大学生与运动员视觉选择注意的对照研究

采用注意线索技术，通过分心物数量、目标一线索一致性和目标特征变化，探讨普通大学生与运动员视觉选择注意加工能力的差异。结果表明，在不同的任务情境下，运动员在视觉选择注意任务中的表现较普通大学生存在显著优势，并表现出一定的冒险倾向。     

目标数量对篮球运动员视觉追踪表现的影响

考察篮球运动员在多目标视觉追踪任务中的表现。专家组为篮球后卫、中锋和前锋各14人,新手组为篮球专选学生14人,实验运用多目标追踪和变化检测范式考察各组别在不同目标数条件下的追踪正确率。结果表明:随着目标数增多,专家组的追踪正确率与新手组的差异逐渐显著,出现显著性差异的顺序依次为后卫、中锋和前锋。专家组组块化的效率高于新手组;后卫的多目标追踪能力具有非常明显的优势,中锋略好于前锋。     

神经肌肉疲劳对跆拳道运动员追踪移动目标时眼动特征的影响

目的：旨在探讨跆拳道运动员追踪移动目标时的视觉特征及神经肌肉疲劳对其视觉特征所产生的影响。方法：利用VR眼动仪分别采集24名跆拳道运动员训练前和训练后完成实验任务（追踪移动目标）与对照任务（无移动目标）时的眼动信息,测试持续42个训练日,共完成655人次测试;通过下蹲跳（CMJ）测试评价受试者训练后是否出现神经肌肉疲劳,最终筛选出44人次因训练产生神经肌肉疲劳的受试者的眼动参数进行统计分析。结果：与对照任务相比,受试者完成实验任务时瞳孔直径显著缩小,总注视次数显著减少;与非疲劳状态相比,神经肌肉疲劳状态下受试者完成实验任务时瞳孔直径显著增大,眼跳速度显著加快,平均注视时长显著加长。结论：跆拳道运动员追踪移动目标时提取信息相对容易,仅需较少的注意力即可快速获取有效信息;出现神经肌肉疲劳后,跆拳道运动员追踪移动目标时瞳孔直径显著增大,对有效信息的敏感度降低、提取视觉信息的难度增大。     

内隐学习对运动员注意瞬脱影响的实验研究

选取40名运动员为被试,使用RSVP序列和CRT任务为研究范式,采用不同刺激目标延搁的试验设计,探讨运动员在内隐学习的不同阶段对 不同序列反应时和反应准确性的影响,从而揭示运动员在不同内隐学习过程中注意瞬脱的特征。结论：（1）运动员在进行RSVP序列学习过程中表 现出显著的内隐学习效应;（2）运动员对快速目标刺激表现出典型的注意瞬脱现象,当2个目标相隔212 ms左右最为严重,在424 ms左右逐渐恢复, 较普通人群轻;（3）内隐学习可以减缓注意瞬脱的消极影响,尤其是在注意瞬脱最严重的情境下效果最显著;（4）内隐学习需要注意的参与,弱频的 白色分心物刺激很难对有规律的测验序列产生学习效应。     

运动员注意优先效应的初步研究

通过考察分心刺激数量、目标-线索一致性和目标特征来探讨运动员视觉选择性注意中的优先效应,力图对运动员的信息加工能力从注意认知的角度提供新视角。实验采用3×2×2被试内设计。结果表明:有效线索提示和新异目标具有注意优先权,有效线索-新异目标>无效线索-新异目标>有效线索-非新异目标>无效线索-非新异目标;运动员具有较好的视觉选择注意加工能力,能充分利用现有的诸多信息进行合理有效的整合加工和决策,调整自己注意的范围和焦点。     

运动技能内隐认知抗干扰性与抗应激性的试验研究

运动技能的外显认知需要注意力高度集中,在分心情况下运动技能的表现与发挥容易受到干扰,通过外显认知所获得的运动技能在紧张、压 力情景下成绩表现有较大的波动性。为考察运动技能的内隐认知是否也具有同样的特征,运用文献资料法、试验等方法,以序列反应时为试验主任 务,以视觉干扰（记忆7位数字串）为第2任务,将80名大学生随机分为4组,分别进行外显单任务、外显双任务、内隐单任务与内隐双任务的练习,在 低、高应激状态下分别进行运动技能的学习效果测试。结果表明：内隐双任务组能自动获取复杂技能中所有隐含的潜在规则,内隐认知不受（至少 少受）分心的影响;不同的认知方式和练习策略所获运动技能在不同应激状态下的学习效果也不同,与低应激条件下的学习效果相比,高应激条件 下单任务内隐组和双任务外显组反应时上升不显著,而外显单任务组反应时显著上升,内隐双任务组反应时显著下降。由此可见,内隐认知在分心 条件下同样能获得运动技能,具有抗干扰性特征;内隐认知所获运动技能在紧张、压力条件下成绩发挥稳定,具有抗应激性特征。研究启示人们,在 运动技能训练中增加内隐成分与分心练习不仅不影响运动技能的获得,而且对运动员在比赛中增强抗压能力可能具有重要作用。     

情绪和注意灵活性对排球运动员发球落点预判的影响

本研究采用内隐形注意朝向任务,借助眼动追踪考察,注意灵活性在情绪与排球运动员预判关系中的影响作用.结果表明,情绪性质可以影响高水平排球运动员的预判表现,相比于悲伤组,愉悦组运动员的预判成绩更高.注意灵活性在情绪对预判的影响中发挥着调节作用,体现为高注意灵活性组的排球运动员,愉悦和悲伤情绪状态下的预判成绩无显著差异,而对于低注意灵活性组的运动员,愉悦状态下的预判成绩显著高于悲伤情绪状态.     

羽毛球运动员多目标追踪任务中对非目标的抑制机制

目的:通过试验探讨不同等级羽毛球运动员在多目标追踪任务中对非目标的抑制作用。方法:选取不同等级羽毛球运动员,其中专家组8人(运动等级国家健将级),新手组8人(某体育学院专选班大学生),采用多目标追踪(MOT)范式、点探测技术相结合的办法,探讨不同等级羽毛球运动员对非目标的抑制机制。结论:不同等级运动员在多目标追踪任务中并没有表现出明显的差异;不同等级运动员对于探测刺激的觉察率具有明显的差异,新手组和专家组在不同区域探测刺激的觉察率都是不同的,并且具有显著的位置主效应;专家组与新手组在判断不容易混淆的非目标时,抑制机制相同,即全部为基于客体的抑制;专家组与新手组在判断容易混淆的非目标时,抑制机制不同,新手组的抑制机制为基于客体的抑制占据优势,而专家组的抑制机制为基于特征的抑制占据优势。意义:通过多目标追踪范式引入点探测技术,区别不同等级羽毛球运动员多目标追踪正确率与点探测觉察率之间的相关关系,以能够区别不同等级羽毛球运动员对非目标探测刺激抑制的差异,并为产生的差异进行理论解释。     

分心作业对环境主导注意型运动员返回抑制的影响

考察分心作业对环境主导注意型运动员返回抑制时程的影响。采用线索—靶子范式,试验1和试验2分别以普通大学生、新手型运动员和专家型运动员各16名作为被试,包括3种SOA水平(200 ms,400 ms,700 ms)。在试验1和试验2的中央注视点分别安排无分心作业和有分心作业,对3组被试之间的返回抑制时程进行比较。试验1结果表明:无分心作业时,普通大学生在SOA为400 ms和700 ms出现返回抑制,新手型运动员和专家型运动员在SOA为200 ms、400 ms和700 ms均出现返回抑制;试验2结果表明:有分心作业时,普通大学生与新手型运动员的返回抑制消失,专家型运动员在SOA为400 ms和700 ms仍然保留返回抑制。环境主导注意型运动员具有更强的返回抑制能力,专家型运动员能够采取更为有效的注意加工策略,表现出较好的认知控制能力或抗干扰能力。     

大学生羽毛球运动的成就目标及其与运动成绩的关系研究

采用文献资料法、心理测量法以及数理统计法,对第9届全国大学生羽毛球锦标赛的男、女运动员成就目标及其与运动成绩的关系进行研究。结果表明:不同性别的大学生羽毛球运动员在任务目标定向和自我回避目标定向维度上存在显著差异;我国大学生羽毛球运动员队伍中较高或较低的成就目标者的比例较高;优秀大学生羽毛球运动员的任务目标定向及自我趋近目标定向的适宜范围为30.13±4.06、33.84±6.73;自我趋近目标定向是影响大学生羽毛球运动员成绩的因素之一。     

The influence of sport goggles on visual target detection in female intercollegiate athletes

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of sport goggles on visual target detection in female intercollegiate athletes. Participants were randomly divided into three groups that varied in goggle use (G) or no goggle use (NG) over a total of three 1-min trials during a visual target detection task. The NG-NG-NG group did not wear goggles for any of the trials, whereas the NG-G-NG group wore goggles for the second trial only, and the G-NG-G group wore goggles for the first and third trials. The task consisted of illuminated targets arranged in five concentric rings from central to peripheral visual angles. The effects of sport goggles on response time to detect targets were most evident in the peripheral rings. Those who did not wear sport goggles showed improved performance from the first to second trials. This improvement was impaired, however, in those who wore sport goggles. Moreover, there was a reversal of the performance improvements achieved without goggles in those who wore goggles on the third trial. Together, these findings suggest the sport goggles not only impaired the expected initial performance but also impaired visual target detection after performance improvements were seen. These findings suggest sport goggles may impair detection of peripheral visual stimuli in athletes.     

When forgetting benefits motor retention

Recent research (Lee & Weeks, 1987; Weeks, Lee, & Elliott, 1987) investigating the processes responsible for the contextual interference phenomenon has used a modified short-term motor retention paradigm to support the reconstruction explanation (Lee & Magill, 1985; Magill, 1989; Magill & Hall, 1990). The present experiment was an extension of these experiments in which forgetting of an acquisition task was induced through performance of either a similar or dissimilar distractor task during the intertrial interval. The effects of an extra practice trial with the acquisition task as well as no activity during the intertrial interval were also investigated. In addition, forgetting of the acquisition task was assessed prior to a reconstruction trial, which immediately preceded a 2-min filled retention interval. Both similar and dissimilar distractor tasks caused equivalent amounts of forgetting of the acquisition task prior to the reconstruction trial. However, retention of the acquisition task was significantly improved if its reconstruction occurred following forgetting due to interference from performance of a similar distractor task. These findings suggest forgetting and subsequent reconstruction alone are not sufficient for improved retention. These processes must occur in the context of a similar task for improved retention.     

Dance Creativity Measures: A Reliability Study

Abstract

Recent research (Lee &; Weeks, 1987; Weeks, Lee, &; Elliott, 1987) investigating the processes responsible for the contextual interference phenomenon has used a modified short-term motor retention paradigm to support the reconstruction explanation (Lee &; Magill, 1985; Magill, 1989; Magill &; Hall, 1990). The present experiment was an extension of these experiments in which forgetting of an acquisition task was induced through performance of either a similar or dissimilar distractor task during the intertrial interval. The effects of an extra practice trial with the acquisition task as well as no activity during the intertrial interval were also investigated. In addition, forgetting of the acquisition task was assessed prior to a reconstruction trial, which immediately preceded a 2-min filled retention interval. Both similar and dissimilar distractor tasks caused equivalent amounts of forgetting of the acquisition task prior to the reconstruction trial. However, retention of the acquisition task was significantly improved if its reconstruction occurred following forgetting due to interference from performance of a similar distractor task. These findings suggest forgetting and subsequent reconstruction alone are not sufficient for improved retention. These processes must occur in the context of a similar task for improved retention.     

The Effect of the Rate of Muscle Contraction on the Force-Time Curve Parameters of Male and Female Subjects

Purpose: Suprapostural task performance (manual tracking) and postural control (sway and frequency) were examined as a function of attentional focus, age, and tracking difficulty. Given the performance benefits often found under external focus conditions, it was hypothesized that external focus instructions would promote superior tracking and reduced postural sway for both age groups, most notably as a function of tracking difficulty. Method: Postural sway, frequency of postural adjustments, and tracking accuracy under two levels of task difficulty were assessed for younger (M _age = 20.98 years) and older (M _age = 70.80 years) participants while they manually tracked a pursuit-rotor target. Participants received instructions to focus on either their actions (internal focus) or the effect of their actions (external focus). Results: Analyses revealed a beneficial effect of an external focus on suprapostural performance on the less-difficult (0.5 Hz) tracking task, and this performance was associated with a modest improvement in medial-lateral postural sway. Conclusion: The findings offer limited support for external focus-of-attention benefits under a mildly challenging tracking task. While older adults tend to adopt a conservative postural control strategy regardless of tracking task difficulty, external focus instructions on a suprapostural task promoted a modest, beneficial shift in postural control.     

Cognitive interference during competition among volleyball players with different goal orientation profiles

In this study, we examined interfering thoughts during sport competition among university volleyball players as a function of dominant goal orientation and outcome. In particular, we investigated the performance worries and thoughts of escape experienced while performing in athletes with high task and low ego orientation and athletes with high ego and low task orientation. Goal orientations were assessed before the start of a volleyball tournament, whereas cognitive interference was assessed on three different occasions after games. The results revealed no consistent differences for performance worries. In contrast, in all analyses we found that athletes with high ego and low task orientations reported more thoughts of escape when losing than when winning, and more thoughts of escape than athletes with high task and low ego orientations when winning or losing. The results support in part the suggestion that a high ego orientation, when not accompanied by a high task orientation, can be linked to motivationally maladaptive cognitions.     

Cognitive interference during competition among volleyball players with different goal orientation profiles

In this study, we examined interfering thoughts during sport competition among university volleyball players as a function of dominant goal orientation and outcome. In particular, we investigated the performance worries and thoughts of escape experienced while performing in athletes with high task and low ego orientation and athletes with high ego and low task orientation. Goal orientations were assessed before the start of a volleyball tournament, whereas cognitive interference was assessed on three different occasions after games. The results revealed no consistent differences for performance worries. In contrast, in all analyses we found that athletes with high ego and low task orientations reported more thoughts of escape when losing than when winning, and more thoughts of escape than athletes with high task and low ego orientations when winning or losing. The results support in part the suggestion that a high ego orientation, when not accompanied by a high task orientation, can be linked to motivationally maladaptive cognitions.     

Adapting to changing task demands: variability in children's response to manipulations of resistance and cadence during pedaling

Reduction in performance variability is characteristic of skill acquisition during childhood. Less understood is the role of variability in adaptive skill. The purpose of this study was to determine children's capacity for adapting to changing task requirements. Children ages 4-14 years and adults rode a stationary ergometer at different levels of cadence and resistance. Younger children were less successful in meeting task requirements. When they did succeed, the younger children were more variable. However, no interactions were found. Variability did not change with resistance, and all groups showed increasing variability as cadence increased. It was concluded that in spite of a weaker synergy (more variability), children were adept to changes in task demand within tested limits.     

优秀铅球运动员David Storl多年参赛的竞技状态变化特征

通过对优秀运动员大卫·斯托尔多年参赛情况的研究发现,优秀运动员在大赛前后的参赛次数、参赛间隔天数、比赛成绩均呈现出一定的特点,对于了解优秀运动员竞技状态的形成及变化规律,指导我国运动员在大赛前形成最佳竞技状态具有一定的借鉴。