey shows that owing to the uplifting of the Himalayas which has brought about complicated geographic and climatic situations, the favorable conditions have been provided not only for the formation of the species but also for the genus in cer-tain degree.     

裂瓜属的研究

The classical and numerical taxonomy, palynology and the geographical dis- tribution of the Genus Schizopepon are dealt with in the present paper.  Having comme- nted on various opinions regarding the systematic position of the genus, the present au- thors consider that C. Jeffrey’s treatment of Schizopepon as a new and monogeneric tri- be, Schizopeponeae, should be supported.      The gross morphological characters in the genus are assessed from the taxonomic point of view.  Some characters, such as stamens with an elongated connective or not, different insertions of ovules and various forms of ovaries and fruits, may be used for distinguishing subgenera.      The pollen grains of all the species were observed under light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM).  The results show that a strong differentiation has taken place in the pollen of the genus, and in consequence it may be regarded as an important basis for dividing subgenera and species. Especially it should be pointed out that degrees of development of colpi and positions of ora are positively correlated with the external characters used for distinguishing subgenera.      According to the morphological and palynological characters, the genus Schizopepon may be divided into three subgenera and eight species: 1. Subgenus Schizopepon: 5 spe- cies, S. bryoniaefolius Maxim., S. monoicus A. M. Lu et Z. Y. Zhang, S. dioicus Cogn., S. longipes Gagnep. and S. macranthus Hand.-Mazz.; 2. Subgenus Rhynchocarpos A. M. Lu et Z. Y. Zhang: 1 species, S. bomiensis A. M. Lu et Z. Y. Zhang; 3. Subgenus Neoschi- zopepon A. M. Lu et Z. Y. Zhang: 2 species, S. bicirrhosus (C. B. Clarke) C. Jeffrey and S. xizangensis A. M. Lu et Z. Y. Zhang.      The 8 OTU’s including all the species of this genus and 31 characters, of which 16 are morphological characters and 15 palynological characters, were used in the numerical taxonomic treatment.  After standardization of characters, the correlation and distance matrices were computed.  The correlation matrices are made to test the various clustering methods.  At last, the UPGMA clustering method was selected and its result is shown in the form of phenogram.  The result of numerical analysis is similar to that of the classical classification.      Schizopepon Maxim. is a genus of East Asia-Himalayan distribution. China has all 8 species and 2 varieties, of which 6 species are endemic. Based on the statistics of spedies number, the distribution centre of the genus is considered to be in the Hengduan Mountains (Yangtze-Mekong-Salwin water divides) and the adjacent areas of the southwest China.     

益母草的染色体数目

Leonurus japonicus Houtt. [L. heterophyllus Sweet, L. artemisia  (Lour.) S.  Y. Hu]  is one of the most important traditional Chinese medicines used as a remedy for gynaeco- logical disease since ancient times.  A cytological investigation on the species was carried out and the materials for chromosomal examination were collected from 26 localities in 20 provi- noes and autonomous regions of this country.  The number of chromosomes in root tip cell of the species was found to be 20 on the whole (Tab. 1:1), agreeing with those reported by Ma and al.[2] and probably by Chuang and al.[3] as well.      The genus Leonurus L. is variable in its  chromosomes with an aneuploidy of x=9, 10 and 12.  The present authors would propose that the primitive basic number of chromosome in the genus is 9, and thus both 10 and 12 are derived, for: (1) among the 9 species (including 1 sub- species) heretofore cytologically examined, x=9 occurring in 66.7%, x=10 occurring in 22.2%, while x=12 occurring only in 11.1%; (2) in generaclosely related to the genus under considera- tion, such as Panzeria, Galeobdolon and Lamium x=9 being the sole basic number.      But L. japonicus exhibits a mixoploidy of 2n=20 (occurring at the rate of 53.30% of the total amount of cells examined), 2n=18 (30.70%), and 2n=16 (15.99%) in our work. (Table 1).  Since the original basic number of  chromosome of the genus is 9 as proposed above, 2n= 20 would be considered as a derived one and the occurrence of 2n=18 probably suggests an early evolutionary trend of 2n=18→20 of the pecies in question.     

中国红豆属的研究(续)

The first classification for the genus Ormosia was proposed by Bentham. It was followed by Taubert (1892) in Engler and Prantl’s Nat. Pflanzenf., who divided the genus into 2 sections.  On the basis of the pod structure and seed characters Prain (1900) arran- ged the genus in 2 sections with 4 subsections.  In the monograph on the genus Merrill and L. Chen ( 1943 ) limited their taxonomic study to Chinese and Indo-Chinese species, and recognized 34 species and 15 series.  Recently Yakovlev (1971-1976) has treated the ge- nus in 6 separate genera.      In the present paper the author recognizes 35 species, of which 7 species and 2 varie- ties are new.  The Chinese species of the genus are grouped into 3 sections and 6 series inmy classification.     

论世界柳属植物的分布和起源

1.  The distribution of Salix species among the continents.  There are about 526 species of Salix in the world, most of which are distributed in the Northern Hemisphere with only a few species in the Southern Hemisphere.  In Asia, there are about 375 species, mak- ing up 71.29 percent of the total in the world, including 328 endemics; in Europe, about 114 species, 21.67 percent with 73 endemics; in North America, about 91 species, 17.3 percent with 71 endemics; in Africa, about 8 species, 1.5 percent, with 6 endemics.  Only one species occurs in South America.  Asia, Europe and North America have 8 species in common (excluding 4 cultivated species).  There are 34 common species between Asia and Europe, 14 both between Europe and North America and between Asia and North America, 2 between Asia and Africa. Acording to the Continental Drift Theory, the natural circumstances which promoted speciation and protected newly originated and old species were created by the orogenic movement of the Himalayas in the middle and late Tertiary.  Besides, the air temperature was a little higher in Asia than in Europe and North America (except its west part) and the dominant glaciers were mountainous in Asia during the glacial epoch in the Quaternary Period.  Then willows of Eu- rope moved southwards to Asia.  During the interglacial period they moved in opposite direc- tion.  Such a to-and-fro willow migration between Asia and Europe and between and North America occurred so often that it resulted in the diversity of willow species in Asia.  Those species of willows common among the continents belong to the Arctic flora.      2.  The multistaminal willows are of the primitive group in Salix.  Asia has 28 species of multistaminal willows, but Europe has only one which is also found in Asia.  These 28 species are divided into two groups, “northern type” and “southern type”, according to morphology of the ovary.  The boundary between the two forms in distribution is at 40°N.  The multistami- nal willows from south Asia, Africa and South America are very similar to each other and may have mutually communicated between these continents in the Middle or Late Cretaceous Period.  The southern type willows in south Asia are similar to the North American multista- minal willows but a few species.  The Asian southern type willows spreaded all over the conti- nents of Europe, Asia and North America through the communication between them before the Quaternany Period.   Nevertheless, it is possible that the willows growing in North America immigranted through the middle America from South America.  The Asian northern type mul- tistaminal willows may have originated during the ice period.      The multistaminal willows are more closed to populars in features of sexual organs.  They are more primitive than the willows with 1-3 stamens and the most primitive ones in the ge- nus.      3.  The center of origin and development of willows Based on the above discussion it is re- asonable to say that the region between 20°-40°N in East Asia is the center of the origin and differentiation of multistaminal willows.  It covers Southern and Southwestern China and nor- thern Indo-China Pennisula.     

四川及其邻近地区一些植物的细胞学研究(一)

From standpoint of floristic division,  Sichuan is located in the middle part of Eastern Asiatic Region (Takhtajan 1978) or is the area where Sino-Himalayan Forest Subkingdom and Sino-Japan Forest Subkingdom meet (wu 1979).  Here exist many so- called Arcto-Tertiary elements and newly originated species or races.  In order to bring the light the origin and differentiation of Eastern Asiatic elements,  cytological investi- gation on plants of this region are very significant.  The materials of the following 5 species were collected on Mt.  Emei in Sichuan Province.  Voucher specimens are kept in CDBI.       1.  Toricellia angulata  Oliver var. intermedia (Harms) Hu       PMC meiotic examination revealed n = 12 at diakinesis (Pl. I fig. 9)       Toricellia,  consisting of 2 spp.,  is endemic to Eastern Asiatic Region.  Based on our result along with the report of Toricellia tiliifolia (Wall.) DC. (2n=24) by Kuro- sawa (1977),  we argue that the basic chromosome number of Toricellia is 12.  Many authors,  such as Airy-Shaw (1973),  Dahlgren (1975,  1977),  Takhtajan (1969,  1980), Thorne (1983),  have adopted Hu’s (1934) treatment erecting it as a monotypic family Toricelliaceae.  Its systematic position,  whether closer to Cornaceae than to Araliaceae or vice versa,  has been in dispute.  Cytologically it seems closer to Araliaceae,  as shown anatomically (Lodriguez 1971),  because the basic chromosome number of Cornaceae s. 1. is x=11,  9,  8 (Kurosawa 1977),  whereas that of Araliaceae is 12 (Raven 1975).       2.  Cardiocrinum giganteum  (Wall.) Makino       Somatic chromosome number,  2n=24 was determined from root-tip cells (Ph. I. fig. 8).       Cardiocrinum (Endl.) Lindl.,  consisting of 3 spp.,  is endemic to Eastern Asiatic Region.  C. giganteum (Wall.) Makino is distributed from Himalayan region to S. W. China.  The present report is in accord with the number reported by Kurosawa (1966) who got the material from Darjeeling of India.  However the karyotype of the present plant is slightly different from that given by Kurosawa.  In the present material,  the satellites of the 1st. pair of chromosomes and the short arms of llst.  pair of chromoso- mes are visibly longer than those of Kurosawa’s drawing (fig. 1,  2) The plants from Yunnan,  Sichuan and Hubei Provinces,  named as C. giganteum var. yunnanense (Leit- chtlin ex Elwes) Stearn,  differ slightly from those of Himalayan region also in outer morphological characters.  The taxon needs both cytological and taxonomical further studies.       3.  Disporum cantoniense  (Lour.) Merr.       PMC meiotic examination revealed n=8 at diakinesis (Pl. I. fig. 6)       This species is widely distributed from Himalayan region through Indo-China to our Taiwan Province and Indonesia. Three cytotypes (2n=14,  16,  30) were reported for the taxon including its variety,  var. parviflorum (Wall) Hara,  by various authors (Ha- segawa 1932,  Mehra and Pathamia 1960,  Kurosawa 1966,  1971 Mehra and Sachdeva 1976a).  Some authors consider D. pullum Salisb. and D. calcaratum D. Don as synonyms of D. cantoniense. So D. cantoniense may be a species aggregate with different extreme races.  Sen (1973a,  b.) reports that the somatic chromosome numbers of D. pullum and D. calcaratum from Eastern Himalayan region are 14,  16,  28,  30,  32.  He also discovered that chromosome alterations in species of Disporum involve not only the num- ber but the structure as well.  He found that in species of Liliaceae where the reproduc- tion is mainly vegetative,  polysomaty often occurs.  In China we have not only D. can- toniense and D. calcaratum but also D. brachystomon Wang et Tang which is similar to D. cantoniense var. parviflorum (Wall.) Hara.  These taxa need further critical studies.      4.  Paris fargesii Franch.      PMC meiotic examination revealed n=5+2B (Voucher no. 112) or n=5 (Voucher no. 62) at MI and AI (Pl. I. fig. 1. 4. 5.).  This is the first report for the species.  A bridge and a fragment were also observed at AI.      Paris polyphylla Smith is extraordinarily polymorphic species.  Hara (1969) re- gards all chinese extreme forms,  such as P. fargesii Franch.,  P. violacea Lévl.,  P. pube- scens (Hand. -Mzt.) Wang et Tang,  etc. as infraspecific taxa of P. polyphylla.  Need- less to say,  the various races of P. polyphylla Smith in China need further critical stu- dies and are good material for further study to understand the speciation.      5.  Reineckia carnea(Andr.) Kunth       Reineckia is a monotypic genus endemic to Eastern Asiatic Region.  In the present material somatic chromosome number in root-tip cells is determined as 2n=38 (Pl. I. fig. 7).  According to the terminology defined by Levan et al.,  the karyotype formula is 2n=28 m+10 sm.  The length of chromosomes varies from 14.28 μ to 5.5 μ. The idiogram given here (fig. 3) is nearly the same as that presented by Hsu et Li (1984). The same number has been previously reported by several authors,  Noguchi (1936),  Satô (1942), Therman (1956).  The karyotype is relatively symmetrical (2B,  accorling to the classi-fication of stebbins 1971) in accord with the opinion of Therman (1956).     

西藏菊科植物

 1)  The Compositae in Tibet so far known comprise 508 species and 88 genera, which nearly amounts to one fourth of the total number of genera and one third of the total number of species of Compositae in all China, if the number of 2290 species and 220 genera have respectively been counted in all China. In Tibet there are all tribes of Com- positae known in China, and surprisingly, the large tribes in Tibetan Compositae are also large ones in all China and the small tribes in Tibet are also small ones in all China. Generally speaking, the large genera in Tibet are also large ones in all China and the small genera in Tibet are likewise small ones in all China. In this sense it is reasonable to say that the Compositae flora of Tibet is an epitome of the Compositae flora of all China.      In the Compositae flora of Tibet, there are only 5 large genera each containing 30 species or more. They are Aster, Artemisia, Senecio, Saussurea and Cremanthodium. And 5 genera each containing 10—29 species. They are Erigeron, Anaphalis, Leontopodium, Ajania, Ligularia and Taraxacum. In addition, there are 77 small genera, namely 87% of the total of Compositae genera in Tibet, each comprising 1—9 species, such as Aja-niopsis, Cavea and Vernonia, etc.      2)  The constituents of Compositae flora in Tibet is very closely related to those of Sichuan-Yunnan provinces with 59 genera and 250 species in common. Such a situation is evidently brought about by the geographycal proximity in which the Hengtuang Shan Range links southeastern and eastern Tibet with northern and northwestern Sichuan- Ynnnan.  With India the Tibetan Compositae have 59 genera and 132 species in common, also showing close floristic relationships between the two regions. Apparently the floris- tic exchange of Compositae between Tibet and India is realized by way of the mountain range of the Himalayas.  The mountain range of the Himalayas, including the parallel ranges, plays a important role as a bridge hereby some members of the Compositae of western or northern Central Asia and of the northern Africa or of western Asia have migrated eastwards or southeastwards as far as the southern part of Fibet and northern part of India, or hereby some Compositae plants of eastern and southeastern Asia or Asia Media have migrated northwestwards as the northern part of Central Asia.      Some of the species and genera in common to both Tibet and Sinjiang indicate that this weak floristical relationship between these regions is principally realized through two migration routes: one migration route is by way of the Himalayas including the parallel ranges to Pamir Plataeu and Tien Shan, or vice versa. The other migration route is by way of northern Sinjiang to Mongolia, eastern Inner Mongolia, southwards to Gansu, Qinghai (or western Sichuan), eastern Tibet up to the Himalayas, or vice versa.      However, Tibet is not entirely situated at a migration crossroad of the floral ele- ments. An ample amount of the data shows that Compositae flora have a particular capability of development in Tibet. of the total number of species of Tibetan Com- positae, 102 species and 1 genus (Ajaniopsis Shih) are endemic. Besides, 8 genera are re- gional endemics with their range extending to its neighbourhood. The higher percentage of endemics at specific level than at generic in Tibetan Compositae may be a result of active speciation in response to the new enviromental conditions created by the uplifting of the Himalayas.  The flora in Tibetan Plateau as a whole appears to be of a younger age.       3) The uprising of the Himalayas and of the Tibetan Plateau accompanied by the ultraviolet ray radiation, the microthermal climate and the high wind pressure has, no doubt, played a profound influence upon the speciation of the native elements of Tibetan Compositae. The recent speciation is the main trend in the development of the Com-positae flora native in Tibet in the wake of upheaval of the plateau.     

半蒴苣苔属的研究(续)

The genus Hemiboea is a curious genus of the tribe Didymocarpeae (Cyrtandroi- deae), characterized by its peculiar pistil with one fertile carpel and its follicle-like capsule. This genus has not yet been thoroughly studied since its establishment by C. B. Clarke in 1888.  In the present paper, the taxonomic history is briefly reviewed; the external morphology, leaf his- tology, pollen morphology and geographical distribution are discussed; a key to the 21 species recognized by the author is provided; and the economic uses reported in various publications are summarized.       I.  Morphology       (1)  Sclereids  The foliar sclereids, occurring in this genus and defined by their forms, fall into two types.       (A) Vermiform selereids  This type of sclereids is noted in 15 species and may be clas- sified into two groups according to their positions in leaf tissues.  Those of the first group are interspersed in the ground tissue around the vascular bundles of leaves and noted in 12 species, i.e.H. longisepala, H. cavaleriei, H. bicornuta, H. fangii, H. omeiensis, H. gracilis, H. glandulosa, H. mollifolia, H. pingbianensis, H. parviflora, H. strigosa and H. gamosepala, and those of the second group are dispersed in the mesophyll, occurring in H. subcapitata, H. henryi and H. latisepala.       (B) Astrosclereids The sclereids of this type are discovered for the first time in Hemiboea, dispersed in the mesophyll of a single species, i.e.H. lungzhouensis.      No foliar sclereids are found in the remaining 5 species, i.e.H. integra, H. flaccida, H. longgangensis, H. subacaulis and H. follicularis.      The differences in forms and positions of the foliar sclereids and their absence or pre- sence are of great help in understanding the relationship between the infrageneric taxa.    (2)  Pollen grains  The pollen grains of 19 species were examined with LM and SEM. They are 3-colporate, subglobose or prolate, 20-38.8×22-28μm.  The exine  is  1.3-2μm thick and the sculpture is foveolate (e.g.H. cavaleriei) to reticulate (e.g.H. omeiensis).  In Sect. Subcapitatae the pollen grains are subglobose or prolate, while those of Sect. Hemiboea are prolate.       No pollen grains are observed in anthers of 13 speciemens of H. subacaulis var. subacaulis and var. jiangxiensis.        (3)  Seed-coat Under SEM the seed-coat exhibits considerable diversity in the genus, fur- nishing useful characters for explaining the relationship between the two sections.       2.  Geographical distribution  The genus Hemiboea ranges from the eastern border of the Xizang Plateau and Yunnan Plateau eastwards to Ryu Kyu Islands, and from the southern slope of the Qinling Range southwards to northern Vietnam.  The karst region of S. E. Yun- nan and W. Guangxi is the centre of maximum variation of the genus and is probably its origin centre, where the most primitive taxon exists, and where more species (13 species, i.e. 61.9 per cent of the sum total) and more endemic species (8 species) are found than elsewhere.       3.  Classification  The genus consists of 21 species and 6 varieties which are classified into 2 sections.  The Clarke's classification is accepted, but emended here as follows:       Sect. 1. Subcapitatae Clarke Sepals free or posterior ones connate.  Muri of the seed-coat laevigate or rugose; bottom of meshes flat, smooth or with few verrucae.  Pollen grains subglo- bose or prolate.       Sect. 2. Hemiboea Sepals connate.  Muri of the seed-coat tuberculate or aliform-tuberculate; bottom of meshes flat or concave, with dense verrucae.   Pollen grains prolate.       Based on the analysis of external and internal morphological characters, the main evolu- tionary trends in the genus are discussed and enumerated, and a hypothesis indicating the re- lationships between the two sections is given.     

中国弯蕊芥属植物花粉形态的观察

The present paper deals with the pollen morphology of 10 species and 1 variety of Loxostemon in China. The pollen grains were all examined under light microscope.       The pollen grains of Loxostemon are subspheroidal, spheroidal or prolate, 18--33×11.8-28 μ in size, 3-colpate, colpi 15-21 μ long and 1-2 μ  wide. The exine is 1.5-3 μ thick with two indistinct or distinct layers.       All the pollen grains are generally reticulate under light microscope. They are distinctly or obscurely and finely reticulate.      L. axillus and L. repens are generally similar in gross morphology, but the pollen grains of these two species are different. The pollen grains of L. axillus are regularly polygonally reticulate, colpi are acute-ended and the exine is about 3 μ  thick, whereas those of L.repens are irregularly polygonally reticulate, colpi are enlarged at both ends and the exine is about 2.8 μ thick. L. incanus and L. stenolobus appear to have similar gross morphology, but the pollen grains of the former have exines with two distinct layers and a densely and finely reticulate ornamentation and those of the latter have exines with two indistinct layers and a flexuosely reticulate ornamentation.     

海菜花属的分类、地理分布和系统发育

 The genus Ottelia is one of the great genera of Hydrocharidaceae.  About 25 spe- cies distributed in the Palaeotropics, extending from Africa through India and SE. Asia to Korea and Japan, Australia and New Caledonia, 1 species in Brazil; centres of specific devolopment are found in Central Africa and SE Asia.      The present study is mainly based on the materials collected during the field ex- plorations in the lakes of Yunnan and observations on the structure of the spathe and flowers, the variation of leaf of the plants cultivated in Kunming Bot. Garden. Instead of the wings of the spathe used by Dandy, by the characters such as uni-or bisexual flowers, this genus is divided into two subgenera, which by the number of the flowers in spathe and the number of the carpus in ovary again subdivided into 4 sections.  They are as the following:      A. Subg. Ottelia.  Flowers bisexual.      Sect. 1. Ottelia.  Spathe with 1 flower; ovary with 6(—9) carpus.      Sect. 2. Oligolobos (Gagnep.) Dandy. Spathe with many flowers; ovary with 3 car- pus.      B. Subg. Boottia (Wall.) Dandy.  Flowers unisexual; the male spathe with 1-many flowers, the female spathe with many flowers.      Sect. 3. Boottia.  The male spathe with 1 flower; ovary with 9(—15) carpus.      Sect. 4.  Xystrolobos (Gagnep.) H. Li.  The female spathe with (2-) many flow- ers; ovary with 3 or 9 carpus.      The Chinense species of ottelia is in great need for revision.  All of the species in China previousely described under Ottelia Pers, Boottia Wall., Oligolobos Gagnep, and Xystrolobos Gagen. are here combined into 3 species.  They are O. alismoides, O. cor- data, O. acuminata with 4 variaties.      After a study of the geographic distribution and infer relation-ships among the floristic elements it has been proved that Ottelia is certainly an ancient genus, and the primitive types came into being and widely dispersed before the separation of Laurasia from Gondwana.      During a considerable period of time the elements of the genus Ottelia in fresh- water environment of different continents have been separately differentiated and evolv- ed into more or less derived types.  The structure of flowers in all of the asian species shows the following evolutionary tendenoes: 1. In this genus the plants with unisexual flowers have evolved from plants with bisexual flower; 2.  In the groups with bisexual or unisexual flowers the number of stamens and styles reduced to 3-merous, but the number of flowers in spathe increased. So that the subgenus Ottelia is more primitive than the subgenus Bottia; While in the subgenus Ottelia O. alismoides is a more primi- tive than O. balansae and in the subgenus Boottia O. cordata is the most primitive, butO. alata seems to be the most advanced.     

微孔草属的研究

 1.  Having analyzed the external morphology of the genus Microula, the author has proposed a series of criteria as bases for the construction of a classification scheme of this genus.  The most important ones are as follows:      1)  The normally developed stem is primitive, and the strongly abbreviated stem more advanced.      2)  The small inconspicuous bracts are more primitive than the large suborbicular densely arranged ones, which almost entirely cover the flowers and the fruits.      3)  Nutlets with small dorsal pit  are more primitive than those with larger pit on one hand or those without it on the other.      4)  The dorsal pit with simple margin precedes that with double margins.      5)  Nutlets with subbasal areola precede those with lateral or apical areola.      6)  Nutlets without glochids precede those with glochids.      2.  Basing upon these criteria the genus Microula may be divided into six sections. The section Schistocaryum may be the primitive one, and the others may be evolved from it respectively.  The possible affinities between them are demonstrated in figure no. two.      3.  The genus Microula, containing 30 species,  is  mainly  distributed  in  the Chinghai-Tibetan plateau and the majority of its species concentrates in the eastern border of the plateau, and of the 30 species 26—that is 90 percent—are endemic to China, and the remaining 4 are distributed elsewhere in China, too, and extending southward and westward to Bhutan, Sikkim, Nepal and Kashmir respectively.  In the region between Heishui, Province Szechuan, and Chinghai Lake there are 9 species, which, curiously, represent all the six sections of Microula, hence this region seems to be the center of maximum variation of this genus.  M. ovalifolia whose nutlets have small dorsal pit and subbasal areola may be considered the most primitive species. Thus the author is of the opinion that the western part of province Szechuan, to which M. ovalifolia is endemic, may probably be the center of origin of the genusMicroula.