慢性束缚应激损害小鼠学习记忆和抑制体重增加

研究慢性束缚应激对小鼠体重和学习记忆能力的影响.小鼠每天进行6h的束缚应激,记录每天的体重变化,Y迷宫试验观察小鼠学习记忆能力,同时用荧光法测定血浆皮质酮的变化.结果表明,慢性束缚应激显著抑制小鼠体重的增加(P《0.05),同时显著升高血浆皮质酮水平(P《0.01),Y迷宫实验证实束缚组小鼠的学习记忆能力下降.慢性束缚应激抑制小鼠体重的增加和损害小鼠学习记忆能力,可能与束缚应激导致的高水平血浆皮质酮相关.     

姜黄素对胰岛素抵抗大鼠脂肪细胞因子的影响

目的:观察姜黄素对胰岛素抵抗(IR)大鼠糖脂代谢及血清脂肪细胞因子的影响,探讨姜黄素干预IR的作用机制。方法:采用高脂饲料喂养,建立IR大鼠模型。将IR大鼠随机分为3组:模型组、吡咯列酮组和姜黄素组。给药4周后测定空腹血糖、胰岛素、血脂、TN F-α、Leptin等指标。结果:模型组大鼠血清FIN S、TC、TG和LDL水平均较空白组显著升高,而ISI及HDL水平显著下降;血清TN F-α、Leptin及FFA水平也较空白组明显升高;用姜黄素干预后,大鼠ISI较模型组显著升高,血脂得到改善,FINS、TNF-α、Leptin及FFA水平均显著下降。结论:姜黄素可改善IR大鼠糖脂代谢紊乱,增加胰岛素的敏感性,其机制可能与其调节脂肪细胞因子TNF-α、Leptin的分泌有关。     

免疫生长促进剂调控肉仔鸡免疫应答和生长的研究

选择120只1日龄AA商品健康雏鸡,随机分为4个组,每组30只。研究了口粮添加免疫生长促进剂C96在调节免疫应答与生产性能中的作用以及对某些内分泌活动的影响。结果表明：在内仔鸡生长前期0—15d日粮添加C96为11mg／kg饲料的C96组和疫苗－C96组鸡的生长速度（日增重）均极显著高于对照组和疫苗组;生长中期15－30dC96组鸡的生长速度仍明显高于对照组和疫苗组。疫苗－C96组与未添加C96两组相比虽无明显差异,但强于它们;生长后期30－45d添加C96两组鸡生长速度均高于或显著高于对照组,此时疫苗组也快速生长,明显高于对照组,各组比较疫苗－C96组生长速度最快。整个试验期添加C96两组采食量和饲料转化率均比对照组和疫苗组高。几种代谢激素表现出在15d时添加C96两组的胰岛素、T_3和T_4均比对照组和疫苗组或明显高,以后30d和45d的胰岛素和T_4维持在相对高的水平上,T_3逐渐下降,而对照组和疫苗组的胰岛素和T_4明显升高,T_3在30d时亦升高,以后下降。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phyllanthus emblica</Emphasis> leaf extract ameliorates testicular damage in rats with chronic stress

Stress affects the male reproductive system and can cause sub-fertility or infertility. Although Phyllanthus emblica L. (PE) extract has been shown to have high antioxidant capacity and protective properties in damaged tissue, the preventive effects of PE extract on testicular function from stress-related impairment have never been demonstrated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PE aqueous leaf extract on testicular impairment and protein marker changes in rats suffering from chronic stress. Adult male rats were divided into four groups: a control group, a chronic stress (CS) group, and two groups with CS that received different doses of PE extract (50 or 100 mg/kg body weight (BW)). In the treatment groups, the animals were given PE extract daily before stress induction for 42 consecutive days. Stress was induced through immobilization (4 h/d) followed by forced cold swimming (15 min/d). Sperm quality and the histology of the testes and caudal epididymis were examined, as were levels of serum corticosterone, testosterone, and malondialdehyde (MDA). The expressions of testicular steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) and tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins were investigated using immuno-Western blot analysis, as these proteins are assumed to play important roles in spermatogenesis and androgen synthesis. The results showed that PE (50 mg/kg BW) significantly increased sperm concentration and testosterone levels, while decreasing corticosterone levels, MDA levels, sperm head abnormalities, and acrosome-reacted sperm in CS rats. In addition, PE at both doses was found to diminish testicular histopathology in the CS rats. We also found that 50 mg/kg BW of PE significantly improved StAR protein expression and altered the intensities of some tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins in testis. We conclude that PE leaf extract at 50 mg/kg BW can prevent testicular damage in rats with CS.     

Moringa oleifera extract enhances sexual performance in stressed rats

Aphrodisiacs are required to improve male sexual function under stressful conditions. Due to the effects of oxidative stress and dopamine on male sexual function, we hypothesized that Moringa oleifera leaves might improve male sexual dysfunction induced by stress. Therefore, the effects on various factors playing important roles in male sexual behavior, such as antioxidant effects, the suppression of monoamine and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) activities, serum testosterone and corticosterone levels, and histomorphological changes in the testes, of a hydroethanolic extract of M. oleifera leaves were investigated. Various doses of extract including 10, 50, and 250 mg/kg body weight (BW) were given orally to male Wistar rats before exposure to 12 h-immobilization stress for 7 d. The results demonstrated that the extract showed both antioxidant and monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) suppression activities. At 7 d of treatment, the low dose of extract improved sexual performance in stress-exposed rats by decreasing intromission latency and increasing intromission frequency. It also suppressed PDE-5 activity, decreased serum corticosterone level, but increased serum testosterone, numbers of interstitial cells of Leydig and spermatozoa. The increased numbers of interstitial cells of Leydig and spermatozoa might have been due to the antioxidant effect of the extract. The increased sexual performance during the intromission phase might have been due to the suppression of MAO-B and PDE-5 activities and increased testosterone. Therefore, M. oleifera is a potential aphrodisiac, but further research concerning the precise underlying mechanisms is still needed.     

原花青素联用胡椒碱减轻抑郁样行为的机制研究

目的：探讨原花青素（proanthocyanidin,OPC）不同剂量联用胡椒碱（piperine,PIP）的抗抑郁样行为及其机制.方法：采用慢性不可预知性温和应激模型,连续造模联合给药21d后,d 22测定小鼠悬尾、强迫游泳不动时间;用高效液相电化学法测定小鼠海马和前额叶皮层中单胺递质及其代谢产物的含量,荧光分光光度法检测全脑单胺氧化酶活性.结果：与正常组相比,模型组小鼠悬尾和强迫游泳测试中的不动时间显著增加;同时其海马、前额叶皮层中5-羟色胺（5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT）、去甲肾上腺素（norepinephrine,NE）含量显著下降,但5-羟吲哚乙酸（5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid,5-HIAA）与5-HT比值（5-HIAA/5-HT）显著上升.OPC （50、25、12.5 mg·kg-1）剂量组联用PIP（5 mg·kg-1）能够逆转这种现象.此外,OPC （50、25、12.5 mg·kg-1）剂量组联用胡椒碱（5 mg·kg-1）组还能降低由于应激引起的单胺氧化酶（monoamine oxidase,MAO）A型活性升高,但不影响单胺氧化酶B型活性.结论：原花青素联用胡椒碱可以改善由于慢性应激对小鼠造成的抑郁样行为,其机制可能与降低单胺氧化酶活性,增加单胺递质含量有关.     

短跑运动对肝脏和骨骼肌中谷胱甘肽表达的影响

急性无氧运动促进氧化应激。然而,之前的研究指出高强度短跑训练能减弱氧化应激效应。假设还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的上调在防护短跑训练中的氧化应激起重要作用。33只大鼠随机分为3组:对照组;急性运动组和训练组。训练组大鼠参与高强度训练,每周2天,共12周的跑台运动。在训练期结束,训练组和急性运动组大鼠进行一次高强度短跑。对照组大鼠不运动。用分光光度计测定比目鱼肌和趾长伸肌(EDL)以及肝脏的GSH和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)浓度。与对照组相比,急性运动后,比目鱼肌和EDL的GSH浓度显著下降,同时,两组肌肉中的GSSG浓度明显增加。12周短跑训练后,与对照组相比,两组肌肉中的GSH没有显著差异。同时肌肉中GSSG浓度显著增加。数据显示,由于高强度短跑导致骨骼肌恢复GSH水平。但是,不能说明GSH的上调是由肝脏输入的。     

高脂饮食对慢性肾衰大鼠摄食量及其下丘脑食欲素A的影响

探讨高脂饮食对慢性肾衰（CRF）大鼠摄食量的影响及其可能的机制。结果表明,各组高脂饮食或腹腔内注射脂肪乳的大鼠摄食量和下丘脑下丘脑组织食欲素A水平均明显比正常饮食大鼠增高。高脂饮食能促进CRF大鼠食欲增加,可能与其下丘脑组织食欲素A水平增高有关。     

Reduced glycodeoxycholic acid levels are associated with negative clinical outcomes of gestational diabetes mellitus

Gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM) is characterized by glycemia and insulin disorders.Bile acids(BAs) have emerged as vital signaling molecules in glucose metabolic regulation.BA change in GDM is still unclear,which exerts great significance to illustrate the change of BAs in GDM.GDM patients and normal pregnant women were enrolled during the oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT) screening period.Fasting serums were sampled for the measurement of BAs.BA metabolism profiles were analyzed in both pregnant women with GDM and those with normal glucose tolerance(NGT).Delivery characteristics,delivery gestational age,and infant birthweight were extracted from medical records.GDM patients presented distinctive features compared with NGT patients,including higher body mass index(BMI),elevated serum glucose concentration,raised insulin(both fasting and OGTT),and increased hemoglobin A1 c(HbA1c) levels.Higher homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance(HOMA-IR) and decreased β-cell compensation(i.e.,oral disposition index(DIo)) were also prevalent in this group.Total BAs(TBAs) remained stable,but glycodeoxycholic acid(GDCA) and taurodeoxycholic acid(TDCA) levels declined significantly in GDM.GDCA was inversely correlated with HOMA-IR and positively correlated with DIo.No obvious differences in clinical outcome between the GDM and NGT groups were observed.However,GDM patients with high HOMA-IR and low DIo tended to have a higher cesarean delivery rate and younger delivery gestational age.In conclusion,GDCA provides a valuable biomarker to evaluate HOMA-IR and DIo, and decreased GDCA levels predict poorer clinical outcomes for GDM.     

依那普利对充血性心力衰竭患者胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的观察慢性充血性心力衰竭（CHF）患者的血胰岛素和糖代谢变化,并探讨依那普利对CHF患者胰岛素敏感性的影响。方法CHF患者69例,依那普利（n=37）（第一周10mg,1次／d,后三周20mg,1次／d）和地高辛（n=32）（第一周0．25mg,1次／d,后三周0．125mg,1次／d）,治疗前和治疗4周后检测空腹血糖（FPG）、空腹血清胰岛素（FINS）和空腹血清C肽（CP）水平,并计算出FPG／FINS比值、胰岛素敏感性指数IAI值[IAI=－ln（FPG×FINS）]作为机体胰岛素敏感性评价指标,分别比较两组患者治疗前后的胰岛素敏感性变化。结果治疗4周后,依那普利组CHF患者的胰岛素敏感性显著增加,而地高辛组患者胰岛素敏感性无显著变化。结论依那普利有改善CHF患者IR的作用。     

Effects of breakfast with different calorigenic amounts on blood glucose,insulin and glucagon levels

SUBJECTSANDMETHODSSubjectsTwenty four 2 1to 2 4yearsoldhealthymedi calstudentsenrolledinZhejiangUniversityCol legeofMedicinevolunteeredforthestudy .Theyconsistedof1 1malesand 1 3femalesweightsallwithinthenormalrangefortheirheightaccordingtoChinesenorms.Me…     

Effects of breakfast with different calorigenic amounts on blood glucose, insulin and glucagon levels

This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between breakfast and serum glucose, insulin and glucagon concentrations in order to establish a model breakfast appropriate for Chinese. Twenty-four volunteers were randomly assigned to four study groups: high carbohydrate breakfast, high fat and protein breakfast, the typical breakfast and fasting. Each subject had serum and urine samples collected while fasting and at 1,2 and 3.5 hours following the meal. The concentration of serum glucose, insulin and glucagon was measured. The levels of serum glucose in group A,B and C differed significantly at 1 and 2 hour after meal compared to those at fasting (P<0.05). The serum glucose in group A increased insignificantly after meal. The serum insulin levels were in group A,B and C significant different compared with control group(P<0.05).Those peaked at 1 hour after meal ,with group C rising the furthest. Compared with the fasting group, the serum glucagons rose and maintained the increase after breakfast in group A,B and C (P<0.05).The data suggested that various diets with different calorigenic amounts increased hormone concentration to various extents. We found that a breakfast rich in carbohydrates could maintain proper blood glucose level.     

Moderate level alcohol during pregnancy, prenatal stress, or both and limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis response to stress in rhesus monkeys

This study examined the relationship between moderate-level prenatal alcohol exposure, prenatal stress, and postnatal response to a challenging event in 6-month-old rhesus monkeys. Forty-one rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) infants were exposed prenatally to moderate level alcohol, maternal stress, or both. Offspring plasma cortisol and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) were determined from blood samples before maternal separation and after separation. Behavioral observations were made repeatedly across separation. Moderate-level prenatal alcohol exposure was associated with significantly higher plasma ACTH response to maternal separation. Offspring exposed to prenatal alcohol, prenatal stress, and prenatal alcohol and stress showed reduced behavioral adaptation to stress compared with controls. Baseline, 2-hr, and 26-hr plasma ACTH levels were intercorrelated and predicted behavior during separation.     

中小负荷运动对心理应激大鼠血清皮质酮IL-2的影响

目的：本文试图利用免疫学手段，通过对皮质酮和IL-2的检测，从免疫学和神经内分泌学角度探讨有益身心作用的可能机制。方法：健康雄性大鼠56只(购于中科院上海动物研究中心)，随机分成7组，即对照组、电击组、心理应激组、30min运动组、60min运动组、应激 30min运动组、应激 60min运动组。进行8周游泳运动，并在后2个星期施加心理应激。实验结束后，从大鼠腹腔动脉处取血，用于测定血清皮质酮和IL-2的含量。结果：①与对照组相比应激大鼠血清IL-2的平显著低于对照组，血清皮质酮含量显著高于对照组；②与对照组相比，30min和60min运动组血清IL-2水平显著高于对照组，而血清皮质酮显著低于对照组；③与应激组相比应激 60min运动组IL-2的平显著高于应激组，皮质酮含量显著低于对照组。结论：反复的心理应激引起大鼠较强的心理反应并使大鼠免疫功能产生抑制，中小负荷运动对在心理应激下的大鼠免疫功能有较好的保护作用。     

预热处理对大鼠急性运动股四头肌保护作用的实验研究

目的:通过观察预热处理前后大鼠急性运动股四头肌热休克蛋白70(HSP70)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)的变化,探讨预热处理诱导HSP70表达对运动机体的保护作用.方法:三月龄雄性SD大鼠随机分为室温安静组、室温运动后即刻组、室温运动后3 h组、预热处理安静组、预热处理运动后即刻组、预热处理运动后3 h组.预热处理组进行热暴露处理后,室温恢复24 h后,运动组大鼠进行一次急性运动,运动后即刻和3h进行取样,对股四头肌HSP70的含量、SOD活性、MDA含量进行测试.结果:(1)预热处理安静组HSP70含量明显高于室温安静组(P<0.05)(2)室温组运动后即刻股四头肌HSP70有上升的趋势,但与安静组比较没有显著性的差异,预热处理组运动后即刻HSP70的含量与预热处理安静组比较有显著性的差异,运动后3 h,两组HSP70的表达都明显增加.(3)运动后即刻股四头肌SOD的活性明显升高,3 h后其活性降低,但与安静组比较仍具有显著性差异.在变化过程中预热处理组SOD活性高于室温组.(4)运动后即刻股四头肌MDA的含量明显升高,3 h后减少,在运动后前3 h,预热处理组MDA的清除比室温组迅速,有显著性差异.以上结果表明预热处理诱导HSP70的大量表达可提高运动时SOD活性,降低MDA的含量.提示HSP70可能会提高机体的抗氧化能力,减少自由基对机体的损害,对运动机体具有一定的保护作用.     

Observing birth and placentophagia affects placentophagia but not maternal behavior of virgin rats

To determine whether observing components of periparturitional behavior affects the manifestation of those behaviors in virgin rats, virgins selected for nonplacentophagia and for the absence of spontaneous maternal behavior toward pups were exposed to stimulus rats that were giving birth, eating donor placenta, or eating lab chow. During observations, subjects could either eat donor placenta or just see and smell it. The subjects were tested subsequently for placentophagia and for the rate of onset of pup-induced maternal behavior. The results indicated that: (1) access to placenta in the presence of other rats led to placentophagia; (2) when such placentophagia occurred in conjunction with exposure to other rats that were giving birth or eating donor placenta, the subjects became permanent placentophages (otherwise, the subjects reverted and did not eat on subsequent placentophagia tests); (3) none of the observation conditions, regardless of the availability of placenta during observation, affected the maternal sensitization latency. The results are discussed in terms of social facilitation, exposure learning, and desensitization to exteroceptive stimuli.     

THE CONSULTANT'S CORNER: Terrorism,Terrorism Threat,and the School Consultant

Interventions for responding to terrorism and terrorism threat are described for 2 types of preventive interventions (primary and secondary) and for 3 levels (community, school and classroom). All the interventions aim to prevent mental illness and to promote mental health. This article is based on research and literature focused on: (a) responses to human-made and natural disasters, (b) psychological resilience, and (c) programs for dealing with acute and chronic stress and anxiety. While the focus of this article is on responding to terrorism and terrorism threat, it can be generalized to other human-made or natural disasters that impact a school.     

Effects of over-expressing resistin on glucose and lipid metabolism in mice

Resistin, a newly discovered peptide hormone mainly secreted by adipose tissues, is present at high levels in serum of obese mice and may be a potential link between obesity and insulin resistance in rodents. However, some studies of rat and mouse models have associated insulin resistance and obesity with decreased resistin expression. In humans, no relationship between resistin level and insulin resistance or adiposity was observed. This suggests that additional studies are necessary to determine the specific role of resistin in the regulation of energy metabolism and adipogenesis. In the present study, we investigated the effect of resistin in vivo on glucose and lipid metabolism by over-expressing resistin in mice by intramuscular injection of a recombinant eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1-Retn encoding porcine resistin gene. After injection, serum resistin and serum glucose (GLU) levels were significantly increased in the pcDNA3.1-Retn-treated mice; there was an obvious difference in total cholesterol (TC) level between the experiment and the control groups on Day 30. In pcDNA3.1-Retn-treated mice, both free fatty acid (FFA) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels were markedly lower than those of control, whereas HDL cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) levels did not differ between the two groups. Furthermore, lipase activity was expressly lower on Day 20. Our data suggest that resistin over-expressed in mice might be responsible for insulin resistance and parameters related to glucose and lipid metabolism were changed accordingly.     

The rates and correlates of the exposure of Palestinian adolescents to family violence: toward an integrative-holistic approach

OBJECTIVES: First, to examine the rates of Palestinian adolescents' exposure to (i.e., witnessing and experiencing) different patterns of psychological aggression and physical violence in their families of origin; and second, to examine the correlation between this exposure and sociodemographic characteristics, parents' psychological adjustment problems, and family exposure to political stressors. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey was carried out among a sample of 1,185 Palestinian secondary school students. RESULTS: The study reveals very alarming rates of witnessing interparental and parent-to-sibling aggression and violence, and high rates of experiencing aggression and violence by parents and siblings during childhood and adolescence. In addition, these rates were found to be intercorrelated, and correlated significantly with several sociodemographic characteristics such as parents' levels of education, place of residence, family size, religious affiliation, family income, and housing conditions, as well as with parents' psychological adjustment problems and with family exposure to political stressors. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study reveal strong evidence that emphasizes the importance of studying violence in the family from an integrative, comprehensive, and ecological perspective that incorporates intrapersonal traits, family stress theory, family resources theory, social learning theory, and sociological and environmental factors, to explain the risk factors and predictors of violence in the family.     

老年慢性肺心病伴发急性心肌梗死的分析

目的探讨老年慢性肺心病伴发急性心肌梗死(AMI)的临床特点.方法对66例老年慢性肺心病伴发AMI的病人(A组)进行分析,并与老年单纯冠心病AMI152例(B组)作比较.结果A组疼痛发生率(45.4%)显著低于B组(83.9%)(p＜0.01),A组急性左心衰、心源性休克发生率显著高于B组,分别为53.1%与25.0%,48.4%与21.7%(p＜0.05),A组病死率(42.4%)显著高于B组(15.7%),肺心病对其伴发AMI的发生部位无影响.结论对老年肺心病患者突然发生的急性左心衰和/或心源性休克应高度警惕伴发AMI的可能.