运动心理学研究进展

概述竞技运动心理、大众锻炼心理和体育教育心理3个领域的研究进展,并提出今后的研究展望.在竞技运动领域,运动心理学家最关注3个领域:运动员认知特征和人格特征、运动员心理状态的检测和评价、运动员心理调节能力的提高.锻炼与心理健康的关系是大众锻炼心理领域关注的重点.体育教育心理研究突出表现在重视对学生体育学习心理的研究,应用性研究增多,对重要的基础理论探索更加深入.但在学生体育学习心理特点和体育教学心理建设功能领域低层次重复性研究较多.运动心理学研究将主要围绕运动员心理训练、各种生理指标在监测与评价运动员心理状态或心理机能时的信度与效度、运动员的运动认知和身体锻炼与心理健康关系4个方面展开.     

运动心理学在竞技体育领域的研究发展与应用

相比于大众锻炼领域和体育教育领域,竞技体育受到了运动心理学的更多关注.一系列运动心理干预技术已在北京奥运会上使用,如心理对策库、生物反馈技术、心理影片和音乐、心理网站,专为运动员做心理测试和迅速调整的多功能服务车等.心理领域的领先技术如电脑电图(EEG),事件相关电位(ERP)和电脑象限图(EEQG)等被用于诊断运动员运动时的心理状态或训练效果.通过对近3年发表在重要国家和国际期刊及会议里相关文章的分析发现,运动动机、运动认知、自我认知、运动情绪和心理技能是近年来运动心理学在竞技体育领域的主要研究方向.积极心理学的兴起有丰富的理论和应用领域,也丰富了近代运动心理学的理论和应用领域.运动心理学在20世纪出现许多新思潮,流畅体验便是其中之一.在竞技运动领域,心理监控与运动实践的联系是最紧密的.心理监控也正在向着系统化与专业化的方向一步步迈进,现代技术如CAS计算机辅助运动技术、Observer行为观察分析软件、FaceReader软件、Virtual-Reality仿真系统(虚拟现实)等已经在训练或比赛中得以应用.建议对已取得的运动心理学研究成果可以在未来实践中得到更多的应用.     

运动心理学视角下的高校学生体质健康干预研究

运动心理学的核心研究领域是竞技心理与锻炼心理。竞技心理学研究的是帮助学生在竞赛中通过调节心理获得优异成绩,并谋求长久发展;锻炼心理学研究的是保持体质健康,帮助学生养成运动习惯,感受运动乐趣,从而促进身心健康。高校体育教学对增强学生体质起着积极作用。但不能忽视的是,学生心理状态的波动会影响他们的身心发育。基于此,本文将对运动心理学视角下高校学生体质健康干预展开研究,探讨通过体育教学提升学生生命质量的可行性。     

国外青少年运动友谊质量研究综述

就国外青少年运动友谊质量研究进展进行综述。运动友谊质量有12个积极的维度和4个消极维度。运动友谊质量的测量工具有友谊质量量表和运动友谊质量量表。运动友谊质量过程包括建立阶段、发展阶段、结束阶段。运动友谊质量存在年龄、性别的差异。目前研究者没有针对青少年体育运动中的不同层面进行划分,即未能深入探讨不同竞技水平、不同组织形式下青少年运动群体中的运动友谊质量问题。今后要对运动友谊质量影响下的多种动机关系(愉悦、承诺、竞争)进行深入研究,要对运动友谊质量及稳定性进行纵向研究。     

SPEQ在中国文化背景中的检验与重建

移植和借用国外量表是社会科学、心理科学以及教育科学研究中的普遍做法.随着自我呈现问题在运动心理学领域日益受到关注,相关测量工具的缺乏阻碍着研究工作的进展.国外学者研制的自我呈现锻炼问卷(SPEQ)在原文化背景中经过了多次理论和实践检验,并且具有较好的统计数据的支持,但经过研究发现,在我国的文化背景中并不适用.在考察了SPEQ文化适应性问题的基础上,研制了适应我国文化背景的女性自我呈现锻炼量表.     

我国优秀运动员心理技能量表的初步编制

心理技能动训练是提高运动员比赛表现及应对能力的重要途径和方式,也是运动心理学领域的热点问题之一.为了能够从比较量化的角度为我国运动员及教练员提供心理训练的参考依据,本研究在参考国外学者相关研究成果基础上,立足我国运动员的实际特点,进行量表的初步构建.结果表明:我国运动员的心理技能量表可分为应对、自信心、专注、动机等4个维度,经过信效度检验,该量表可以做为评定我国优秀运动员心理技能水平的测评工具.     

国外体育消费动机测量研究最新进展

通过对相关文献的回顾,依据时间顺序和理论完善程度,将国外体育消费动机测量研究的发展历程分为早期初步开发、中期完善改进和后期实践应用三个阶段,并在此基础上指出:实践应用是国外体育消费动机测量研究的主要发展趋势:体育消费动机量表( MSSC)和SPEED量表可以作为未来体育消费动机研究的测量,但两者在具体使用上仍存在差异;中国体育消费动机测量研究可以采用主客位联合研究法,在借鉴国外优秀研究成果的基础上,开发适应中国本土消费者的体育消费动机测量量表.     

基于CiteSpaceV的我国竞技心理研究的计量学分析

以中国知网(CNKI)数据库自1991年以来所收录的444篇我国竞技心理相关文献为研究对象,利用CitespaceV软件对我国竞技心理研究的时空分布特征、研究热点进行分析。研究结果显示,我国竞技心理研究发文量总体处于上升趋势,且未来仍然有增长趋势。主要载文期刊:北京体育大学学报、体育科学、中国体育科技等。主要研究学者包括张力为、张忠秋、周成林等。主要研究机构:北京体育大学、国家体育总局体育科学研究所等。心理训练、运动员、优秀运动员、心理健康、运动心理学、心理疲劳、心理素质等是我国竞技心理研究领域在过去二十余年研究的重点;心理训练、竞技体育、心理疲劳、优秀运动员、心理健康等是未来研究的趋势。     

大学生身体锻炼动机量表的编制与检验

目的:探讨大学生参与身体锻炼的动机并为之提供有效的评价工具.方法:根据心理测量的编制原则,在调查研究的基础上,结合国外现有的有关量表编制了大学生锻炼动机量表.结果:通过项目分析和因素分析,在37个测试题目中确定了18个条目(因子负荷>0.4)作为正式量表的题目,以特征值大于1为标准,抽取了4个因子,分剐为体能与健康、乐趣和宣泄、外表和形体,以及社交和休闲.通过验证性因素分析(Lisrel 8.52),得出量表的Cronbach α在0.79～0.84之间,累积解释变异量为52.33%,4个分量表代表4个不同的潜在变量,模型的拟合度良好,显示了量表具有良好的信度和效度.结论:量表比较符合设计构想,可以用来对大学生参与锻炼的动机进行客观评价.     

“后奥运时代”我国竞技体育可持续发展的宏观对策研究

运用文献资料法与逻辑分析法,在总结梳理我国竞技体育成功经验的基础上,结合"后奥运时代"我国社会、经济宏观背景的变化与构建和谐体育的新任务,通过系统分析,为我国"后奥运时代"竞技体育可持续发展总结了7条宏观对策:(1)实现竞技体育发展战略先行;(2)实现微观举国体制向宏观举国体制转变;(3)实现竞技体育与群众体育的协调发展向一体化方向发展转变;(4)实现竞技体育一元功能向多元功能转变;(5)实现由追求奥运会金牌数量向追求奥运会金牌含金量的转变;(6)实现运动员管理由社会本位向运动员本位转变;(7)实现运动训练由科技攻关向科技先导转变.     

SCL- 90 在国内体育领域中的误用

利用中国期刊全文数据库,对国内体育领域中应用SCL-90的研究进行检索、归类后,比较SCL-90在不同年代中应用数量、应用目的上的差异,分析$CL-90在学校体育、竞技体育和大众健身3个领域中的应用情况,进而得出国内研究者在使用上存在的一些误区及误区产生的主要原因:缺乏对SCL-90全面认识.建议研究者在使用SCL-90进行心理评定时,特别是心理健康评定时,应该慎重.     

The only constant is change: analysing and understanding change in sport and exercise psychology research

The ability to examine within-person change is essential to test process-based theories in sport and exercise psychology. Longitudinal data, whether experimental or observational, are prerequisites to be able to examine change processes, but most longitudinal studies in sport and exercise psychology focus solely on between-person/group differences, not on within-person change. In this review, we (1) provide researchers in the sport and exercise psychology field with a framework for longitudinal research that focuses on within-person change; (2) provide an overview of how researchers in sport and exercise psychology currently analyse longitudinal data, which showed that most longitudinal studies focus on between-person/group differences; and (3) provide examples of statistical models for analysing longitudinal data that correspond to the framework for longitudinal research. In the examples, we focus on latent variable modelling, such as latent growth-curve modelling and latent change-score modelling, which capture within-person change. We argue that there is a need for stronger emphasis on the match among theory of change, temporal design, and statistical models when designing longitudinal studies in sport and exercise psychology.     

身体锻炼心理学的研究现状和未来方向

身体锻炼心理学是一个很新的研究领域，本文回顾了近十年来国外这个领域的主要研究成果，具体讨论了身体锻炼心理学的定义，影响身体锻炼行为的心理因素，身体锻炼期间的心理过程，身体锻炼的心理效应以及未来的研究方向等５个问题。     

Narrative inquiry: ongoing conversations and questions for sport and exercise psychology research

Narrative inquiry, as one form of qualitative research, has recently attracted some interest within the field of sport and exercise psychology. Seeking to be theoretically imaginative and instigate dialogue, this article focuses attention on five main issues within ongoing conversations among sport and exercise psychology researchers who promote and/or engage in narrative research. Theoretically inspired and grounded, these interrelated issues include, motivations for why researchers have turned to narrative, the concept of ‘the self’, interviewing, the issue of ‘truth’, and representation. Some implications of these issues for sport and exercise psychology are also highlighted. The article closes with some reflections about the future directions that narrative inquiry might take.     

Well-being in competitive sports—The feel-good factor? A review of conceptual considerations of well-being

This paper summarizes the topic of well-being as it applies to competitive athletes, with a particular focus on definitional and conceptual issues. Established definitions within research on human happiness and flourishing based on the hedonic and eudaimonic perspectives are contrasted against definitions applied within sport psychology. The majority of the reviewed sport psychology studies either failed to define well-being or used a variety of labels to describe the construct (e.g., subjective well-being, psychological well-being, mental well-being). A large number of assessments have been used to assess well-being among athletes, but most were applied with only a weak theoretical rationale and did not distinguish between well-being at the global and sport levels. It is concluded that well-being studies within sport psychology have been hampered by conceptual ambiguity, which makes it difficult to compare results across studies and generalize findings in order to develop a sound theoretical base of knowledge. Future research needs to more explicitly define the conceptual framework of well-being and the level (global or context-specific) on which the construct is investigated. Toward this goal, an integrated model is presented to provide a conceptual well-being structure in sport studies, and future directions for research are discussed.     

Trends and knowledge base in sport and exercise psychology research: a bibliometric review study

Bibliometric methods were used to examine: (1) research themes in sport and exercise psychology articles published between 2008 and 2011; and (2) the intellectual base of the field of sport and exercise psychology, defined as influential literature being cited in these articles. The dataset consisted of 795 articles from five sport and exercise psychology journals and 345 articles obtained through citation-based extension (n = 1140 articles). A cluster analysis yielded 73 clusters showing themes in sport and exercise psychology research. Principal component analysis was used to identify and analyze relationships between 14 highly cited research areas constituting the intellectual base of sport and exercise psychology. Some main findings were: (1) the identification of many re-emerging themes, (2) research related to motivation seems to be extensive, (3) sport psychology and exercise psychology research share theoretical frameworks to some extent, however (4) differences compared to previous reviews indicate that sport psychology and exercise psychology may be regarded as two distinct research fields, rather than one united field, and (5) isolated research areas were identified indicating potential for research integration. Suggestions for future research are provided. The bibliometric approach presented a broad overview of trends and knowledge base in sport and exercise psychology research.     

Psychological resilience in sport performers: a review of stressors and protective factors

Abstract

Psychological resilience is important in sport because athletes must utilise and optimise a range of mental qualities to withstand the pressures that they experience. In this article, we discuss psychological resilience in sport performers via a review of the stressors athletes encounter and the protective factors that help them withstand these demands. It is hoped that synthesising what is known in these areas will help researchers gain a deeper profundity of resilience in sport, and also provide a rigorous and robust foundation for the development of a sport-specific measure of resilience. With these points in mind, we divided the narrative into two main sections. In the first section, we review the different types of stressors encountered by sport performers under three main categories: competitive, organisational and personal. Based on our recent research examining psychological resilience in Olympics champions, in the second section we discuss the five main families of psychological factors (viz. positive personality, motivation, confidence, focus, perceived social support) that protect the best athletes from the potential negative effect of stressors. It is anticipated that this review will help sport psychology researchers examine the interplay between stressors and protective factors, which will, in turn, focus the analytical lens on the processes underlying psychological resilience in athletes.