Sport event legacy: A systematic quantitative review of literature

The study of sport event legacies has grown rapidly since 2000 across a number of disciplines related to planning and hosting large-scale sport events. However, to date, there have been limited attempts to systematically review and synthesise extant sport event legacy research, reflect on existing knowledge, and identify key gaps for future research. In this article, the authors reviewed the state of sport event legacy research through a systematic quantitative review of 305 original, peer-reviewed research articles published in English language journals between 2000 and 2016. Results demonstrate that a small group of academics concentrated in particular countries are driving the publication of studies on sport event legacy in predominately specialised sport and event journals. There is a clear research interest in legacy outcomes realised through hosting sport events in areas of public life, politics, and culture, as well as mass participation sport. The authors identify key areas for future research and make recommendations for empirical research designs to progress scholarship and better inform policy and practice pertaining to sport event legacy.     

Brand image legacies of the 2010 FIFA World CupTM: a long-term assessment

Abstract

There has been limited research on brand legacies of the 2010 FIFA World Cup^TM; hence, this research examined brand image legacies of this tournament in the long run in South Africa in relation to determining the changes in international football tourists’ perceptions of South Africa as result of hosting this event. A quantitative methodology was employed to survey 391 international football tourists at fan parks and stadium precincts in five metropolitan cities in France during the 2016 UEFA European Championship, using a spatially based systematic sampling technique. The findings reveal statistically significant differences in most aspects between football tourists’ perceptions prior to, and six years after, the tournament. International football tourists’ perceptions changed positively six years after the event, including those features that were highlighted as major concerns prior to the tournament. The key findings of this study have a wider applicability to sport mega-events legacy research and body of knowledge.     

A qualitative study of the impact of the London 2012 Olympics on families in the East Midlands of England: lessons for sports development policy and practice

The dynamics and culture of families are central to individual and community sport and physical activity participation. This research project examined the lived experiences and day-to-day realities of the London 2012 Olympics from the perspectives of five families in the East Midlands region of England. The aims of the project were to assess the influence the Games had on shaping family sports participation, influencing social and health relationships within the families through sports and reactions to the 2012 Olympics. The study was conducted through the generation of rich qualitative data from pre- and post-Games interviews as well as production of video diary data by the families and young people themselves to gather micro-level information on the realities of ‘legacy’ for families. Findings from this research project illustrate that prior parental socialisation into sport shaped current attitudes to legacy and children and mothers and fathers had mixed reactions to the actual presence of legacy. There are also clear sports development challenges around accessibility, cost, project design, the non-family-friendly nature of some schemes present during the potential consumption of legacy that have consequences for future research in this embryonic area. Implications from the study include the need to locate the family as a more central concern for policy makers in sports development practice. The study has questioned the assumed virtuous legacy of the London 2012 Games from the perspective of families on a day-to-day micro-level. Instead, a far more complex and diverse picture from the perspective of the family has been presented that requires further critical research on this little explored topic of policy and practice in sports development.     

遗产层摞与创造:北京2022年冬奥会和冬残奥会遗产战略研究

作为国际奥委会《奥林匹克2020议程》颁布后首届全面规划管理奥运遗产的盛会,北京冬奥会提出的“创造丰厚冬奥遗产”理念,在扩展学界对遗产认识新视野的同时,亦为北京冬奥会遗产战略计划的实施提出了新课题,同时也为既往学界提出的遗产层摞与创造理念提供了实践范例。一批有影响、可持续的冬奥遗产价值正在逐步显现,无论是直接遗产还是间接遗产,无论是有形遗产还是无形遗产,均已经或正在对国家、区域和主办城市的发展发挥着积极作用。研究认为,在北京冬奥会筹办过程中提出的创造遗产理念,是以与奥运相关的既往遗产层摞为起点的。对北京2008年奥运会遗产及其相关遗产的层摞,为北京冬奥会筹办提供了遗产传承的基础;而北京冬奥会筹办过程中对遗产的创造,在为其举办一届“精彩、非凡、卓越”奥运盛会提供有利条件的同时,还将继续融入到国家、区域和城市发展之中,成为人民追求幸福美好生活重要、长久的推动力,成为弘扬奥林匹克精神,引领社会文明进步的重要基础。     

A new conceptualization of mega sports event legacy delivery: Wicked problems and critical realist solution

The authors present a new conceptualization of mega sports event legacy delivery, which accounts for the problematic nature of legacy by viewing it as a wicked problem. Research on mega sports event legacy has focused on establishing typologies of legacy, investigating outcomes, and consequences, with limited attention to legacy delivery. The conceptualization of legacy delivery has largely relied on a positive, utopian legacy rhetoric. In contrast, the authors advance the understanding of legacy by proposing a conceptual approach of the legacy delivery process, to enable empirical studies in different contexts to be conducted. Specifically, the authors examine the wicked problem of mega sports event legacy delivery from a Critical Realist perspective, which serves to give meaning and order to this complex process. This conceptualization reveals that legacy delivery is inclusive of deep social structures which underpin different stakeholders’ interpretations and interactions, which produce or limit legacy delivery. The role of social, generative structures as causal mechanisms has not been considered as a way to understand legacy delivery previously. Implications for teaching, research, and practice are discussed to demonstrate the value of this new approach. Importantly, this conceptualization focuses on processes rather than outcomes and encourages the identification of unexpected or unanticipated components of legacy delivery beyond the formal policies and plans designed to create or leverage legacy.     

‘Africa's Tournament'? The Branding Legacy of the 2010 FIFA World Cup™

In 2010, South Africa became the first country on the African continent to host the FIFA World Cup. Crucially the hosting of such a prestigious tournament was seen as a chance to prove that this developing nation could host an event of this magnitude as efficiently as the developed economies who had hosted the previous editions of the event, such as Germany in 2006 and Korea and Japan in 2002. Significantly though, this flagship event was also promoted by FIFA as ‘Africa's Tournament' with South Africa encouraged to share the identity and success of 2010 with the entire African continent. Based on the findings from in-depth interviews conducted with event and destination stakeholders from national and regional South African Government departments, this article explores the 2010 tournament as a branding opportunity that was used to promote both the continent of Africa as well as the South African nation. Expanding upon previous studies in this area the challenges and successes of hosting the 2010 World Cup are examined as is the role of mega-events such as the 2010 FIFA World Cup in generating a nation and continent-wide branding legacy. Stakeholders specialising in sport event management, tourism, operations and communications reflect on the branding and exposure for both Africa and South Africa achieved as a result of the event and the degree to which this was coordinated and co-created between various stakeholders. Insights are also given as to the degree to which the branding gains achieved during the event have been leveraged post-2010. As such, this article offers an original socio-historic perspective on existing studies examining the impact of the 2010 tournament.     

National identity and sporting mega-events in Brazil

Soft power is a two-step process. First, countries need to possess national cohesion and international credibility. Second, they can then project certain marketable images to other countries. When transferred into a discussion of sports, it can be argued that sporting mega-events have become important arenas through which to exercise aspects of this soft power matrix. This article considers Brazil’s hosting of the 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2016 Olympics Games. I seek to understand whether they successfully promoted national cohesion by renewing a Brazilian national identity and healing social divisions. The result, I argue, is largely negative. Neither the World Cup nor the Olympics spread the message of national cohesion hoped for by the political establishment that successfully bid for the events. Instead sporting mega-events in Brazil provided a unity of protest and only the hope, that in time, the periphery can be heard over the centre.     

冬奥遗产逐步扩展期研究

奥运遗产的演进历程,是奥林匹克运动发展轨迹的生动展现。冬奥遗产的演变进程大致经历了初创期、逐步扩展期、快速积累期和可持续发展期。采用文献研究法、历史分析法,对冬奥遗产逐步扩展期（1946-1960年）冬奥会的举办情况、遗产积累、发展的亮点和难点进行了探讨。冬奥遗产逐步扩展期是冬奥遗产演变进程的第二阶段,该阶段奥林匹克运动思想体系、组织制度体系、活动体系的遗产得到扩展,举办城市及其所在国家体育领域和其他领域的遗产也获得一定的积累。冬奥遗产逐步扩展期遗产发展的亮点,体现在奥林匹克主义承载着人们对和平的美好向往,以及冬奥遗产发展的领域更加全面。同时,该阶段遗产发展也遇到内部和外部因素的挑战。在冬奥遗产逐步扩展期,以国际奥委会为首的奥林匹克大家庭对遗产的认识和实践取得了一定进步,对后续冬奥遗产的快速发展起到了推进作用,但客观上依然受时代发展的局限,停留在较为初步的水平。     

Did London 2012 deliver a sports participation legacy?

Despite the increasing academic interest in the analysis of the Olympic legacy, there is a relative knowledge gap as far as sports participation legacy is concerned. The authors bridge this gap by analysing the short-term sports participation legacy of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games on the adult population in England. By using data from the Active People Survey and considering different sports participation variables and the effect of the economic climate, results demonstrate a positive association with participation from hosting the Games. Participation rates were adjusted to take into account seasonality and changes in the gross domestic product (GDP), accounting in this way for the effect of the recent economic recession. The biggest effect was observed in relation to frequent participation (at least three times per week for at least 30 min) in the year immediately after the Games. In 2014, the sports participation rates fell relative to 2013 but remained higher than pre-Olympic levels. The sport participation legacy of the Olympic Games appeared to have significant differences between socio-demographic groups.     

A systematic review and meta-analysis of implicit theory research in sport,physical activity,and physical education

The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to gather, catalogue, assess, and evaluate the available evidence examining implicit beliefs about ability in the sport, physical activity, and physical education contexts. A total of 43 studies were found, of which 39 were subjected to meta analyses. With only 7 experimental studies, the strength of evidence is moderate, and the field would benefit from greater experimental work. Overall, incremental beliefs were moderately associated with a small group of theoretically derived correlates, while entity beliefs were only weakly associated. The field would benefit from expanding these outcomes to include a wider range of pertinent outcomes. Researchers should focus their efforts on systematically exploring the most powerful ways of inducing adaptive implicit beliefs with the aim of providing solutions to significant problems such as preventing dropout from organised sports, improving academic grades in and beyond physical education, and increasing levels of physical activity.     

What is really causing the obesity epidemic? A review of reviews in children and adults

Obesity prevention is a public health priority and intervention strategies have focused primarily on healthy eating and physical activity in children and adults. To date, no review has systematically compiled and synthesised the scientific evidence from published review articles to determine whether there is clear consensus on the causes of obesity. A systematic review of the literature was conducted searching PubMed/Medline for narrative and systematic review articles published between January 1990 and October 2014 that examined the causes of obesity. In total, 12 of 65 articles met the inclusion criteria; 7 reviews focused on adults (1 systematic, 6 narrative) and 5 reviews on children (2 systematic, 3 narrative). The most popular cause of obesity identified in reviews of adult studies was “combined physical activity and diet” (3 of 7 studies), whereas the most popular cause specified in reviews of child studies was deemed “inconclusive” (2 of 5 studies). While a number of reviews have examined the causes of obesity, the methodology and conclusions varied widely, and few were conducted systematically. Currently, no consensus exists across published literature reviews regarding the primary cause of the obesity epidemic, and more research, particularly prospective studies using state-of-the-art measures, is warranted.     

国外海洋体育研究热点与动态分析

以Web of Science核心合集收录的2001-2018年海洋体育相关研究文献为基础,采用定量与定性相结合的研究方法,旨在研究国外海洋体育研究的热点、主题演变和知识基础,梳理其发展脉络,为我国海洋体育的发展提供参考。运用Cite Space V对研究文献进行统计分析,结果显示,海洋体育研究的发文量呈波浪式增长趋势,高产国家、机构和作者主要集中在美国、澳大利亚、英国、加拿大和巴西等欧美国家。海洋体育研究形成了体育学、生理学、环境生态学、营养学和休闲学等多学科融合的复合型学科群。领域研究热点主要包括锻炼、表现、体育、体力活动、体成分等;聚类主要是水疗法、水上竞技、海洋休闲和运动伤害四类。未来海洋体育现代治理、海洋体育体医融合、海洋体育进校园、海洋体育安全系统可能成为主要的研究方向。     

运动与健康促进研究领域系统评价/Meta分析的方法学与报告质量评价——基于中文核心期刊

目的:评估我国运动与健康促进研究领域系统评价/Meta分析的方法学与报告质量,为规范本领域研究提供参考。方法:计算机检索CNKI数据库中"核心期刊"的系统评价/Meta分析文献,时限为建库至2018年12月31日;按照纳入和排除标准筛选文献并提取数据,使用AMSTAR 2和PRISMA量表分别对方法学和报告质量进行评估,采用Excel 2013软件进行数据统计与分析。结果:共纳入92篇文献。大多数文献的AMSTAR 2量表质量分级为极低质量,PRISMA平均分17.89±2.39,方法学和报告质量均存在缺陷,高质量文献较少。方法学缺陷:未提供研究方案和计划书、未给出排除文献清单及排除理由、未说明纳入文献资助来源及相关利益冲突,考虑偏倚风险不充分,合并结果不够严谨,异质性分析不够完整等;报告质量主要不足:结构式摘要、方案和注册、研究偏倚、其他分析、研究间偏倚和资金支持等存在不同程度缺陷。结论:运动与健康促进领域的中文系统评价/Meta分析整体上方法学和报告质量较差,存在不同程度缺陷亟需进一步完善;由于存在一定局限性,结论尚需更多研究者持续关注并不断完善。     

大学生课外体育活动能力的管理学评析

对高等院校体育课外体育活动的研究,由来已久,但由于体育科学体系自身发展的限制,以往的研究大都停留在各类课外体育活动的具体操作模式研究上,对课外体育活动能力的评析停留在表面上的较多。如何随着体育相关学科的发展重新定义课外体育活动能力的内涵,结合我院学生课外体育活动现状,依据体育管理学从宏观调控视角评析课外体育活动能力的特征,成为本文的主旨,同时提出提高学生课外体育活动能力的宏观调控建议。     

The rise of sport in the Asia-Pacific region and a social scientific journey through Asian-Pacific sport

Abstract

In the first quarter of the twenty-first century, the social, political and economic significance of sports in the Asia-Pacific region has been continually on the rise. First, the prominence of Asian athletes at international sporting arenas has become more visible. Second, major global sports mega-events are frequently hosted in Asia-Pacific countries. Third, the Asian sport industry is rapidly expanding. Fourth, international labour migration is increasingly noticeable in the Asia-Pacific’s sport industry. Fifth, displaying national identity is another important aspect of Asia-Pacific sport today. With this increasing significance of sport in Asian society, this Asia-Pacific Sport and Social Science special issue aims to provide a scholarly public sphere wherein sound theoretical, contextual and critical reviews of sports in the region can be circulated. While this yearly special issue welcomes contributions from international academics whose research interests are in Asia-Pacific sport, we also encourage Asian scholars to submit their work to the journal. We are not biased in either direction but simply want to see both insiders’ and outsiders’ perspectives on sport in Asia-Pacific sport studies.     

辽宁省体育场地资源现状与发展策略

体育场地是体育发展的基石。无论竞技体育还是大众体育的发展都依托于体育场地。辽宁省作为第12届全国运动会的主办地,体育场地资源是办好全运会的基本物质保障。通过文献资料法、问卷调查法、数理统计等方法,分析了辽宁省城市体育场地资源的现状,合理整合资源,并针对存在的问题提出相应的发展对策。     

Organisational factors and non-accidental violence in sport: A systematic review

The objective of the current systematic review was to investigate the organisational factors that enable and motivate non-accidental violence towards athletes in the sport context. The authors identified and reviewed 43 qualitative studies investigating psychological, physical, and sexual abuse of athletes, and developed a framework of organisational factors (i.e., structural, social, and stress factors) related to non-accidental violence. Athletes were the key informants, yet some studies included athletes’ entourages. The authors independently coded the findings sections of the primary research, using the developed framework. Organisational tolerance for abuse and conformity to dominant values within sports were related to all three types of non-accidental violence. Power imbalance appeared as a relevant factor in both psychological and sexual abuse, while isolation was also relevant in sexual abuse. Believing that non-accidental violence had instrumental effects appeared related to both psychological and physical abuse, whereas a winner-take-all reward system was related to physical abuse. Based on this systematic review, the authors proposed an integrated perspective of the organisational factors driving non-accidental violence in sport and conclude by proposing a whole-of-system approach to the prevention and management of non-accidental violence.     

对首届上海市民运动会的透析及思考

回顾了上海大众体育赛事历史沿革,在对首届上海市民运动会创立背景分析的基础上,介绍了市民运动会的概况和特征,分析了运动会存在的问题。并从社会组织应担负起主办市民运动会的职能、发展以身体活动为主的非奥项目和上海民俗特色项目、调整市民运动会办赛周期和赛时、推行多元化的排行报道等方面提出市民运动会的发展时策。     

Youth multi-sport events in Austria: tourism strategy or just a coincidence?

Impact and legacy research of touristic issues has become more popular with the appearance of manifold approaches to examining tourism. In recent years, the region of Western Austria has successfully staged multi-sport youth events, with two being staged in Innsbruck, Tyrol (YOG 2012; ICG 2016) and one in the region of Montafon, Vorarlberg (EYOF, 2015). This leads to the assumption that the high frequency of youth sports events in these regions necessitates and therefore also follows a set hosting policy or at least a strategic approach to event bidding and staging. To examine these assumptions, a mix of desk research and qualitative interviews was chosen, encompassing bidding files, final reports, official tourism statistics, press releases from tourism boards, political working papers, internal documents and interviews with organising committee members, event experts and political representatives. Staging youth sports events is found to have left legacies in Western Austria such as generating immediate overnight stays in the low season and creating a positive image for the host regions, depending on the frequency with which events are staged and affirming the purpose of using events to boost tourism. The host areas lacked a written (youth sport) strategy and unexpectedly, the existing strategies do not include the youth sports events. However, it can be assumed in the case of Innsbruck that a hidden event strategy exists. In conclusion, the study reveals the importance of sharing events and their benefits among the various local stakeholders, thus branding the region as a host city.     

‘War and Peace’ at the 1980 Moscow and 2014 Sochi Olympics: The Role of Hard and Soft Power in Russian Identity

Abstract

Russia’s (and the USSR’s) use of sports mega-events (SMEs) makes this BRICS country (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) not only an outlier among emerging states, but also among key SME hosts generally. Both the historic Moscow Olympics (1980) and the more recent hosting of the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics provide evidence that Russia has, on both occasions, focussed on geopolitical priorities using hard power (military might) at the expense of soft power acquisition. Furthermore, both Olympics were, first and foremost, used to pursue domestic soft power goals. This, again, makes Russia an outlier in terms of the political use of SMEs by states in the literature on this subject. The 1980 Olympic Games, therefore, in terms of their potential to generate soft power and national unity, turned out to be a mis-used opportunity for Russia. To what extent is this specific to Russia and could the first Russian Olympics provide valuable insight into the modern-day hosting of SMEs by Russia (2014/2018)?