英国与"四国公约"(1933.3-7)

1933年7月英、法、德、意四国"谅解与合作公约"的缔结,是希特勒上台后欧洲大国间第一次外交互动的产物.英国出于挽救裁军大会的考虑,对意大利倡议的"四国公约"极力推崇,并在协调法德分歧、促成公约的缔结等方面发挥了主导作用.虽然"四国公约"最终因法德两国政府拒绝批准而成为一纸空文,但英国在"四国公约"问题上的表现,却从一个侧面折射出德国纳粹势力上台初期,英国对外政策的基本走向即力图通过促成普遍裁军来实现欧洲大国间的和解,从而避免可能的战争风险.     

法、英、德、意四国教育部长构想欧洲大学

在法国著名大学巴黎大学创建800周年之际,法国大学校长联席会于1998年5月24—25日在巴黎(索邦)大学举行题为“面向欧洲大学”的研讨会。法国及英国、德国、意大利四国教育部长出席会议,并联合发表声明,表示要加强四国大学学生和教师的交流,促成大课程和文凭的对等与协调。     

对1933年《关于难民国际地位的公约》的历史考察

20世纪20年代国际难民法的发展已经初露端倪,主张由国际联盟主持缔结国际难民公约的思想发轫于这个时期。30年代初欧洲局势的紧张导致难民处境恶化,使得公约的缔结更为迫切。从制定过程来看,1933年难民公约最终缔结是多方参与的结果,其中非政府组织和个人发挥了关键性作用。     

世界资本主义大国的外交政策

一、英国的势力均衡政策势力均衡政策是英国传统的、历时最久的外交政策。1.含义:势力均衡政策是指英国为维持霸主地位,凭借自己的经济和军事实力,使欧洲大国之间相互牵制和争夺,防止一国称霸欧洲的外交政策。2.实施:从拿破仑帝国崛起到“二战”结束,英国长期推行这一政策。先后经历了联合抗法(拿破仑战争时期组织反法同盟打败法国)→联合败俄(克里米亚战争中联合法国打败俄国)→联合抗德(19世纪末20世纪初联合法俄击败德国)→扶德抑法(“一战”后反对法国过分削弱德国,从政治、经济方面对德国加以扶植)→纵德反苏(20世纪30年代纵容德国法西…     

法俄同盟形成的原因

1893年法俄同盟的形成是近代国际关系史上的重大事件，它是欧洲两大军事集团开始对峙的标志，并促成了20世纪初协约国的出现，导致了第一次世界大战的爆发。1870年的普法战争以法兰西第二帝国失败告终。战争震动了整个欧洲，破坏了欧洲大陆上的均势，促成了欧洲各国力量的重新组合。战后，法德矛盾成为欧洲大陆的主要矛盾，曾声称“不须结盟”的法国面临被德国彻底摧毁的危险，开始积极寻找同盟。     

一堂历史课的启示

在一次教研活动中，我们听了这样一堂历史课：内容是“20年代欧洲的国际关系”。当讲到西方大国对德国赔款问题的态度这一难点时，老师把学生分成四个小组，分别站在英。法、德、美四国立场上，运用学过的知识分头讨论，做“自家的打算”。学生们顿时活跃起来，几乎人人都在思考，纷纷为“自家”出谋划策，然后老师让各组的代表登台发言，将‘咱家”的打算公布于众。在此基础上，老师稍做补充，加以总结。这样，老师没有苦口婆。C地讲，就把这个难点给解决了，总共用了不到6分钟的时间，不但没有影响教学进度，反而激活了课堂气氛，调动了…     

英国为什么不参加"神圣同盟"而参加"四国同盟"

《历史学习》2002年第一期登载了湖南省湘乡一中左丹书提出的一个问题:英国为什么没有参加“神圣同盟”而参加了“四国同盟”?我查阅了一些资料,作以下的解答以供参考。一、英国为什么不参加“神圣同盟”1814年10月1日至1815年6月9日的维也纳会议,由俄、英、普、奥四国操纵。但是欧洲列强在瓜分领土的斗争中出现了错综复杂的矛盾。英国在欧洲长期以来推行“大陆均势”政策,不愿意看到俄国过分强大,希望欧洲大陆几个强国互相倾轧,以便从中操纵,坐收渔人之利,因而积极支持奥国对抗沙俄,反对俄国将其吞并的波兰土地建立波兰王国的计划。法国虽…     

拿破仑时代英俄的殖民侵略及其矛盾

拿破仑时代英俄两国在欧洲大陆与拿破仑进行着殊死搏斗,在对法的态度上基本上是一致的。但是,在争夺殖民地的问题上,却尔虞我诈,勾心斗角,充满了矛盾斗争。一英国是世界上最大的殖民帝国。“英国人关心的主要是殖民地问题”。它利用欧洲大陆在法国大革命和拿破仑帝国兴起后形成的复杂国际局势,缔结各种     

苏联的“边缘化”与第二次世界大战的爆发

苏联的出现引起民了西方资本主义大国的不安，基于意识形态和一战后世界和平的考虑，苏联排斥在巴黎和会之外，这种安排上使苏联处于欧洲的边缘。“边缘化”政策导致欧洲均势的破坏，在某种程度上，促成了二战的爆发。     

美欧在台打“空战”

近来,美国的波音公司与欧洲空中客车公司围绕台湾“华航”的一张购机订单展开了鏖战。“华航”购机案的背后不仅仅是两大航空公司的斗争,美国政府、欧盟中的法、德、英、西四国以及台湾当局都插手其间,一场争夺台湾航空业市场的商战,演变成了赤裸裸的金钱政治大戏。     

Western and Eastern culture differences in commercial field

The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.     

风的曲线

Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.     

汉字倒说

汉字的六书,《说文》对“转注”一类,语焉不详。后世学者提及转注,也仅限于许慎所举出的例字。《汉字例说》一文,作者从转注的角度综合考虑,对部分现代常用字作了分析,跟传统的解释有所不同。希望能抛砖引玉,互相切磋,以推进学术研究。     

团图为数的图中的闭团贯数

Given a graph G,a subgraph C is called a clique of G if C is a complete subgraph of G maximal under inclusion and |C|≥2. A clique-transversal set S of G is a set of vertices of G such that S meets all cliques of G. The clique-transversal number, denoted as TC (G), is the minimum cardinality of a clique-transversal set in G. The clique-graph of G, denoted as K (G), is the graph obtained by taking the cliques of G as vertices, and two vertices are adjacent if and only if the corresponding cliques in G have nonempty intersection. Let F be a class of graphs G such that F={G|K(G) is a tree}. In this paper the graphs in F having independent clique-transversal sets are shown and thus TC (G)/|G|≤1/2 for all G ∈ F.     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

Social and Cultural Influence on Word Meaning

Different nations have different social cultures, and the social culture of every nation is developing with the development of the nation, language is greatly influenced by social culture, which enables language to possess national and historical characteristics. Word is the smallest, independent, meaningful linguistic unit of language. It can well reflect the national and historical characteristics. From synchronic aspect, the social and cultural influence on word meaning is mainly embodied in conceptual and associative meanings of word. The incorrespondence of word meaning is a phenomenon that exists in both conceptual and associative meanings of word among different languages. From diachronic aspect, the development of social culture causes some changes of word meaning to some extent. Therefore, social culture plays a key role in vocabulary learning and mastery of a language.     

钱生钱!

我们绝大部分人都同意一件事情——我们喜欢金钱。但是你对金钱的喜欢之情足够到让你创立一份事业么?.财富通常被人忽视,主要在于人们不能真正了     

Inequalities for inscribed simplexes

The problem on the geometrc inequalities involving an n-dimensional simplex and its inscribed simplex is studied. Aninequality is established, which reveals that the difference between the squared circumradius of the n-dimensional simplex andthe squared distance between its circumcenter and barycenter times the squared circumradius of its inscribed simplex is not lessthan the 2(n-1)th power of n times its squared inradius, and is equal to when the simplex is regular and its inscribed siplex is atangent point one. Deduction from this inequality reaches a generalization of n-dimensional Euler inequality indicating that thecircumradius of the simplex is not less than the n-fold inradius. Another inequality is derived to present the relationship betweenthe circumradius of the n-dimensional simplex and the circumradius and inradius of its pedal simplex.