我国优秀双人滑男运动员落冰及模仿训练肌电特征研究

目的：探讨花样滑冰跳跃动作落冰过程中肌肉的工作特征及相关陆地模仿的训练效果。方法：以我国优秀双人滑男运动员张某为研究对象,利用 Mega ME6000肌电测试仪对其完成后外点冰两周跳、陆地两周跳、凳上跃起动作落地过程支撑腿落地后0.8 s内双侧胫骨前肌、腓肠肌外侧头、股直肌、股二头肌、臀大肌、竖脊肌、腹外斜肌和腹直肌的表面肌电信号进行采集,通过MegaWin2.4对原始数据进行处理分析。结果：完成专项动作时积分面积较大的8块肌肉依次为右侧股二头肌、右侧股直肌、右侧腓肠肌外侧头、左侧股二头肌、右侧胫骨前肌、右侧臀大肌、左侧臀大肌和右侧竖脊肌,多数工作肌的积分肌电峰值出现在落冰后的0.4 s左右;完成专项动作各肌肉积分面积与凳上跃起动作具有较高相关性（r=0.578,P=0.019）,与 陆地两周跳动作不相关;肌肉贡献度较大的肌肉中,专项动作与两种陆地模仿动作相比,支撑腿股二头肌、股直肌和腓肠肌外侧头的平均积分肌电 值明显偏高,积分肌电峰值出现时间不同。结论：完成后外点冰两周跳落冰动作的主要工作肌为支撑腿各肌群、同侧竖脊肌及摆动腿的股二头肌、臀大肌;凳上跃起和陆地两周跳两种陆地模仿练习的肌肉工作特征与专项动作有一定差异,可作为辅助训练手段,但不宜过多采用。     

我国优秀短距离速滑运动员直道滑冰腿部肌肉肌电特征研究

运用表面肌电和高速摄影同步技术,结合功能解剖学,分析短距离运动员直道滑冰单步周期腿部肌电特征。结果：（1）左腿振幅峰值前4的肌肉依次是股内肌、股外肌、胫骨前肌和腓肠肌,右腿振幅峰值前4的肌肉依次是股内肌、胫骨前肌、股外肌和腓肠肌,左、右腿振幅峰值最小的都是臀大肌;（2）单步周期腿部肌肉有效放电时间最长的都是胫骨前肌,最短的都是臀大肌;（3）单步周期腿部肌肉贡献度最大的肌肉依次是股内肌、胫骨前肌和股外肌。结论：（1）单步周期腿部肌肉振幅峰值都出现在蹬冰期,股四头肌和股后肌群在重心转移和蹬冰2个阶段都出现近似的振幅峰值,两者处于共激活状态,因此在训练实践中也要同步发展股后肌群力量;（2）单步周期中,股内肌、胫骨前肌和股外肌在腿部肌肉中有效放电时间最长、做功 最大,在完成单步周期动作时作用最大,臀大肌有效放电时间最短,做功最小,在完成单步周期动作时作用最小,但在训练实践中,胫骨前肌的作用被 低估,臀大肌的作用被高估;（3）运动员左、右腿单步周期动作模式一致,但摆动期左腿更主动,蹬冰期腿部肌肉的具体协调模式不同,在实践训练中设计练习方式时要注意左、右腿的差异。     

我国部分优秀男子跳远运动员起跳环节肌肉用力特征

通过表面肌电遥测和高速摄影同步测试,揭示优秀跳远运动员起跳环节肌肉用力特征.结果显示:在起跳环节中,股外侧肌、股内侧肌、股二头肌、比目鱼肌、腓肠肌是起跳腿的主要用力肌肉;在起跳腿即将着地前,所测肌肉均有较明显的预激活现象;着地后,肌肉用力的激活顺序依次为胫骨前肌、股二头肌与股内侧肌、股外侧肌、比目鱼肌、腓肠肌内侧头、股直肌、臀大肌;肌肉用力的失活顺序依次为胫骨前肌、股直肌、股内侧肌、股外侧肌、臀大肌、腓肠肌、股二头肌、比目鱼肌;肌肉用力持续时间长短依次为股二头肌、比目鱼肌、股外侧肌、腓肠肌内侧头和股内侧肌、臀大肌、股直肌、胫骨前肌.起跳腿拮抗肌共同收缩的特征为:缓冲阶段踝关节拮抗肌共同收缩最强烈,而在蹬伸阶段膝关节拮抗肌共同收缩最强烈.     

隋盛胜扣半高球起跳与杠铃蹲起和跳深动作下肢表面肌电特征对比分析

运用文献资料法和测试法等,对原中国男排主攻队员隋盛胜在完成扣半高球起跳技术和杠铃深蹲及跳深动作中下肢肌肉表面肌电特征进行了综合研究。研究结果表明:隋盛胜扣半高球起跳所测肌肉中,积分肌电值和贡献率最大的是股二头肌,其次是臀大肌和股直肌。在缓冲阶段,臀大肌贡献最大,在蹬伸阶段,股二头肌贡献最大;杠铃深蹲和跳深动作均与扣球起跳技术的积分肌电值和贡献率不完全一致,相比之下,杠铃深蹲更接近于起跳;杠铃深蹲动作对发展股直肌效果最好。跳深动作对发展臀大肌效果最好;杠铃慢速深蹲对发展股直肌、臀大肌、股二头肌、半腱肌和腓肠肌外侧头比杠铃常速深蹲更为有效。23cm跳深对发展股直肌、臀大肌、股二头肌、半腱肌和腓肠肌外侧头比48cm和58cm跳深更为有效。     

“欧洲步”上篮蹬地斜跨步动作下肢运动特征研究

近年来,越来越多的篮球运动员在赛场上运用“欧洲步”上篮动作取分,本研究应用生物力学方法,运用Delsys表面肌电测试仪、Motion红外光点高速运动捕捉测试系统和Kistler测力台同步采集一级篮球运动员“欧洲步”动作的各项生物力学数据,着重对蹬地斜跨步这一环节进行量化分析,研究发现:“欧洲步”上篮蹬地腿一侧肌肉激活和募集程度要强于异侧;膝关节和踝关节的关节角度变化幅度较大;该动作足底在水平方向上发力作用明显。建议运动员有针对性地对腓肠肌进行锻炼,强化蹬伸能力;加强臀大肌、股二头肌的力量以及髋关节处肌肉的延展性,以增强动作稳定性;提升胫骨前肌的肌肉耐力,以防运动性疲劳带来相应的损伤;加强膝、踝关节处的力量训练,或佩戴护具;适当减速,注重动作节奏。     

竞技健美操C组难度动作表面肌电特征研究

目的通过测试竞技健美操一级运动员完成C组跳与跃中的科萨克跳、屈体分腿跳、剪式变身跳,分析在起跳、腾空、落地阶段中下肢主要发力肌肉的表面肌电特征变化。方法采用无线表面肌电仪对16名男子竞技健美操运动员完成3个难度分别在起跳、腾空、落地阶段中下肢左右腿主要发力的8块肌肉(股直肌、股外侧肌、股二头肌、腓肠肌等)的表面肌电特征进行分析。结果 (1)科萨克跳在起跳阶段贡献率较高的肌肉是右腿的股直肌、股外侧肌、腓肠肌和左腿的股直肌,腾空阶段贡献率较高的肌肉是左腿的股直肌、股外侧肌和腓肠肌,落地阶段贡献率较高的肌肉是左腿的股直肌、腓肠肌和右腿股直肌;(2)屈体分腿跳起跳阶段贡献率较大的是右腿的股直肌和腓肠肌,腾空阶段贡献率较大的肌肉是股外侧肌,落地阶段贡献率较大的肌肉是股直肌;(3)剪式变身跳起跳阶段无右腿的肌电图变化,贡献率最高的是左腿腓肠肌,腾空阶段贡献率较高的是右腿股直肌和股外侧肌,落地阶段贡献率最高的是右腿股直肌。腾空和落地阶段中,右腿肌肉贡献率比左侧同一肌肉贡献率相对较高。结论在完成科萨克跳和屈体分腿跳难度动作起跳阶段时,要求运动员股直肌和腓肠肌有较高的爆发力,腾空和落地阶段中,科萨克跳需要加强左腿肌肉力量;屈体分腿跳在训练中要注意运动员左右腿发力相同,以保证左右腿空中姿态的平衡;在完成剪式变身跳时,主要发力部位从左腿(起跳腿)过渡到右腿(前伸腿)。在训练中要加强主要发力肌肉力量训练,完成难度动作过程中主要发力肌肉与其他肌肉协调配合发力,提高运动员对身体的控制能力和动作表现力。     

跆拳道高水平运动员后横踢技术动作的肌力特征

运用JE-TB0810八通道肌电采集测试系统和ISOMED2000等速测试训练系统,对两名国际健将级跆拳道运动员分别进行肌电和等速肌力测试,旨在确定跆拳道运动员后横踢技术动作的主要发力肌肉、肌肉用力持续时间、肌肉用力大小以及肌肉用力的协调性;其次是诊断影响后横踢技术动作的髋、膝关节在不同运动速度下肌力的屈伸比例、异侧同名肌群的肌力比例和肌肉功率特征.研究发现:在后横踢左脚前右脚后的实战动作技术中,主要发力肌肉是右股二头肌、左右侧臀大肌、右股直肌、左右股内侧肌、左股直肌、腓肠肌.在诊断分析影响后横踢技术动作时,需要考虑髋、膝关节屈伸肌力和做功功率的平衡性,以及左右侧同名肌群肌力和功率的大小.     

优秀体操运动员平衡木交换腿结环跳动作的肌电特征分析

目的：分析运动员在起跳、腾空、落木3个阶段各肌肉的肌电特征与肌电参数，为体操运动员技术诊断和教练员合理安排训练提供科学依据。方法：采用数理统计、实验测试等方法，借助NORAXON UItium EMG表面肌电采集分析系统等实验仪器对5名体操运动员完成交换腿结环跳动作主要发力肌肉的表面肌电特征进行分析。结果：(1)在起跳阶段左股二头肌、2侧三角肌、右股直肌和左腓肠肌的iEMG值较大、贡献率较高，是主要的做功肌群，2侧三角肌、肱桡肌用力均衡(P>0.05);(2)腾空阶段右股二头肌、右腓肠肌、左股直肌和左腓肠肌对维持空中姿势与身体稳定贡献比重较大(P<0.05),腿部肌群在此阶段占据主导作用；(3)在落木阶段左右三角肌的贡献率分别达到21.38%、20.63%,远高于其它肌群是主要的做功肌肉。结论：在交换腿结环跳过程中三角肌表现出极高的协调性，是维持运动员身体姿势平衡的重要因素，加强手臂肌群的力量和协调性练习，有助于运动员落木平稳和动作之间的连接。     

柔道运动员投技中大外刈技术的表面肌电分析

以北京体育大学8名柔道运动员为研究对象,分为优秀组和普通组各4名,采用表面肌电测试方法并结合运动解剖学的基本理论对两组运动员柔道投技大外刈技术进行量化分析和评价,得出以下结论与建议:(1)sEMG信号分析中时域指标RMS和贡献率(work/loading)能较好反映柔道等复杂技术动作中肌肉的用力情况.(2)大外刈技术中两侧腹直肌、右侧腹外斜肌、肱二头肌、肱三头肌、臀大肌、股二头肌、腓肠肌内侧以及左侧三角肌后束、臀大肌、股直肌是主要用力肌肉,运动员在训练中应加强以上肌肉的练习.(3)普通组运动员左侧三角肌后束、左侧腹直肌、右侧肱二头肌力量过于薄弱,这可能是造成其技术不够成熟的因素之一,今后训练中应注意加强.(4)运动员在强化针对性肌肉力量练习的同时,除选择一般力量训练方法外,应多尝试采用适合柔道大外刈技术的专项力量训练方法,如拉滑车、爬绳、立卧撑等.     

三种深蹲动作模式肌电特征的研究

目的：对3种不同深蹲模式进行肌电测试,以期探讨不同模式下动作的合理性,为教学、训练提供一定的理论依据。方法：本文运用文献资料法、实验法和数理统计法对不同模式的肌电测试进行对比分析研究。结果：动作模式1与动作模式2相比,股内侧肌、股直肌、股外侧肌、臀大肌有非常显著性差异（P〈0.01）,股二头肌有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。动作模式1与动作模式3相比,股内侧肌、股直肌、股外侧肌、臀大肌有非常显著性差异（P〈0.01）,股二头肌有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。动作模式2与动作模式3相比,股内侧肌、臀大肌有非常显著性差异（P〈0.01）,股直肌、股外侧肌有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,股二头肌没有显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论：3种不同模式深蹲动作的股外侧肌、股直肌、股内侧肌、股二头肌、臀大肌的积分肌电数值表现出显著性差异,动作模式3优于其它两种动作模式。在深蹲训练中强调臀部肌肉的主动收缩,才能更好的提高下肢力量的作用。     

Changes in muscle activity with increasing running speed

Electromyographic (EMG) activity of the leg muscles and the ground reaction forces were recorded in 17 elite male middle-distance runners, who performed isometric maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) as well as running at different speeds. Electromyograms were recorded from the gluteus maximus, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior. The results indicated that the averaged EMG (aEMG) activities of all the muscles studied increased (P < 0.05) with increasing running speed, especially in the pre-contact and braking phases. At higher speeds, the aEMG activities of the gastrocnemius, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris and gluteus maximus exceeded 100% MVC in these same phases. These results suggest that maximal voluntary contractions cannot be used as an indicator of the full activation potential of human skeletal muscle. Furthermore, the present results suggest that increased pre-contact EMG potentiates the functional role of stretch reflexes, which subsequently increases tendomuscular stiffness and enhances force production in the braking and/or propulsive phases in running. Furthermore, a more powerful force production in the optimal direction for increasing running speed effectively requires increased EMG activity of the two-joint muscles (biceps femoris, rectus femoris and gastrocnemius) during the entire running cycle.     

Changes in muscle activity with increasing running speed

Electromyographic (EMG) activity of the leg muscles and the ground reaction forces were recorded in 17 elite male middle-distance runners, who performed isometric maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) as well as running at different speeds. Electromyograms were recorded from the gluteus maximus, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior. The results indicated that the averaged EMG (aEMG) activities of all the muscles studied increased (P?<?0.05) with increasing running speed, especially in the pre-contact and braking phases. At higher speeds, the aEMG activities of the gastrocnemius, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris and gluteus maximus exceeded 100% MVC in these same phases. These results suggest that maximal voluntary contractions cannot be used as an indicator of the full activation potential of human skeletal muscle. Furthermore, the present results suggest that increased pre-contact EMG potentiates the functional role of stretch reflexes, which subsequently increases tendomuscular stiffness and enhances force production in the braking and/or propulsive phases in running. Furthermore, a more powerful force production in the optimal direction for increasing running speed effectively requires increased EMG activity of the two-joint muscles (biceps femoris, rectus femoris and gastrocnemius) during the entire running cycle.     

Lower limb muscle activity during table tennis strokes

This study aimed to compare the muscle activity of lower limbs across typical table tennis strokes. Fourteen high-level players participated in this study in which five typical strokes (backhand top, forehand top, forehand spin, forehand smash, flick) were analysed. Surface electromyography activity (EMG) of eight muscles was recorded (gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, gastrocnemius medialis, gastrocnemius lateralis, soleus) and normalised to the maximal activity measured during squat jump or isometric maximal voluntary contractions. The forehand spin, the forehand top and the forehand smash exhibited significant higher EMG amplitude when compared with other strokes. Both biceps femoris and gluteus maximus were strongly activated during the smash, forehand spin and forehand top (from 62.8 to 91.7% of maximal EMG activity). Both vastii and rectus femoris were moderately to strongly activated during the forehand spin (from 50.4 to 62.2% of maximal EMG activity) whereas gastrocnemii and soleus exhibited the highest level of activity during the smash (from 67.1 to 92.1% of maximal EMG activity). Our study demonstrates that offensive strokes, such as smash or forehand top, exhibit higher levels of activity than other strokes.     

Electromyographic analysis of lower limb muscles during the golf swing performed with three different clubs

The aim of this study was to describe and compare the EMG patterns of select lower limb muscles throughout the golf swing, performed with three different clubs, in non-elite middle-aged players. Fourteen golfers performed eight swings each using, in random order, a pitching wedge, 7-iron and 4-iron. Surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded bilaterally from lower limb muscles: tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, gastrocnemius medialis, gastrocnemius lateralis, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, gluteus maximus, vastus medialis, rectus femoris and vastus lateralis. Three-dimensional high-speed video analysis was used to determine the golf swing phases. Results showed that, in average handicap golfers, the highest muscle activation levels occurred during the Forward Swing Phase, with the right semitendinosus and the right biceps femoris muscles producing the highest mean activation levels relative to maximal electromyography (70–76% and 68–73% EMG_MAX, respectively). Significant differences between the pitching wedge and the 4-iron club were found in the activation level of the left semitendinosus, right tibialis anterior, right peroneus longus, right vastus medialis, right rectus femuris and right gastrocnemius muscles. The lower limb muscles showed, in most cases and phases, higher mean values of activation on electromyography when golfers performed shots with a 4-iron club.     

短跑运动员股后肌群力量练习的下肢肌电特征分析

采用芬兰产Mega6000肌电仪和肌电仪器自带的Megawin2.4软件系统,让实验对象在做大腿后部肌群的力量练习手段如直腿后摆拉橡皮条、俯卧屈小腿拉橡皮条、俯卧后摆腿、俯卧跪起和仰卧挺髋力量练习手段的状态下,对实验对象的臀大肌、股二头肌、半腱半膜肌、腓肠肌内侧、阔筋膜张肌、股直肌和胫骨前肌进行肌电测试,并结合高速摄影技术分析肌电特征和肌肉的工作机制。结果表明,各块肌肉在力量练习过程中放电顺序、放电强度、放电时间、肌电积分值都不相同。因此,在力量训练时,应根据动作结构、肌肉收缩方式、收缩速度和力量大小等方面进行训练,使训练手段更能符合专项运动的规律。     

Electromyographic analysis of hip adductor muscles in soccer instep and side-foot kicking

ABSTRACT

A possible link between soccer-specific injuries, such as groin pain and the action of hip adductor muscles has been suggested. This study aimed to investigate neuromuscular activation of the adductor magnus (AM) and longus (AL) muscles during instep and side-foot soccer kicks. Eight university soccer players performed the two types of kick at 50%, 75% and 100% of the maximal ball speed. Surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded from the AM, AL, vastus lateralis (VL) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles of both kicking and supporting legs and the kicking motions were three-dimensionally captured. In the kicking leg, an increase in surface EMG with an increase in ball speed during instep kicking was noted in the AM muscle (p < 0.016), but not in AL, VL or BF muscles (p > 0.016). In the supporting leg, surface EMG of both AM and AL muscles was significantly increased with an increase in the ball speed before ball impact during both instep and side-foot kicks (p < 0.016). These results suggest that hip adductor muscles markedly contribute to either the kicking or supporting leg to emphasise the action of soccer kicks.     

Patterns of Lower Limb Muscle Activity in Young Boys during a One Foot Static Balance Task

Abstract

Activity patterns of four major muscles were studied in the support leg during a standard one foot balance test. Electromyographic (EMG) activity of the tibialis anterior (TA), peroneus longus (PL), gluteus medius (GM), and adductor magnus (AM) was recorded from 10 boys (aged 7-9 yr) during 30 s balance trials. Rectified, low-pass filtered EMG data, converted to percentages of maximum contractions, were used to establish muscle activation patterns. The results showed that lateral shifts in balance were primarily mediated by the ankle musculature, while the hip muscles appeared to stabilize the pelvis. Immediately prior to lateral shifts of the center of pressure (COP), the activity of each ankle muscle was similar to the activity of the following pose. The hip muscles, however, were not consistently linked to ankle activity. Thus, the control of one-legged lateral balance does not rely on fixed hip-ankle synergies.     

Lumbopelvic muscle activation patterns in adolescent fast bowlers

Introduction: Adolescent fast bowlers are prone to sustaining lumbar injuries. Numerous components have been identified as contributing factors; however, there is limited empirical evidence outlining how the muscles of the lumbopelvic region, which play a vital role in stabilising the spine, function during the bowling action and the influence of such activation on injuries in the fast bowler. Methods: Surface electromyography was utilised to measure the function of the lumbar erector spinae, lumbar multifidus, gluteus medius and gluteus maximus muscles bilaterally during the fast bowling action in a group of 35 cricket fast bowlers aged 12–16 years. Results: Two prominent periods of activation occurred in each of the muscles examined. The period of greatest mean activation in the erector spinae and multifidus occurred near back foot contact (BFC) and within the post-ball-release (BR) phase. The period of greatest mean activation for the gluteus medius and gluteus maximus occurred during phases of ipsilateral foot contact. Discussion: The greatest periods of muscle activation in the paraspinal and gluteal muscles occurred at times where vertical forces were high such as BFC, and in the phases near BR where substantial shear forces are present. Conclusion: The posterior muscles within the lumbopelvic region appear to play a prominent role during the bowling action, specifically when compressive and shear forces are high. Further research is required to substantiate these findings and establish the role of the lumbopelvic muscles in the aetiology of lumbar injury in the cricket fast bowler.     

Cold-water immersion alters muscle recruitment and balance of basketball players during vertical jump landing

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of cold-water immersion on the electromyographic (EMG) response of the lower limb and balance during unipodal jump landing. The evaluation comprised 40 individuals (20 basketball players and 20 non-athletes). The EMG response in the lateral gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, fibular longus, rectus femoris, hamstring and gluteus medius; amplitude and mean speed of the centre of pressure, flight time and ground reaction force (GRF) were analysed. All volunteers remained for 20 min with their ankle immersed in cold-water, and were re-evaluated immediately post and after 10, 20 and 30 min of reheating. The Shapiro–Wilk test, Friedman test and Dunn’s post test (P < 0.05) were used. The EMG response values decreased for the lateral gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, fibular longus and rectus femoris of both athletes and non-athletes (P < 0.05). The comparison between the groups showed that the EMG response was lower for the athletes. Lower jump flight time and GRF, greater amplitude and mean speed of centre of pressure were predominant in the athletes. Cold-water immersion decreased the EMG activity of the lower limb, flight time and GRF and increased the amplitude and mean speed of centre of pressure.