20 years later: deliberate practice and the development of expertise in sport

Twenty-one years ago, Ericsson, Krampe and Tesch-Romer published their seminal work expounding the notion of deliberate practice in explaining the development of expertise. This concept has since become extremely influential in the fields of sport psychology and motor learning. This review evaluates current understanding of deliberate practice in sport skill acquisition with an emphasis on the role of deliberate practice in distinguishing expert athletes from non-experts. In particular, we re-examine the original tenets of Ericsson et al.'s framework to (a) evaluate the sport-related research supporting their claims and (b) identify remaining research questions in this area. The review highlights the overall importance of deliberate practice in the development of expert sport performers; however, our understanding is far from complete. Several directions for future research are highlighted, including the need for more rigorous research designs and statistical models that can evaluate changes in developmental and contextual factors across development. Finally, we advocate for a more thorough understanding of the implications of a ‘deliberate practice approach’ for coaching science.     

中外主流体育学期刊引文评价参数对比分析

通过中外体育期刊引文评价参数的对比分析,了解国际主流体育学期刊现状,明确我国体育学期刊发展中的优势与不足,为进一步提高我国体育学期刊质量提供数据基础.选取国内10种体育学核心期刊(CSSCI (2011—2012)来源期刊)和15种国际重要的体育学期刊(JCR-SCI综合排名前15位)进行引文评价参数(出版频率、被引频次、影响因子、即年指标、自引率、被引半衰期、引用半衰期)比较分析.结果显示:中外体育学期刊在出版频率、被引频次两参数特征上差异不具有显著性(P>0.05);自引率特征差异具有显著性(P<0.05),国内优于国际;被引半衰期特征差异具有显著性(P<0.05),国内不及国际;影响因子、即年指标两参数特征差异极具显著性(P<0.01),国际远远优于国内;被引半衰期特征差异极具显著性(P<0.01),国内作者偏重阅读与引用较新的文献资料.     

体育社会学学科溯源及对新世纪中国体育社会学发展的启示

在西方国家工业化进程中，现代体育的迅速发展与扩张是体育社会学诞生的前提；社会学的发展及其向体育领域的渗透；是建立体育社会学的必要条件；体育界与社会学界学者携手合作，以社会学理论与方法研究体育社会现象，构成了体育社会学的理论框架；而大学学科地位的确立和学术机构的建立，为体育社会学发展提供制度保障。通过对体育社会学学科发展过程的回顾，分析其学科特点和社会价值，为新世纪中国体育社会学学科发展提供借鉴。     

Solving sport’s ‘relative age’ problem: a systematic review of proposed solutions

ABSTRACT

Though the existence of Relative Age Effects (RAEs) has been documented through a multitude of studies spanning various sports and levels of play, application of solutions related to RAEs has been limited. In this review, the strengths and weaknesses of various proposed solutions to RAEs in youth sport are considered. Our objective was to identify, collate, and disseminate a comprehensive list of solutions related to the prevalence of RAEs in youth sport. English language, peer-reviewed articles were searched using the SPORTDiscuss database. Keywords ‘relative age’, ‘relative age effect*’, and sport* were used to locate research articles. The inclusion criteria were the following: (1) publication date between January 1980 and December 2018; (2) solutions were suggested related to RAEs. Sixty-three peer-reviewed publications contained proposed solutions to RAEs. Many solutions have been proposed to address RAEs in sport. Most are theoretical and there has been no attempt to implement them. Future research should test possible proposed solutions to RAEs in sport. However, implementing these solutions has the potential to both positively and negatively affect career and life outcomes for those athletes involved. Therefore, it is important to be cautious in how these possible solutions are tested.     

从北京奥运会分析中国田径在世界的地位

2008年北京奥运会中国田径没有收获金牌,与世界田径强国差距巨大。中国田径要早日赶超世界先进水平,必须从科学训练入手,将管理、训练、科研、营养、恢复和医疗一体化,加强青少年后备人才的培养,聘请高水平的外籍教练员。为更多的优秀运动员和教练员提供到田径强国学习和参加高水平田径比赛的机会。     

我国高等院校招收优秀运动员现状的调查

高校高水平运动员的招生必须兼顾高校高水平运动队建设的短期效应和长远发展,一方面要针对当前的实际情况,以充分共享体育系统运动员资源为主,加快高校高水平运动队的建设,特别是要重视高校与运动队的共建,以确保教育系统承担和完成参加世界大赛的任务;另一方面要制定有利于鼓励中、小学开展学校竞技体育后备人才培养的招生政策,形成以高校为龙头,大、中、小学“一条龙”的学校竞技体育后备人才培养体系。     

Circumstantial development and athletic excellence: The role of date of birth and birthplace

Abstract

Researchers are only beginning to understand how contextual variables such as date of birth and birthplace affect the development of elite athletes. This article considers the generality of birthplace and date-of-birth effects in varying sport contexts. The Study 1 examined how environmental factors associated with an athlete's date-of-birth and size of birthplace predict the likelihood of becoming an Olympic athlete in Canada, the United States of America, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Study 2 examined date-of-birth and birthplace effects among athletes playing in the first professional league in Germany. Study 2 also examined the validity of birthplace as a proxy for early developmental environment by comparing birthplace with the place of first sports club in four German sports leagues. Results from both studies showed no consistent findings for date of birth. Findings from Study 2 also suggested incongruence between birthplace and location of first sports club as proxies for early developmental environment. Although there was some consistency suggesting elite athletes are less likely to come from very small or excessively large communities, exceptions occurred both within and across sport contexts. These results suggest that any developmental effects of date and place of birth are buffered by broader socio-cultural factors.     

中国竞技体育发展观与发展模式的演变

对我国竞技体育发展观及发展模式进行了分析,研究表明,竞技体育发展观决定了竞技体育的发展模式,我国竞技体育的发展先后经历了竞技体育“赶超”发展观,竞技体育“优先发展”观及竞技体育可持续发展的历史演变。     

Coach ratings of skills and their relations to practice,play and successful transitions from youth-elite to adult-professional status in soccer

Elite soccer players (~15 yr) from professional academies in the UK were rated on technical, tactical, physical and creative skills by coaches at time 1 (T1). Players estimated accumulated hours in soccer practice (coach-led activities) and play (self-led activities) during childhood. Coach-ratings were again collected 2.5 yr later (T2) for players that received a professional contract (~17 yr). Adult-professional status was determined at T3 (~ 20 yr). Skill ratings distinguished across the three “future” groups (academy-only, youth-professional only and adult-professional), for all but creative skill. For players that transitioned to youth-professional, medium sized correlations were noted between childhood practice amounts and technical and creative skill ratings at T1, although practice amounts correlated more strongly with skill ratings at T2. Play amounts were not related to any skills. Within groups of youth elite athletes, domain-specific play in childhood, and to a lesser degree practice, were generally not good discriminators of specific-skills. The effects of sport-specific practice on the development (and discriminability) of skills takes time to emerge. We consider the implications for talent development models and purported links between play and creativity.     

中国体育发展与经济增长的动态计量分析

基于相关的时序数据,运用协整检验、误差修正模型和格兰杰因果检验等动态计量方法,对中国体育发展与经济增长之间的关系进行实证分析,发现体育发展和经济增长之间存在长期稳定的均衡关系,两者互为因果、相互促进。大力发展体育事业,尤其是体育产业,将对我国国民经济的持续增长起到重要作用。     

影响我国高水平田径训练管理的若干关系

运用逻辑分析等研究方法对影响我国高水平田径训练管理因素进行研究,结果表明：田径运动是竞技体育的基础项目,其高水平（国家队）训练阶段的团队管理工作将直接影响我国田径运动水平的发展与提高。建议我国高水平田径训练管理工作中应正确处理以下七方面关系：管理与服务的关系、训练与科研的关系、训练与比赛的关系、整体提高与重点突破的关系、竞技体育＂三化＂与训练管理的关系、社会效益与经济效益的关系、外部环境与内部条件的关系。     

The role of sport in community capacity building: An examination of sport for development research and practice

Population health promotion and preventing disease remain important global policy goals. Because of the complex nature of health, and the recognition of the limits of individual-oriented health promotion strategies, recent decades have seen increased interest by public health researchers and practitioners in community-level approaches to health promotion. Increasingly, community-level approaches have been based upon the theoretical concept of community capacity. Community capacity is seen as a critical mechanism for supporting and promoting community-level health and through the sport for development (SFD) model, there is evidence of sport being an important practice for community development. However, little is known about the potential role of sport as a mechanism for building community capacity. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to examine the efficacy of sport to contribute to the process of community capacity building. Using seven established dimensions of community capacity, there is evidence that many SFD practices can effectively facilitate dimensions of community capacity when conducted in intentional, culturally relevant ways. Specifically, sport has demonstrated efficacy in building local skills, knowledge, and resources, increasing social cohesion, facilitating structures and mechanisms for community dialog, leadership development, and encouraging civic participation. More research is needed to understand sport's ability to promote capacity building through collective action, developing value systems that support democracy and inclusion, and encouraging critical reflection. To increase the usefulness of sport to support community health development, SFD principles should be included as part of sport management university curricula. Additionally, practitioners need grounding in community and human development research to support non-sport components of programs. Finally, participatory action research techniques should be used by researchers and practitioners. Sport-based development often generates high interest from residents, funders, and policy makers. By applying principles of community capacity building, sport may be uniquely positioned to enhance sustainable community health development initiatives.     

由攻击性视角审视体育运动的和谐发展

人类和所有的动物一样都存在着攻击性,这是由生物性所决定的,是人类与生俱来的能力。论述了人类攻击性与体育运动的关系,体育运动运用其独有的方式宣泄着人类的攻击性,从攻击性的视角提出了促进体育运动和谐发展的对策。     

我国定向体育旅游发展的现状与对策

定向体育旅游是体育旅游的重要组成部分,发展定向体育旅游已成为保持我国体育旅游可持续发展的一个重要课题。提出并阐述了定向体育旅游的概念,分析了我国目前定向体育旅游发展的现状和存在的主要问题,并提出了发展定向体育旅游的对策。     

我国职业运动员人力资本的现状及对策研究

采用文献资料法和逻辑推理法，分析了职业运动员人力资本的内涵及其现状，对传统的社会主义经济学中关于运动员的人力资本的概念和范围进行重新界定，在实践上排除时人力资本投资的冷淡和漠视。并在此基础上提出了几点对策：加大运动员的教育投资，注重健康资本的投入，构建适合自身发展的良性运作机制，构建运动员保险的三维机制，建立健全法律法规体系．保障职业体育市场的发展。     

关于当前少数民族体育发展的科学认识

少数民族体育是少数民族由心而发的一种文化表达,少数民族体育的发展体现了新 时期民族地区经济、社会、文化发展的必然要求.当前少数民族体育的发展在意义选择上应坚持生态与生计共享,目标定位上要遵循乡土与外来共荣,发展地域上要体现城乡间的协调和互动,实施动力上要充分发挥民间和政府的合力,方式途径上要采用保护与发展互补,效益评价上要体现经济效益与社会效益并举,发展取向归属上要遵守体育与文化的认同.     

我国体育公共服务的概念溯源与再认识

对"体育公共服务"概念的形成及不同时期概念表达形式的内涵与时代背景进行了分析,指出"体育公共服务"的逻辑起点是重视大众体育需求、以体育公共利益为导向,其价值取向是实现公平与正义,内在目标是实现均衡发展;对存在学术争议的用语进行了比较,认为采用"体育公共服务"较"公共体育服务"更为合适,并从体育公共利益需求与价值选择出发,重新界定了"体育公共服务"的概念;从差异性、同质性与补偿性3种体育公共利益出发,将体育公共服务分为生存发展型服务、精神满足型服务以及权益伦理型服务,认为体育公共服务供给要在政府为主体的基础上实现多元化。     

Strategies to maintain skeletal muscle mass in the injured athlete: Nutritional considerations and exercise mimetics

Abstract

The recovery from many injuries sustained in athletic training or competition often requires an extensive period of limb immobilisation (muscle disuse). Such periods induce skeletal muscle loss and consequent declines in metabolic health and functional capacity, particularly during the early stages (1–2 weeks) of muscle disuse. The extent of muscle loss during injury strongly influences the level and duration of rehabilitation required. Currently, however, efforts to intervene and attenuate muscle loss during the initial two weeks of injury are minimal. Mechanistically, muscle disuse atrophy is primarily attributed to a decline in basal muscle protein synthesis rate and the development of anabolic resistance to food intake. Dietary protein consumption is of critical importance for stimulating muscle protein synthesis rates throughout the day. Given that the injured athlete greatly reduces physical activity levels, maintaining muscle mass whilst simultaneously avoiding gains in fat mass can become challenging. Nevertheless, evidence suggests that maintaining or increasing daily protein intake by focusing upon the amount, type and timing of dietary protein ingestion throughout the day can restrict the loss of muscle mass and strength during recovery from injury. Moreover, neuromuscular electrical stimulation may be applied to evoke involuntary muscle contractions and support muscle mass maintenance in the injured athlete. Although more applied work is required to translate laboratory findings directly to the injured athlete, current recommendations for practitioners aiming to limit the loss of muscle mass and/or strength following injury in their athletes are outlined herein.     

美国大学竞技体育发展对我国高校的启示

美国大学实行高等教育和竞技体育教育等同发展的原则,保证了美国大学生在接受科学文化知识教育的基础上,接受全面的竞技体育教育,做到科学素质、人文精神及健康体魄三者兼备,同时培养了大批世界一流运动员.我国大学竞技体育游离于教育之外,其发展水平不能适应时代发展的需要.虽然中关两国政治和教育体制不同,但美国大学竞技体育方面的独特理念以及组织和管理体制等方面的成功经验,对于我国大学竞技体育的可持续发展,具有重要的启示和借鉴意义.