LAK细胞疫苗对大鼠佐剂关节炎淋巴细胞及其亚群的影响

目的：为进一步探索ＬＡＮ细胞疫苗在ＡＡ大鼠治疗中的作用．方法：近交系ＳＤ 大鼠以完全弗氏佐剂致炎形成佐剂关节炎（adjuvant arthritis,AA）．分离ＡＡ大鼠淋巴细 胞,经培养扩增后,采用已建立的肿瘤疫苗专利技术制成ＬＡＫ细胞疫苗．实验动物分别 于腋下注射ＬＡＫ细胞疫苗,每５日一次共３次．治疗前及治疗后一周分别采外周血测定 Ｔ细胞亚群,同时行外周血涂片和骨髓细胞学检查．结果：经ＬＡＫ细胞疫苗免疫后,ＡＡ 实验动物组外周血淋巴细胞百分率较对照组降低（Ｐ＜０.０１）,Ｔ细胞亚群ＣＤ８＋较对照组明 显上升（Ｐ＜０．０５）,ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８比值下降,两组差别具有显著性意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论： ＬＡＫ细胞疫苗可有效地降低佐剂关节炎大鼠外周血淋巴细胞的数目并提高ＣＤ８＋Ｔ细胞 亚群的数量,在治疗自身免疫性疾病中可能是一种有用的手段,值得进一步研究．     

溴隐亭对大鼠佐剂性关节炎的影响

[目的]观察溴隐亭不同剂量组对大鼠佐剂性关节炎(adjurantarthritis,AA)的影响.[方法]用弗氏完全佐剂诱发大鼠产生关节炎,观察溴隐亭对该动物模型足肿胀度、胸腺指数、循环免疫复合物、淋巴细胞转化率及白细胞介素 2(IL 2)的影响.[结果]溴隐亭对AA大鼠的胸腺有明显的改善作用(P<0.01),并能够提高淋巴细胞的转化率(P<0.01),降低IL-2的浓度(P<0.05).[结论]溴隐亭对大鼠佐剂关节炎有抑制作用.     

类风湿关节炎新进展

九十年代以来,类风湿关节炎（RA）发病机理以及临床治疗都取得了显著的进展RA的发生以及迁延不愈是病原体与遗传基因相互作用的结果,而体内免疫反应的启动与抗原呈递细胞、主要组织相容复合体（MHC）和T细胞受体（TCR）的T细胞三者密切相关．细胞因子在RA发生发展中起到了重要作用．在RA传统药物治疗模式变化的同时,各种生物制剂的研究开发为RA治疗开辟了新的途径,     

胶原诱导型大鼠类风湿关节炎模型的实验研究

目的：探讨大鼠类风湿性关节炎（RA）动物模型的制备、病理组织学观察及血清细胞因子IL-1、TNF-α检测。方法：以实验大鼠为对象,Ⅱ型胶原（CII）和完全弗氏佐剂（Complete Freund＇s Adjuvant,CFA）混合注射,不同时间点实验组大鼠（O、7、14、28、42d）所获得血样用于做IL-1、TNF-α检测,膝关节标本进行组织病理学研究。结果：模型组血清IL-1、TNF-α在急性期增高明显,与对照组差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。模型组关节组织标本观察到滑膜组织增生,其局部骨吸收破坏明显,软骨表层胶原纤维溶解、软骨细胞变性坏死,软骨表面凹凸不平。结论：采用异种CII与CFA制备的RA模型,可以用于RA组织病理学、发病机理及治疗方面的研究。     

MCV，MCH，RDW，HBDH联合检测在贫血诊治中的临床应用

探讨平均红细胞体积（MCV）、平均红细胞血红蛋白含量（MCH）、红细胞分布宽度（RDW）、α-羟丁酸脱氢酶（α-HBDH）联合检测在贫血诊断和疗效观察中的价值。对贫血患者的外周血标本检测MCV,MCH,RDW,α-HBDH,并进行分析。结果显示：①缺铁性贫血（IDA）、巨幼红细胞性贫血（MA）、骨髓增生异常综合症（MDS）患者的MCV与正常对照组比较差异有显著性,温抗体（型）自身免疫性溶血性贫血（WAIHA）,MA,AA,MDS组的MCV比IDA组高,MA组的MCV还比AA组的高,（P〈0．05）;②MA、IDA组与正常对照组的MCH比较时差异有显著性,MA,AA,WAIHA,MDS组的MCH比IDA组高,MA组的MCH还比AA、WAIHA组的高,（P〈0．05）;③IDA,MA,WAIHA,MDS患者的RDW-CV与正常对照的差异有显著性,（均P〈0．05）;④MA,WAIHA,MDS患者的α-HBDH与正常对照比较时差异有显著性,MA,WAIHA组的α—HBDH水平比IDA、AA组高,（P〈0．05）;⑤MCV、α-HBDH在治疗前后的差异有显著性,两组MCV与α-HBDH均有相关性。四项参数的联合检测有助于常见贫血的鉴别诊断及疗效观察。     

复方中药提高荷EAC鼠NK细胞功能介导抑瘤作用

[目的]探讨复方中药对EAC荷瘤小鼠的免疫功能的影响。[方法]用复方中药（FFZY）对EAC荷瘤小鼠灌胃10d，观察其肿瘤生长情况以及用乳酸脱氢酶释放法检测NK细胞的活性。[结果]高、中和低浓度组NK细胞活性分别为（44．21±3．10）％、（51．09±4．94）％和（37．30±2．02）％，与空白对照组（31．26±2．79）％比较，NK细胞活性升高（P〈0．05），而阴性对照组（26．90±1．84）％NK细胞活性显著降低（P〈0．05）；高、中和低浓度组的肿瘤质量为（300．6±48．9）mg，（226．5±36．4）mg和（445．9±60．2）mg，与阴性对照组（661．5±102．8）mg比较，均能抑制肿瘤的生长（P〈0．05），其中以中浓度组效果最为明显（P〈0．05）。[结论]经过复方中药灌冒的EAC荷瘤小鼠NK细胞活件均升高．3种不同浓度的复方中药均使肿瘤生长减慢。     

蛇毒注射液药效学及一般药理学研究

蛇毒注射液显著预防和治疗大鼠佐剂性关节炎,及鸡蛋清、甲醛所致的大鼠关节炎,抑制大鼠棉球肉芽肿的生长,降低毛细血管通透性,提高动物的免疫功能,抑制2,4—二硝基氯苯所致的迟发型超敏反应,对大鼠、小鼠、家猫、家兔的神经系统无不良影响,对心血管系统、呼吸系统无明显毒副作用.     

合用醒脑静和脑多肽注射液治疗急性一氧化碳中毒的疗效比较

目的：观察合用醒脑静注射液和脑多肽注射液治疗急性一氧化碳（CO）中毒的疗效．方法：62例急性CO中毒患者分为醒脑静、脑多肽组（32例）与脑多肽组（3例）,并对二组疗效进行比较结果：醒脑静、脑多肽组的显效率（87.5％）明显高于脑多肽组（60％）,显效时间（18±2.0）小时（h）则明显短于脑多肽组（33±8h）,二组比较均具有显著性差异（P＜0．05,P＜0．01）．但二组总有效率无显著性差异（P＞0．05）．结论：醒脑静注射液与脑多肽注射液配合应用,二者具有协同作用,临床疗效较好,值得推广应用．     

大鼠佐剂关节炎血清细胞因子水平与炎症及病理变化的相关性研究

目的为进一步探讨细胞因子在类风湿关节炎中的作用．方法５０只ＳＤ大鼠以完全弗氏佐剂（ＦＣＡ）形成ＡＡ动物模型．随机分为Ⅰ组（２周）、Ⅱ组（３周）、Ⅲ组（４周）、Ⅳ组（８周）以及Ⅴ组（正常对照）．分别对各组大鼠血清前炎症细胞因子ＴＮＦ－α、ＩＬ－６以及抑制性细胞因子 ＩＬ－４、 ＩＬ－ １０水平进行测定（ＥＬＩＳＡ法）．同时检查炎症指标血沉（ＥＳＲ）、关节肿胀度、病理切片，所有结果进行对比并做动态分析．结果ＡＡ大鼠Ⅰ－Ⅲ组ＥＳＲ水平及关节肿胀度与对照组均有显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＴＮＦ－α组水平各组均高于正常（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．００１）；ＩＬ－６水平Ⅱ组（Ｐ＜０．０５）、Ⅲ组高于正常；ＩＬ－４水平Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组低于正常组，Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组高于正常组，但均无显著性意义；与正常组比较，ＩＬ－１０水平Ⅰ组（Ｐ＜０．００１）、Ⅱ组（Ｐ＜０．０５）、Ⅲ组均低于正常，Ⅳ组高于正常组并有非常显著性意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）；细胞因子动态观察结果，ＴＮＦ－α、ＩＬ－ ６水平随急性期（第２周）开始而升高，高峰水平随急性期过去（第８周）而下降．而调节性因子ＩＬ－４、ＩＬ－１０高峰时间滞后于炎症因子，并随慢性期延长而升高．结论ＡＡ大?     

草鱼多联佐剂疫苗的研究

本研究应用ANAE染色法检测了免疫草鱼外周血淋巴细胞,阳性率结果表明:草鱼在免疫后的第一天淋巴细胞的阳性率明显升高,至第180天时仍远远超过正常草鱼的阳性率;细胞免疫在草鱼的免疫中具有重要作用,从而揭示了多联佐剂疫苗之所以具有显著抗病力的免疫机制。这一结果为国内首次报道。     

Interactive radiological anatomy eLearning solution for first year medical students: Development,integration, and impact on learning

A technology enhanced learning and teaching (TELT) solution, radiological anatomy (RA) eLearning, composed of a range of identification‐based and guided learning activities related to normal and pathological X‐ray images, was devised for the Year 1 nervous and locomotor course at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton. Its effectiveness was evaluated using a questionnaire, pre‐ and post‐tests, focus groups, summative assessment, and tracking data. Since introduced in 2009, a total of 781 students have used RA eLearning, and among them 167 Year 1 students in 2011, of whom 116 participated in the evaluation study. Students enjoyed learning (77%) with RA eLearning, found it was easy to use (81%) and actively engaged them in their learning (75%), all of which were associated to the usability, learning design of the TELT solution and its integration in the curriculum; 80% of students reported RA eLearning helped their revision of anatomy and 69% stated that it facilitated their application of anatomy in a clinical context, both of which were associated with the benefits offered by the learning and activities design. At the end of course summative assessment, student knowledge of RA eLearning relevant topics (mean 80%; SD ±16) was significantly better as compared to topics not relevant to RA eLearning (mean 63%; SD ±15) (mean difference 18%; 95% CI 15% to 20%; P < 0.001). A well designed and integrated TELT solution can be an efficient method for facilitating the application, integration, and contextualization of anatomy and radiology to create a blended learning environment. Anat Sci Educ 7: 350–360. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.     

Effect of pretreatment with aspirin and ticlopidine on the change of platelet aggregability after radiofrequency catheter ablation

Eighty-two patients with supraventricular tachycardia undergoing radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) were studied to observe the inhibition effect of aspirin and ticlopidine on platelet aggregability (PAG) and thromboxane B₂ (TXB₂) of the blood samples. Patients were divided into aspirin group A, ticlopidine group B, aspirin + ticlopidine group C and control group D. PAG and TXB₂ were increased clearly after RFCA in all groups (P<0.001). Treatment with aspirin or ticopidine before operation could reduce the platelet aggregability caused by RFCA and the joint effect of two drugs (change rate of group A: 52.51±12.51%; group B: 54.78±11.27%; group C: 30.51±10.59%; group D: 91.75±21.43%;P<0.05) was studied. The much decreased platelet aggregability after antiplatelet therapy was evidence of the potential benefit of the treatment in preventing thromboembolism after ablation. Pretreatment with aspirin and ticlopidine together is a good way to decrease palatelet aggregability after RFCA.     

Evaluation of an innovative hands‐on anatomy‐centered ultrasound curriculum to supplement graduate gross anatomy education

Ultrasound (US) can enhance anatomy education, yet is incorporated into few non‐medical anatomy programs. This study is the first to evaluate the impact of US training in gross anatomy for non‐medical students in the United States. All 32 master's students enrolled in gross anatomy with the anatomy‐centered ultrasound (ACUS) curriculum were recruited. Mean Likert ratings on pre‐ and post‐course surveys (100% response rates) were compared to evaluate the effectiveness of the ACUS curriculum in developing US confidence, and gauge its impact on views of US. Post‐course, students reported significantly higher (P < 0.001) mean confidence ratings in five US skills (pre‐course versus post‐course mean): obtaining scans (3.13 ±1.04 versus 4.03 ±0.78), optimizing images (2.78 ±1.07 versus 3.75 ±0.92), recognizing artifacts (2.94 ±0.95 versus 3.97 ±0.69), distinguishing tissue types (2.88 ±0.98 versus 4.09 ±0.69), and identifying structures (2.97 ±0.86 versus 4.03 ±0.59), demonstrating the success of the ACUS curriculum in students with limited prior experience. Views on the value of US to anatomy education and to students' future careers remained positive after the course. End‐of‐semester quiz performance (91% response rate) provided data on educational outcomes. The average score was 79%, with a 90% average on questions about distinguishing tissues/artifacts, demonstrating positive learning outcomes and retention. The anatomy‐centered ultrasound curriculum significantly increased confidence with and knowledge of US among non‐medical anatomy students with limited prior training. Non‐medical students greatly value the contributions that US makes to anatomy education and to their future careers. It is feasible to enhance anatomy education outside of medical training by incorporating US. Anat Sci Educ 10: 348–362. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.     

A simple method for removing low-density granulocytes to purify T lymphocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Objectives

Low-density granulocytes (LDGs) can form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) spontaneously and excessively. When peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are used for studying T lymphocytes, LDGs contained in the PBMCs may decrease the threshold of activating T lymphocytes by forming NETs. This study focused on the profiles of LDGs in common autoimmune diseases and methods for removing LDGs from PBMCs.

Methods

The percentages of LDGs in PBMCs from 55 patients with dermatomyositis (DM), 15 with polymyositis (PM), 42 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 25 with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and 19 healthy controls were determined by flow cytometry. Three methods of removing LDGs were explored and compared. After removal, PBMCs from six patients with positive T-SPOT.TB were tested again to find out if LDGs contained in the PBMCs could influence T lymphocyte reactions.

Results

Significantly higher LDG percentages were found in PBMCs from patients with DM ((8.41±10.87)%, P<0.0001), PM ((8.41±10.39)%, P<0.0001), RA ((4.05±6.97)%, P=0.0249), and SLE ((7.53±11.52)%, P=0.0006), compared with the controls ((1.28±0.73)%). The T-SPOT.TB values significantly decreased after LDGs were removed. Increasing relative centrifugal force (RCF) within a limited range can decrease the LDG percentage from an initial high level, but not markedly increase the LDG clearance rate. Compared with the whole blood sediment method, the PBMC adherence method can significantly remove LDGs yet scarcely influence the T lymphocyte percentage in PBMCs.

Conclusion

The LDG percentage in PBMCs is significantly increased in patients with SLE, DM, PM, and RA. The influence of LDGs on T lymphocytes cannot be ignored in PBMC cultures. The adherence method is a simple and easy-to-use method for removing LDGs and purifying T lymphocytes from PBMCs.

     

Game-Based Learning in Virtual Worlds: A Multiuser Online Game for Medical Undergraduate Radiology Education within Second Life

Game-based learning can have a positive impact on medical education, and virtual worlds have great potential for supporting immersive online games. It is necessary to reinforce current medical students' knowledge about radiological anatomy and radiological signs. To meet this need, the objectives of this study were: to design a competition-based game in the virtual world, Second Life and to analyze the students' perceptions of Second Life and the game, as well as to analyze the medium-term retention of knowledge and the potential impact on the final grades. Ninety out of 197 (45.6%) third-year medical students voluntarily participated in an online game based on self-guided presentations and multiple-choice tests over six 6-day stages. Participants and non-participants were invited to perform an evaluation questionnaire about the experience and a post-exposure knowledge test. Participants rated the experience with mean scores equal to or higher than 8.1 on a 10-point scale, highlighting the professor (9.5 ± 1.1; mean ± SD) and the virtual environment (8.9 ± 1.1). Participants had better results in the post-exposure test than non-participants (59.0 ± 13.5 versus 45.3 ± 11.5; P < 0.001) and a lower percentage of answers left blank (6.7 ± 8.4 versus 13.1 ± 12.9; P = 0.014). Competitive game-based learning within Second Life is an effective and well-accepted means of teaching core radiological anatomy and radiological signs content to medical students. The higher medium-term outcomes obtained by participants may indicate effective learning with the game. Additionally, valuable positive perceptions about the game, the educational contents, and the potential benefit for their education were discovered among non-participants.     

植物转基因技术生产疫苗进展

转基因植物疫苗是将植物基因工程技术与机体免疫机理相结合,把外源基因引入植物体内,产生能使人体获得特异免疫能力的新疫苗,和其它疫苗相比,具有廉价、安全、有效等优点。传统的植物基因工程疫苗产量低,通过基因工程提出了新的改进方法。在最近的研究中,越来越多的抗原蛋白在植物中得到了表达,进入了动物和人体实验。     

Exploring English and Spanish rhyme awareness and beginning sound segmentation skills in prekindergarten Spanish-speaking English Learners

Twenty-five 4- and 5-year-old Spanish-speaking English Learners (ELs) were tested in order to compare their English and Spanish performance in two phonological awareness skills: Rhyme awareness (RA) and beginning sound segmentation (BSS). The children had received formal instruction of phonological awareness, with an emphasis on RA and BSS for 1 year and in English only, using the Opening the World of Learning curriculum (Schickedanz & Dickinson, 2005). The results showed that the children scored higher on the English BSS than on the English RA tests (p < .001), even though RA is generally considered to be an earlier developing skill than BSS among English-monolingual children. No significant difference was found between the English BSS and Spanish BSS tests despite the fact that the children had received English-only instruction in these phonological awareness skills for 1 year. The results are discussed in terms of the possible impact of the similarities and differences between the Spanish and English linguistic structures on the learning and cross-linguistic transfer of phonological awareness skills in young Spanish-speaking ELs.