本土市场规模影响技术创新的途径:一个理论分析框架

研究得出本土市场规模通过多种途径影响技术创新:第一,大的本土市场规模能够降低技术创新成本,激发企业创新动力;第二,大的本土市场规模易于形成竞争性的市场结构,从而利于技术创新;第三,本土市场规模和需求特点制约技术创新类别;第四,本土市场规模直接制约技术创新的宏观、中观和微观环境,进而影响创新效率;最后,本土市场规模制约创新成果的转化,并为创新群的生存提供市场空间。因此,应该采取措施拓展和保护我国本土市场规模,以提高技术创新实践能力。     

本土需求能倒逼企业创新能力的可持续成长吗?

现有需求驱动创新理论尽管讨论了发达国家情境下消费者偏好、市场差异、市场缝隙、需求规模和增长以及需求多样性对企业技术创新的影响,然而,对后发国家管理情境下本土需求与企业技术创新能力成长的关系缺乏深入探讨。本文从国内外市场需求差异性与本土需求空间成长性两个维度描述本土需求,并通过小容量洗衣机和大吸力吸油烟机两个白色家电行业的案例研究发现:本土需求对技术创新能力的正向影响具有时效性。国内外市场需求差异性小、本土空间成长性弱且被主流市场拒绝的本土需求对技术创新具有短期效应,国内外市场需求差异性大、本土空间成长性强且被主流市场采纳的本土需求对技术创新具有长期效应。本文的研究打破了需求单一因素的格局,扩展了传统基于某一时点得到的本土需求促进技术创新的研究,采用需求差异性与需求成长性的交互作用,构建起本土需求特征分析的四象限框架,对后发企业正确判断本土需求的价值具有理论指导和实践启示意义。     

产业聚集对技术创新能力的影响及其区域差异

本文用2001—2012年中国省级制造业面板数据,研究了产业聚集对技术创新能力的影响及其区域差异。理论分析表明:产业聚集能有效推动协同创新,促进知识的产生;有利于知识和技术的溢出与扩散,从而推动技术创新。实证分析显示,在控制了科技人员投入、科技经费投入、外商直接投资和制度创新等条件下,产业聚集显著促进技术创新;分区域比较分析表明,产业聚集对技术创新能力的影响存在明显的区域差异:东部地区产业聚集对技术创新能力的促进作用大于中西部地区。结合当前东部地区产业聚集水平和技术创新能力明显高于中西部地区的事实,推导出地区间技术创新能力的差异将进一步扩大。     

城市化促进技术创新的机制及证据

摘要：创新的作用日显突出，提升技术创新能力是实现可持续发展的重要途径。城市相对于乡村的多种优势特征，有利于技术创新的产生；城市化创造的良好环境，能够加速创新扩散。相关分析及因果检验显示：城市化与技术创新高度正相关，城市化构成技术创新水平提高的格兰杰原因；城市规模越大，创新能力越强。创新投入产出模型的时序及面板数据分析发现，城市化对技术创新具有正向促进效应，城市规模、开放程度及地区差异也对创新产出产生显著影响。结论对于合理推进城市化、培育技术创新优势具有启示意义。     

外资研发、技术创新资源投入与本土企业创新绩效的关系研究

以我国1998～2008年30个省级行政区域的大中型工业企业数据为样本,通过构建结构方程模型,对外资研发、技术创新资源投入与我国本土企业创新绩效之间的内在关联进行实证分析。结果显示:包括R&D投入和非R&D投入在内的技术创新资源投入对提升我国本土企业创新绩效具有显著的直接正向影响;外资研发通过显著促进我国本土企业技术创新资源投入,进而对提升我国本土企业创新绩效产生显著的间接正向影响;与此同时,我国各区域本土企业创新绩效对外资研发具有显著的吸引作用。根据实证研究结论,为在开放式创新环境下提升我国本土企业创新绩效,提出了针对性的对策建议。     

剥离环境因素的高技术产业技术创新效率评价——以我国西部地区为例

传统数据包络分析(DEA)和随机前沿分析(SFA)由于无法消除环境因素和随机误差的影响从而导致测评结果不真实。采用二者相结合的三阶段DEA模型,对我国西部地区高技术产业创新效率及其影响因素进行测度研究。研究结果表明:我国西部地区高技术产业技术创新效率总体处于较低水平且创新投入规模不足是制约创新效率提升的主要瓶颈;政府支持和地区经济发展水平不利于创新资源冗余减少,而市场开放度可显著促进创新效率提升,同时企业规模的扩大有利于减少人力投入冗余,对财力、物力投入冗余的减少有负向促进作用。进一步按纯技术效率和规模效率将我国西部地区高技术产业技术创新效率划分为4种不同类型。最后,就分析结果提出相应的对策建议。     

FDI嵌入集群情境下本土高新技术企业创新投入的影响因素研究——以长三角地区为例

利用长三角地区3 124家本土高新技术企业的数据研究FDI嵌入集群情境下本土高新技术企业创新投入的影响因素.研究表明:FDI嵌入集群情境能够促进集群中本土高新技术企业创新投入强度的提高;内外资高新技术企业间的技术差距与本土高新技术企业创新投入之间呈显著正相关关系;而本土高新技术企业的绝对技术水平、成立年限、已经拥有的专利数、规模大小和是否采用合作创新方式等也是影响企业创新投入的重要因素.     

区域创新系统投入与创新能力的关系研究

区域创新系统人力和财力投入是创新环境的重要因素。我国区域创新系统人力和财力投入同发达国家和地区差距较大,制约了区域技术创新能力的提高。本文从定量的角度分析区域创新系统人力和财力投入与创新产出的关系认为增加投入能够有效促进区域技术创新能力的提高。,     

国内市场规模对技术创新的影响

技术创新受国内市场规模影响,大的市场规模更具技术创新的优势。第一,大的国内市场规模能够降低技术创新成本与创新风险;第二, 大的国内市场规模易于形成竞争性的市场结构,从而利于技术创新;第三,国内市场规模和需求特点制约技术创新类别;第四,国内市场规模直接制约技术创新的宏观、中观和微观环境,进而影响创新效率;最后,国内市场规模制约创新成果的转化,并为创新群的生存提供市场空间。因此,我国应该采取措施,拓展国内市场规模,以提高技术创新能力。     

税收激励对企业技术创新的影响机理研究

提出了分析影响技术创新投人因素的内在动力、企业能力、外部推力及其关系的“三力分析模型”,在此基础上构建了企业技术创新税收政策作用机理的分析模型．税收激励一方面通过提高企业技术创新收益预期、分担创新投入风险,从而影响企业创新投入的内在动力;另一方面,通过对创新资金的供给和人力资本需求的积极影响,从而改善企业技术创新的能力．利益驱动和能力支持,将最终影响企业创新投入决策,进而达到通过税收激励促进企业技术进步的政策目标．各种税收优惠方式对技术创新投入的激励效应是有所不同的．     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

To serve and promote science development via innovation

CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

Tracing the origin and early radiation of birds——Paleornithologist ZHOU Zhonghe

With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants."     

The Information Environment and Universal Service

This essay focuses on universal service and the Internet as means to support social and political participation. The emphasis on access to telecommunications systems in conventional approaches to universal service is contrasted with access to content. A model of the information environment is described that accounts for the roles of content and conduit, both of which are necessary conditions to achieve true access. A method is outlined for employing information indicators to observe or measure the information environment.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.