运动协调层次及属性研究

由于运动协调内在机制相对复杂,其本质属性一直存在较大争议。以认知发展的观点将运动协调分为本能运动协调、感知运动协调和操作运动协调三个层次,竞技运动协调归属于专业操作运动协调,并论证了运动协调具有技能的属性。     

关于运动协调能力若干问题的思考

运动协调能力是练习者形成运动技能必不可少的基础条件。分析了运动协调能力的定义、运动协调能力在形成运动技能中所起的作用、影响运动协调能力的因素、运动协调能力发展的一般规律、改进运动协调能力的任务与方法等问题。     

动作协调能力属性及其相关定义的理论思考

从动作协调的运动学特征,生理心理学实质以及动作协调能力与运动技能的关系方面对人体动作协调能力的本质属性及其相关定义问题进行了深入的理论分析。笔者认为,动作协调能力是运动个体生理特性和心理特性的综合体现。从概念上讲,协调能力是运动技能的下位概念。从包容关系上看,运动技能包含着协调能力因素,但从因果关系上看,协调能力是运动技能形成的条件。因此不能把协调能力与运动技能相互混淆,更不能把协调错误的理解为一般体能素质,因而建议使用“协调能力”这一概念更能反映动作协调的本质属性。     

运动协调的定量方法以及在专项技术分析领域的研究进展

人体的运动协调问题一直受到多个研究领域的关注。Bernstein运动协调观与运动协调的动态系统理论被广泛应用于解释运动协调的形成、发展、特征中,成为研究运动协调的主要理论基础。依据这些理论基础,针对不同类型研究的需要,设计了多种运动协调的定量方法来客观展现人体的协调运动,这些方法都具有各自的优缺点。目前,在专项技术分析领域中,对专项技术中肢体协调层面的研究较多,在多种专项技术中都发现了一些高效的运动协调方式。尽管这些运动协调方式各有不同,但是展现出一些共性的特征。此外,在优秀运动员的技术中,具有较大的肢体协调变异性,这些变异性是肌肉-骨骼复杂系统灵活性的体现,有利于运动任务的实现。在关节动力学、肌肉活动等层面中运动协调的研究相对较少。专项技术中运动协调的研究趋势有:1)由于运动技术种类繁多,各自特征不同,对运动协调的研究将会涉及到更多的运动项目中;2)应用动态系统理论,进一步探索优秀运动员技术中运动协调变异性对专项技术的作用;3)应用动态系统理论,拓展对专项技术中运动协调控制变量的研究;4)拓展在优秀运动员专项技术中关节动力学、肌肉活动等更深层面中运动协调特征的研究。     

关于少年儿童动作协调能力的研究综述

采用文献资料查阅法,对我国关于少年儿童动作协调能力的研究进行了综述。指出我国对青少年儿童协调能力的进行了从理论到实践的广泛研究,研究领域可归纳为3个方面:一是对青少年儿童协调能力的有关理论的研究;二是对一般和从事运动专项的青少年儿童的协调能力的测量与评价方法;三是采用特定的训练方法提高青少年儿童的协调能力。我国应加强运动协调发展的过程和机制的研究,以进一步建立信度和效度的测试和评价体系。     

基于函数型数据分析技术的运动协调量化方法应用研究

对运动协调的研究是运动控制学科的重要组成部分,其主要目的在于探索中枢神经系统等元素对机体运动控制的作用及其机制。基于运动协调的概念,矩阵分解方法被长期应用于运动协调的量化中。然而,一些量化运动协调常用的矩阵分解方法中存在的问题也日益显露。在这些矩阵分解方法中,将运动自由度表示为一个向量,作为一个具有间断特征的数据集合进行处理,是不符合实际的。这使与中枢神经运动指令有关的参数也具有间断属性,与实际由其激活的具有连续性的运动自由度状态是有矛盾的。此外,它们的量化结果与一些运动协调相关的概念不相匹配,或者是未能展现出更加丰富的运动协调相关信息。这些对量化结果的理论解释有一定程度的影响。在这此运动协调的量化问题上,函数型主成分分析技术具有特有的优势。     

五大发展理念引领下冰雪运动发展路径研究

运用文献资料、逻辑分析、专家访谈等方法，以五大发展理念为引领，对我国冰雪运动发展路径进行研究。研究认为：五大发展理念是推进冰雪运动健康可持续发展的核心驱动之源。坚持创新发展，实现冰雪技术、文化、制度创新，破解冰雪运动的现实困境，扩充我国冰雪人口；坚持协调发展，冰雪公共服务与人们需求相协调；冰雪健身与多元功能相协调；形成多元发展合力；坚持绿色发展，实现冰雪运动与生态环境共生永续发展，宣传冰雪文化，形成健康生活方式；坚持开放发展，以赛事为驱动，以产业为纽带，以外交为途径，助推冰雪强国建设。坚持共享发展，建立冰雪运动共建共享机制，满足人们的冰雪需求。     

对运动协调归属问题的探析

运动员的协调能力与运动水平、竞技能力密切相关。运动协调的内在机制相对复杂，在其归属问题上，还存在认识上的分歧。在综述当前对“运动协调”归属划分的几种观点的基础上，提出运动协调是一种具体的客观存在的观点。认为，协调性归属于身体素质范畴，协调性与灵敏性之间存在着一定的联系，即协调性是灵敏性的基础，两者表现方式不同。     

高校散打教学中如何提高大学生的协调能力

散打运动在高校的广泛开展,有利于继承传统武术文化,在大学生的身体健康、心理健康、良好品德的形成与培养方面都会产生重要影响。协调能力是学生形成运动技能的重要基础和条件,散打运动“踢、打、摔”全身结合的运动特点,有助于提高学生左右、上下的手脚协调配合能力,较快地获得运动技能。     

青少年篮球运动员协调能力的影响因素及训练

协调能力是青少年篮球运动员形成运动技能的重要基础。运动员协调能力好,就能在运动训练的过程中较快地获得运动技术,就能在比赛时较流畅     

中国部分优秀棒球选手挥击技术动作的分析

本文通过对我国部分优秀棒球选手的挥击动作运动学和动力学的分析，力图描述出我国棒球选手目前挥击动作中髋、肩、腕等关节的运动状态和它们与甜点之间协调制约的关系，以及挥击技术动作中上述有关环节及时制动的生物力学原理及其应用价值。     

7～12岁儿童动作协调能力性别差异的研究

在研究建立了儿童动作协调能力的理论框架和测量指标体系与方法的基础上 ,通过对 7～ 1 2岁总共 1 4 99名男、女儿童动作协调能力 9项指标的标准化测验 ,对所获数字信息进行数理统计的处理 ,并对男、女儿童测试成绩进行对比分析 ,从中发现不同性别儿童动作协调能力发展的变化规律。研究结果表明 ,7～ 1 2岁男、女儿童动作协调能力的发展不仅有其基本特征 ,而且存在性别差异     

沙滩排球扣球起跳动作协调性特征的运动生物力学研究

根据动作协调性理论并以室内排球为对照 ,采用理论分析与实验相结合的方法对沙滩排球扣球起跳阶段运动员的动作协调性进行了探讨。结果为 :沙滩排球扣球起跳阶段下肢髋 -膝 -踝运动链的运动基本上表现为同步性 ,而上肢 -躯干 -下肢运动链的运动则表现为顺序性 ;沙滩排球扣球起跳时肩关节发力过早影响了上、下肢动作的协调性 ;沙滩排球扣球起跳时人体两侧踝关节的非同步性导致了两侧自由下肢运动的非同步性 ,影响了扣球起跳的效果     

田径技术动作协调能力的特征及其分类模式的初步研究

田径技术动作协调能力的研究是一个薄弱环节。通过对田径技术与动作协调能力的发展关系 ,田径技术动作协调能力的特征与分类模式的探讨 ,认为动作协调能力是运动技能的构成成分 ,田径技术动作协调能力具有体能—躯体复杂动作协调的特征 ,并对其进行了五种模式划分 ,为今后对少年儿童田径技术动作协调能力发展规律研究指标体系的设计 ,提供了理论依据     

Segment coupling and coordination variability analyses of the roundhouse kick in taekwondo relative to the initial stance position

The initial stance position (ISP) has been observed as a factor affecting the execution technique during taekwondo kicks. In the present study, authors aimed to analyse a roundhouse kick to the chest by measuring movement coordination and the variability of coordination and comparing this across the different ISP (0°, 45° and 90°). Eight experienced taekwondo athletes performed consecutive kicking trials in random order from every of the three relative positions. The execution was divided into three phases (stance, first swing and second swing phase). A motion capture system was used to measure athletes’ angular displacement of pelvis and thigh. A modified vector coding technique was used to quantify the coordination of the segments which contributed to the overall movement. The variability of this coordination (CV) for each ISP was also calculated. Comparative analysis showed that during the stance phase in the transverse plane, athletes coordinated movement of the trunk and thigh with a higher frequency of in-phase and lower frequency of exclusive thigh rotation in the 0° stance than the 90° stance position (P < 0.05). CV was also influenced by the different ISP. During the first swing and the majority of the second swing phase, predominant in-phase coordination of the pelvis and thigh was observed. Including exercises that require in-phase movement could not only help athletes to acquire coordination stability but also efficiency. The existence of a constraint such as ISP implies an increase of the variability when the athletes have to kick from ISP they are not used to adopt (i.e., 0° and 90° ISP) as an evidence of adaptability in the athletes’ execution technique.     

Is movement variability important for sports biomechanists?

This paper overviews the importance for sports biomechanics of movement variability, which has been studied for some time by cognitive and ecological motor skills specialists but, until quite recently, had somewhat been overlooked by sports biomechanists. The paper considers biomechanics research reporting inter- and intra-individual movement variability in javelin and discus throwing, basketball shooting, and locomotion. The overview does not claim to be comprehensive and we exclude such issues as the theoretical background to movement and coordination variability and their measurement. We overview evidence, both theoretical and empirical, of inter-individual movement variability in seeking to achieve the same task goal, in contrast to the concept of “optimal” movement patterns. Furthermore, even elite athletes cannot reproduce identical movement patterns after many years of training, contradicting the ideas of motor invariance and “representative” trials. We contend that movement variability, far from being solely due to neuromuscular system or measurement “noise” – as sports biomechanists may have previously supposed – is, or could be, functional. Such functionality could allow environmental adaptations, reduce injury risk, and facilitate changes in coordination patterns. We conclude by recommending that sports biomechanists should focus more of their research on movement variability and on important related topics, such as control and coordination of movement, and implications for practice and skill learning.     

Is movement variability important for sports biomechanists?

This paper overviews the importance for sports biomechanics of movement variability, which has been studied for some time by cognitive and ecological motor skills specialists but, until quite recently, had somewhat been overlooked by sports biomechanists. The paper considers biomechanics research reporting inter- and intra-individual movement variability in javelin and discus throwing, basketball shooting, and locomotion. The overview does not claim to be comprehensive and we exclude such issues as the theoretical background to movement and coordination variability and their measurement. We overview evidence, both theoretical and empirical, of inter-individual movement variability in seeking to achieve the same task goal, in contrast to the concept of "optimal" movement patterns. Furthermore, even elite athletes cannot reproduce identical movement patterns after many years of training, contradicting the ideas of motor invariance and "representative" trials. We contend that movement variability, far from being solely due to neuromuscular system or measurement "noise"--as sports biomechanists may have previously supposed--is, or could be, functional. Such functionality could allow environmental adaptations, reduce injury risk, and facilitate changes in coordination patterns. We conclude by recommending that sports biomechanists should focus more of their research on movement variability and on important related topics, such as control and coordination of movement, and implications for practice and skill learning.