网络课程导航设计个案分析研究——以《小学语文教学研究》网络课程为例

导航能为网络课程学习者提供及时有效的引导,是一种避免学习者偏离教学目标,引导学习者进行有效学习,提高学习效率的积极策略。在网络课程导航设计中应认真细致,考虑每个细节,才能发挥好导航的作用。     

论学习环境中资源、工具与评价的设计

本从学习环境设计理论与实践的角度，探讨了资源、工具与评价的设计与应用问题。在学习环境设计中，资源是支持任务学习或问题研究的必备条件之一，是需要认真设计的重要构件之一。学习环境中的工具是指学习工具。学习工具是指有益于学习查找、获取和处理信息，交流协作，建构知识，以具体的方法组织并表述理解和评价学习效果的中介。在学习环境设计中，比较注重信息技术作为学习工具的设计与应用。学习环境中的评价与传统的教学评价是不同的。为了真正促进学习能力的发展，学习必须体验解决真实问题的过程，理解复杂的学习任务。因此，评价应当尽可能是基于真实任务的、复杂的、能挑战学习思维过程的，评价的标准能反映多元化的观点和多样化的问题解决方案。     

Re/assembling ‘innovative’ learning environments: Affective practice and its politics

Abstract

In this article, we argue that the interest being taken by governments in establishing innovative learning environments (ILEs) in schools relies on a conception of space as a largely neutral arena. In consequence, relations of space and power inherent in the infrastructural shift to ILEs tend to drop from view. Adopting an assemblage approach to investigating learning environments, and exploring ILEs as they are playing out in Australian schools, we strive to surface what drops from view. Taking ILEs to be sociomaterial assemblages, we work with empirical material and trace how they assemble and reassemble. The account is less concerned with what works in ILEs; rather, its focus is on their ‘workings’ as assemblages of relations and most particularly, affective relations. Thus, we explore two affective encounters involving school leaders, teachers and students showing the ways in which they position and are positioned within ILEs. The argument is made that the assemblage approach which is non-deterministic and relational affords new ways of understanding what ILEs are and how they work and who they work for. And, that attending to affective practice brings into view the micropolitics through which infrastructural shifts and infrastructural policy-making are made.     

Authentic Tasks Online: A synergy among learner,task, and technology

Fostering synergies amongst learner, task, and technology to create innovative and immersive distance learning environments runs counter to the widespread practice of incorporating traditional classroom pedagogical strategies into Web‐based delivery of courses. The most widely accepted model of online higher education appears to be one of reductionism, whereby learning management systems facilitate the design of easily digested packets of information, usually assessed by discrete stand‐alone tests and academic assignments. This article describes a model for the development of authentic tasks that can assist in designing environments of increased, rather than reduced, complexity. It provides a robust framework for the design of online courses, based on the work of theorists and researchers in situated learning and authentic learning. It describes the characteristics of a task's design that facilitates the requirements of an entire course of study being readily satisfied by its completion, where the students make the important decisions about why, how, and in what order they investigate a problem. The article describes several learning environments that were investigated in depth in the study, and explores the synergies that exist between the learners, tasks, and technology engaged in authentic learning settings. The article leads readers to a conceptual understanding of the role of authentic tasks in supporting knowledge construction and meaningful learning, and illustrates the principles of authentic task design for online learning environments.     

Evaluating teacher and student spatial transition from a traditional classroom to an innovative learning environment

Proponents highlight the potential of flexible and technology-rich spaces, referred to as innovative learning environments (ILEs), to shape activities and behaviours able to affect a desired pedagogical change. With much of the attention on the design of the physical learning environment, there has been a limited interrogation of what happens in the transition from traditional spaces to ILEs. As a result, this study applied the Linking Pedagogy, Technology, and Space (LPTS) observational metric through a single subject research design (SSRD) to understand how teachers, and their students, transitioned from traditional spaces to occupy an ILE. The application of statistical and visual analysis ascertained the degree of short- and longer-term pedagogical changes made by individual teachers and correlated these to effects on learning experiences. Corroboration with the thematic analysis of teacher focus group presents an account of the spatial transition between and the pedagogical return of different learning spaces.     

Facilitating knowledge construction by customized supportive services

This research is aimed to assist individual learners to construct knowledge in online learning through providing them with customized supportive services. The services go beyond simply presenting course materials, but supply a diverse range of technological facilities, tools and services to assist individual learners to progress in the learning process. In this paper, the theoretical background for facilitating construction of knowledge by individual learners is built at the first, through the review of constructivist theories for learning and the objectivist ones. Then, a general conceptual model to describe any number of practices in learning and teaching online is built. It will be used to customize online learning environments to cater for various different learning demands. The services to support the individual’s knowledge construction are identified based on the relevant theoretical background. After that, software agents are proposed to customize the supportive services for individual learners based on their particular learning characteristics. Next, the implementation of these services is investigated and a system prototype is reported. Finally the preliminary research result and the further work are presented.     

Effects of fading support on hypertext navigation and performance in student-centered e-learning environments

Whether fading support for problems affects accuracy of hypertext navigation and problem performance is investigated in this study. In a student-centered e-learning environment conceptual support is added to help domain novices get an overview of the problem domain, while strategic support is provided to help domain novices get insight into the problem demands. It is assumed that such support helps learners because it lowers the cognitive load of navigation. This frees up cognitive capacity for learning provided that the support fades and becomes less intrusive as a function of learner expertise. It is hypothesized that fading support during practice helps learners navigate more accurately during practice and achieve a higher practice and test performance as compared to learners receiving full support or no support during practice. This study confirms the beneficial effects of fading support on navigation but no effects of fading were found on practice and test performance.     

Designing a constructive learning activity with interactive elements: the effects of perspective-shifting and the quality of source material

When teachers or instructors create computer-based learning environments, they often solely consider technical aspects of interactivity. As a consequence, learners’ main role is to respond to requests of the learning environment (e.g. by answering multiple-choice questions). This aspect of interactivity is, however, not sufficient to understand the complex benefits of interactivity for learners’ knowledge acquisition. In order to create a higher level of interactivity, an instructional task that encourages learners to design learning materials for fellow learners is used in this paper. We will show that this instructional task can induce interactive elements because learners are encouraged to take not only their own perspective into account when designing. In addition, we investigated if the quality of source material affects knowledge acquisition in design tasks. In a two-by-two design, students (n?=?108) had to design either a learning environment for others (i.e. to perform perspective-shifting), or a representation of acquired knowledge for themselves (no perspective-shifting) with less or more coherent information sources. Results indicate that performing perspective-shifting can be a powerful technique for eliciting interactive learning behavior and, thus, for learning. The quality of information sources does not influence knowledge acquisition to a great extent.     

网络课程的网页布局与导航样式对学习影响的眼动实验研究

Web网页是网络课程重要的人机界面,其布局和设计直接影响学习者的学习效果.本文从眼动心理学角度,利用眼动实验研究学习者利用网络课程学习的视觉搜索行为,测量学习者在3种常见的网页布局及其导航样式下学习时的眼动数据,探讨网页布局对网络学习的影响.通过记录注视次数、注视持续时间等6项眼动指标,并结合态度测量,试图揭示学习者学习时的眼动心理生理基本特征,以期找出适宜的网页布局形式和导航样式,为网络课程的设计和开发提出有效建议.实验研究表明：（1）T字型布局有利于学习者进行视觉搜索;（2）国字型布局更有利于学习者对知识的认知加工;（3）学习者进行视觉搜索时兴趣区集中在导航区,进行知识学习时兴趣区集中在主体内容区;（4）学习者在国字型布局下能取得更高的正确率.     

Exercising older people´s brains in Costa Rica: Design principles for using information and communication technologies for cognitive activity and social interaction

This study is part of a design-based research project aimed at designing a learning intervention for enabling Costa Rican older people to use information and communication technologies for cognitive activity and social interaction. Data from relevant literature, a focus group with older adults, and interviews with professionals teaching older adults how to use information and communication technologies were analyzed, in order to create context-sensitive design principles that could guide the design of learning interventions that meet the needs of older learners. The analysis derived context-sensitive design principles that include wider topics that influence the learning process, such as emotions and stereotypes related to learning about and using information and communication technologies, as well as the social support to that learning. The resulting eight design principles argue for respectful learning environments, in-depth comprehension of changes related to aging, time and space to reflect on emotions related to the learning process, and acknowledgment of participants’ individuality.     

论基于WebX.0的网络学习环境设计

WebX.0正由连接信息的简单网页发展为连接人类智慧的愈加复杂和智能的元网络（Meta Web）,这对传统的由“教”的一方驱动的网络学习环境设计提出了挑战.对环境整体而言,环境形成良性生态循环有利于维持其可持续发展;对学习者而言,当学习者面对多种网络组成的复杂的、具有高度不确定性的学习环境时,根据自身的需求构建个人学习环境（Personal Learning Environment,PIE）是促进其学习的最有效方式.因此,WebX.0时代的网络学习环境设计应当以创设网络学习生态和利于学习者构建PLE为目标,以学习者的需求为起点,提高“以学习者为中心”、“标准化”、“一体化”、“开放化”的程度,以更好地促进学习者在复杂网络学习环境中通过构建PLE进行的有效学习.     

Innovative learning environments and new materialism: A conjunctural analysis of pedagogic spaces

Abstract

An Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development research priority, innovative learning environments (ILEs) have been translated into policy and practice in 25 countries around the world. In Aotearoa/New Zealand, learning spaces are being reconceptualised in relation to this policy work by school leaders who are confronted by an impetus to lead pedagogic change. The article contributes a conjunctural analysis of the milieu around the redesign of these education facilities. Recognising that bodies and objects entwine in pedagogic spaces, we contribute a new materialism reading of ILEs as these are instantiated in New Zealand. New materialism recognises the agential nature of matter and questions the anthropocentric narrative that frames the post-enlightenment conception of what it means to be human. The decentring of human subjects through a materialist ontology facilitates a consideration of the power of objects to affect the spatial politics of learning environments. The article traces a relationship between the New Zealand strategic plan for Education 2015–2021 and principal conceptions of ILE as the lived spaces of this policy actualisation and the disciplinary/control society conjuncture. Informed by theories of spatial practice, we argue that principals’ understandings of ‘space’ are integral to pedagogic approaches within open-plan spaces. A conjunctural analysis can expand the capacity to act politically. By examining the complex conditions of a political intervention, in this case ILEs, we trace the displacements and condensations of different sorts of contradictions, and thus open up possibilities for action.     

Developing a conceptual framework for participatory design of psychosocial and physical learning environments

The present study shows how the mixed-methods approach can be used in capturing and organising learning environment (LE) characteristics for the participatory design of psychosocial and physical LEs involving learners. Theoretical constructs were tested and further elaborated on in the analysis of two similar educational design research studies: one conducted with 7- to 14-year-old learners in Finland (n = 80); and the other in Spain (n = 76). Cross-analysis of the numeric, visuospatial and verbal data collected, combined with theoretical and practical considerations, was used to develop a conceptual framework for LE co-design, which draws attention to the importance of balancing communality with individuality, comfort with health, and novelty with conventionality. In line with other studies, in this conceptualisation, flexibility and functionality are seen as central enablers for quality twenty-first century LEs. The knowledge exchange between two countries and the constructs developed in this cross-cultural analysis contribute to the creation of shared content-related design principles for future learning environments.     

Reconfiguring mathematical settings and activity through multi-party,whole-body collaboration

This study examines the consequences of whole-body, multi-party activity for mathematics learning, both in and out of the classroom. We develop a theoretical framework that brings together contemporary theories related to social space, embodied cognition, and mathematical activity. Then, drawing on micro-ethnographic and case-comparative techniques, we examine and juxtapose two cases of implementing whole-body, collaborative movement to engage learners in the mathematics of number sense and ratio and proportion. Analytically foregrounding the interdependence among setting, embodied activity, and mathematical tools and practices, we illustrate how whole-body collaboration can transform how learners experience learning environments and make sense of important mathematical ideas. The analysis enriches our understanding of the changing spatial landscapes for learning and doing mathematics as well as how re-instating bodies in mathematics education can open up new forms of collective mathematical sense-making and activity.     

Researching students across spaces and places: capturing digital data ‘on the go’

Criticisms have been levelled at e-research that limited knowledge has been produced helpful for guiding educators in using digital tools more effectively for teaching and learning. This issue has become more acute with the emergence of mobile devices that enable learners to transition across different learning spaces and times. Traditional data methods are challenged to adequately capture the dynamic and collaborative exchanges occurring in flexible, technology-saturated environments, such as Bring Your Own Device or innovative learning environments (ILEs). This article details the development and use of an innovative digital data system in a series of studies exploring elementary students' learning using iPads in two ILEs in a New Zealand school. It explains the system, and evaluates its efficacy for capturing data representing use of the devices across learning spaces and tasks. While the system was highly effective, a number of barriers to its use existed. Ethical challenges were also encountered, and difficulties experienced managing and working with the volume of data produced. Although yielding high-quality data, it is up to individual researchers to assess for themselves the pros and cons of using a system such as described in this article, given the resources and time at their disposal.     

Evaluating the use of metaphor in online learning environments

Metaphor appears to be an innate tendency in human communication and can be shown to have significant potential when applied to the design of online learning environments. This paper describes and discusses an example of an online research methods learning resource that employs metaphoric navigation. Feedback from the tutors who design and populate the resource and from early pilots with student users is discussed. A particular focus for the discussion is the problem faced by sufferers of autism spectrum disorder, brain damage, and other cognitive disabilities that affect the comprehension of metaphor. Research that demonstrates that autistic tendencies also exist in members of the general population is also discussed as an important consideration in learning environment design. The paper concludes that there appears to be evidence that many people in the general population have traits associated with autism spectrum disorder that are likely to affect their engagement with online learning. This variation in approaches to learning strongly suggests that one single online environment is unlikely to facilitate learning equally in all students. Currently most learning sites and commercial and open source virtual learning environments offer some facility for customization of the interface, but no opportunity for students to choose from a range of environments in which to study. This paper argues that the creation of multiple learning environments which overlay the same learning content is a priority if we are to optimize the experience for the greatest number of learners and avoid exclusion due to disability or learning preferences.     

设计型学习:探究性教学新样式——兼论尼尔森的逆向思维学习过程模型

针对探究性教学中"基于剧本的探究"的局限性,设计型学习提出以项目设计为中介,强调学生参与到具有挑战性的真实的设计项目中有意义地学习科学知识和设计技能。相对传统探究性学习,设计型学习在体验设计感、投入有意义学习、学习成果制品化、学习过程迭代化、教学设计逆向性等方面凸显其教学革新价值,逆向思维学习过程模型为设计型学习的实施提供了一个可操作框架。     

混合学习环境下学习者的在线自我调节学习潜在剖面分析及行为过程挖掘

混合学习强调线下课堂教学和线上自主学习的混合以实现优势互补,其中学习者的在线自我调节学习能力显得异常重要。文章旨在揭示学习者的在线自我调节学习能力存在哪些潜在类别,不同类别学习者是否具有不同的在线自我调节学习行为过程模型,以及这对于在线自我调节学习环境的设计有何启示。研究首先对239名学习者的在线自我调节学习能力进行测评,然后使用潜在剖面分析方法对测评数据进行分析,发现样本学习者可以分为高、中、低三种不同水平的自我调节学习剖面类别。然后分别对三种类别学习者的在线自我调节学习行为数据进行过程挖掘,研究发现:(1)学习者的自我调节学习能力更多体现在执行阶段的行为上;(2)中高水平自我调节学习者的在线学习行为表现出更强的认知和元认知策略;(3)高水平自我调节学习者体现出更有效的时间管理策略与更强的整体规划能力。因此,在线自我调节学习环境需要引入自适应支持机制,为学习者提供适应性的过程和策略支持。     

Mining learning social networks for cooperative learning with appropriate learning partners in a problem-based learning environment

Many studies have identified web-based cooperative learning as an increasingly popular educational paradigm with potential to increase learner satisfaction and interactions. However, peer-to-peer interaction often suffers barriers owing to a failure to explore useful social interaction information in web-based cooperative learning environments. This easily leads to learners being unable to seek appropriate learning partners for facilitating effective cooperative learning. This problem frequently causes poor learning effectiveness in web-based cooperative learning environments. Generally, instructor assigned or learner selected learning peers cannot ensure to compose suitable learning partners for individual learners in cooperative learning environments. A suitable learning partner can help the learner, who is learning in the personal way and encounters the difficulty, to solve problems. Inappropriate learning partners cannot only easily lead to poor learning interaction and achievement, but can also lead to the meaning of cooperative learning being lost. Although many web-based learning systems have already been developed to assist cooperative learning, supporting peer-to-peer interaction in computer-supported cooperative learning (CSCL) is still immature. As a result, this study presents a novel scheme for recommending appropriate learning partners for individual learners utilizing mining of learning interactive social networks in a cooperative problem-based learning (PBL) environment. Results of this study show that the proposed scheme helps encourage learners to interact with learning peers more actively and positively, and facilitates learning performance in a cooperative PBL environment.     

动态在线讨论：交互式学习环境中的深层学习

本文阐述了在远程教育中进行面向深层学习的动态在线讨论的一个框架。该框架建立在信息、方法和认知等三个普遍性过程的基础上。在本框架中进行动态讨论的结构包括三种在线讨论的类型,即灵活的同伴、结构化的主题和协作性任务讨论。该框架在一门有关教学多媒体设计的在线研究生课程中使用过两个学期。创建动态讨论的策略是为了促进不同学习者之间的在线交互,并有助于设计能实现有效交互的任务。学生通过设计的任务产生了接受性学习,在此基础上促进了适应性学习,并且激发了他们促进深层学习的认知能力。该框架及动态讨论的策略提供了一个在线学习环境,在这样的环境中学生的学习超越了既定的课程目标。