园艺专业示范性实习实训基地建设研究

在目前重视实践教学、以学为主的大类招生的背景下,作为应用性较强的园艺专业,建设示范性实习实训基地是提高学生实践能力、培养学生职业素质的重要载体。本文结合教学实际,对校内外示范性实习实训基地建设的实际及教学效果进行总结和分析,以期为农业高校园艺专业的实践教学和人才培养提供借鉴。     

高职园艺专业顶岗实习的制约因素分析

园艺专业项岗实习为培养园艺生产、管理和技术服务的应用型人才的提供手段,是高职园艺专业的重要教学环节。本文对高职园艺专业顶岗实习中存在的制约因素进行分析,并对影响因素提出了相应对策,旨在为实现高职园艺专业顶岗实习和人才培养目标提供参考。     

基于一流专业建设视角的设施园艺和无土栽培实践教学探究

实践教学作为园艺专业重要的教学环节,对学生综合能力的提升具有重要意义。本研究以青海大学园艺专业为例,结合一流专业建设目标,将OBE理念引入“设施园艺和无土栽培技术实习”教学过程,从实践教学现状出发,对实践内容进行融合设计、创新并优化实践教学模式、构建合理的考核评价体系,让学生明确园艺专业的人才培养定位。结合校企合作实习的方式推动学生就业思考,强调专业能力培养,提高学生实践技能和综合素质的同时培养学生分析和解决问题的能力、创新意识,满足社会对园艺专业应用型人才的需求。     

园艺史与园艺文化教学内容的构建与优化

园艺史与园艺文化是园艺专业一门新开课程,文章结合课程教学实践,初步构建了以园艺史、中国园艺文化、中国茶文化为主体的课程教学内容,并基于"教、考、学"之间的关系,提出了课程优化方案。     

我国高校园艺专业实习教学中存在的问题与对策

园艺专业是一个实践性很强的专业,实习是其人才培养过程中不可缺少的教学环节。本文在分析我国高校园艺专业实习教学中存在的问题的基础上,提出了解决问题的时策。     

《园艺植物病虫害防治》教学问题分析及解决

针对高等专科学校园艺技术专业《园艺植物病虫害防治》课程教学中存在的学生基础差、专业兴趣不高、对课程理解不全面、教材局限、实验设备不足、缺少定点实习实训基地等问题,本文探讨了可以采取的措施,并对部分已实施的措施进行了经验总结。     

园艺专业实践教学的改革和探索

针对园艺专业的特点,以培养学生能力和综合素质为目标,改革园艺专业教学实习和毕业实习等实践性教学环节,培养学生学农、爱农的思想观念,完善本专业实践教学体系.     

园艺专业实践教学的过程管理

针对园艺专业的特点,以培养学生能力和综合素质为目标,改革园艺专业教学实习和毕业实习等实践性教学环节,培养学生学农、爱农的思想观念,完善本专业实践教学体系。     

园艺专业实践教学的改革和探索

针对园艺专业的特点,以培养学生能力开口综合素质为目标,改革园艺专业教学实习和毕业实习等实践性教学环节,培养学生学农、爱农的思想观念,完善本专业实践教学体系。     

园艺专业主干课程的考核评价方式研究

考核方式改革在专业教学改革中有十分重要的地位．考核方式的改革关系到高等职业教育教学改革的成效。本文以园艺专业《园艺设施》课程为例,就当前的园艺专业主干课程考核方式存在的弊端进行了分析．并针对高等职业教育教学特色和园艺专业的特点,提出了一些《园艺设施》课程考核评价方式改革的意见与建议。     

植物金属硫蛋白在植物抗逆性中的作用

植物金属硫蛋白在植物体内转运重金属并解除其毒性;转运必需微量金属作为金属供体,调节微量必需金属的体内稳态或金属库;还参与植物的多种胁迫抗性的形成和活性氧清除,对调节植物胞内氧化还原状态起到信号的作用;植物金属硫蛋白还受植物激素的调控,在植物的形态构建中发挥重要作用.因此植物金属硫蛋白是植物抗逆过程中的重要信号,具有重要的生理功能.     

植物源提取液在植物病原菌防治中的应用

对目前杀菌植物提取液的活性成分,不同提取方法提取液的抑菌活性及作用机理进行了概述,并对抑菌植物开发前景进行了展望.     

Plant Behavior

Plants are a huge and diverse group of organisms ranging from microscopic marine phytoplankton to enormous terrestrial trees. Stunning, and yet some of us take plants for granted. In this plant issue of LSE, WWW.Life Sciences Education focuses on a botanical topic that most people, even biologists, do not think about—plant behavior.Plants are a huge and diverse group of organisms (Figure 1), ranging from microscopic marine phytoplankton (see http://oceandatacenter.ucsc.edu/PhytoGallery/phytolist.html for beautiful images of many species) to enormous terrestrial trees epitomized by the giant sequoia: 300 feet tall, living 3000 years, and weighing as much as 3000 tons (visit the Arkive website, www.arkive.org/giant-sequoia/sequoiadendron-giganteum, for photos and basic information). Stunning, and yet some of us take plants for granted, like a side salad. We may see plants as a focal point during the blooming season or as a nice backdrop for all the interesting things animals do. For this plant issue of CBE—Life Sciences Education, I am going to focus on a botanical topic that most people, even biologists, do not think about—plant behavior.Open in a separate windowFigure 1.Plants are very diverse, ranging in size from microscopic plankton (left, courtesy of University of California–Santa Cruz Ocean Data Center) to the biggest organisms on our planet (right, courtesy Arkive.org).Before digging into plant behavior, let us define what a plant is. All plants evolved from the eukaryotic cell that acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterium as an endosymbiont ∼1.6 billion years ago. This event gave the lineage its defining trait of being a eukaryote that can directly harvest sunlight for energy. The cyanobacteria had been photosynthesizing on their own for a long time already, but this new “plant cell” gave rise to a huge and diverse line of unicellular and multicellular species. Genome sequences have shed light on the birth and evolution of plants, and John Bowman and colleagues published an excellent review titled “Green Genes” several years ago in Cell (www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867407004618#; Bowman et al., 2007 ). The article has concise information on the origin and evolution of plant groups, including helpful graphics (Figure 2). Of course, plants were classified and subdivided long before DNA analysis was possible. The Encyclopedia of Earth (EOE) is a good website for exploring biological diversity and has an article on plants (www.eoearth.org/view/article/155261) that lays out the major plant groups and their characteristics. It states that there are more than 400,000 described species, a fraction of the estimated total number.Open in a separate windowFigure 2.Genomic analysis has illuminated the relationship among the many species of plants, as illustrated in this phylogeny of three major plant groups from Bowman et al. (2007 , p. 129).The venerable Kew Gardens has an excellent website (Figure 3) that includes extensive pages under the tab Science and Conservation (www.kew.org/science-conservation). It is a beautifully organized website for exploring plant diversity and burrowing into the science of plants, and includes an excellent blog. Ever wonder how many different kinds of flowers there are? You can find out by visiting their feature titled, “How Many Flowering Plants Are There in the World?” There is an interesting video feature on coffee, which describes how only two species out of more than a hundred have come to dominate coffee production for drinking. As the monoculture in Ireland led to the potato blight, a lack of genetic diversity in today''s coffee plants is threatening the world''s coffee supply with the onset of climate change. The possibility of life without coffee is a call to action if ever I have heard one.Open in a separate windowFigure 3.Kew Gardens has a large and informative website that should appeal to gardeners and flower lovers, as well as more serious botanists and ecologists.Classification of plants is challenging for students and teachers alike. Perhaps understandable, given that plants constitute an entire kingdom of life. For an overview, have students read the EOE article as well as the Bowman Cell article to appreciate the enormity and diversity of the organisms we call plants. The EOE article is reproduced on the Encyclopedia of Life website (http://eol.org/info/449), an excellent context for further exploration of diverse plant species. As we probe the topic of plant behavior, the examples will be drawn from the vascular plants that include the many familiar plants commonly called trees, shrubs, flowers, vegetables, and weeds.Plants do respond to changes in their environment, but is it fruitful or scientifically valid to say that they have behavior? They lack muscles and nerves, do not have mouths or digestive systems, and are often literally rooted in place. A growing number of plant biologists have embraced the term behavior, as demonstrated by the journal devoted to the subject, Plant Behavior. Their resources page (www.plantbehavior.org/resources.html) is a good place to get oriented to the field.As in so many things, Darwin anticipated important questions concerning the movement of plants, despite the difficulties in observing plant behavior, and in 1880 he published The Power of Movement in Plants. The Darwin Correspondence Project website has a good treatment of Darwin''s work on plants, with interesting anecdotes relating to how he collaborated with his son Francis on this work late in his career (www.darwinproject.ac.uk/power-of-movement-in-plants). You can download Chapter 9 of the book and some of the correspondence between Darwin and his son. The entire book is available at http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1325&viewtype=text&pageseq=1, or in various e-reader formats at the Project Gutenberg website (http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5605). The PBS NOVA website, has a feature covering several of Darwin''s “predictions,” including one in which he noted the importance of plant and animal interactions. He famously predicted that a Madagascar orchid (Angraecum sesquipedale), which has a long narrow passage to its nectar stash, must have a long-tongued pollinator. In 1903, biologists identified the giant hawkmoth, with a 12-inch-long proboscis, as the pollinator predicted by Darwin (www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/id/pred-nf.html).Darwin recognized that plants mostly do things on a timescale that is hard for us to observe, so he devised clever ways to record their movements. Placing a plant behind a pane of glass, he marked the plant''s position on the glass over time using a stationary reference grid placed behind the plant. Darwin transferred the drawing to a sheet of paper before cleaning the glass for the next experiment (Figure 4). By varying the distance between the plant, the reference points, and the glass, he magnified apparent distances to detect even small plant movements over periods as short as minutes. High-definition time-lapse photography and other modern techniques have extended Darwin''s observations in some compelling directions.Open in a separate windowFigure 4.One of Darwin''s drawings that can be found on the Darwin Correspondence Project Web pages devoted to his book The Power of Movement in Plants. For this figure, the position of the cotyledons of a Brassica was marked on a glass plate about every 30 min over a period of more than 10 h.A recent episode of the PBS Nature series, “What Plants Talk About,” epitomizes the increased interest in plant behavior and, unfortunately, some of the hyperbole associated with the field. The time-lapse video sequences and associated science are fascinating, and the entire program can be viewed on the PBS website at http://video.pbs.org/video/2338524490. The home page for the program (Figure 5; www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/what-plants-talk-about/introduction/8228) has two short video clips that are interesting. The video titled “Dodder Vine Sniffs Out Its Prey” is nicely filmed and features some interesting experiments involving plant signaling. It might be instructive to ask students to respond to the vocabulary used in the narration, which unfortunately tries to impart intent and mindfulness to the plant''s activities, and to make sensible experimental results somehow seem shocking. The “Plant Self-Defense” video is a compelling “poison pill” story that needs no narrative embellishment. A plant responds to caterpillars feeding on it by producing a substance that tags them for increased attention from predators. Increased predation reduces the number of caterpillars feeding on the plants. The story offers a remarkable series of complex interactions and evolutionary adaptations. Another documentary, In the Mind of Plants (www.youtube.com/watch?v=HU859ziUoPc), was originally produced in French. Perhaps some experimental interpretations were mangled in translation, but the camera work is consistently excellent.Open in a separate windowFigure 5.The Nature pages of the PBS website have video clips and a short article, as well as the entire hour-long program “What Plants Talk About.” The program features fantastic camera work and solid science, but some questionable narration.Skepticism is part and parcel of scientific thinking, but particular caution may be warranted in the field of plant behavior because of the 1970s book and documentary called The Secret Life of Plants (www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGl4btrsiHk). The Secret Life of Plants was a sensation at the time and was largely responsible for the persistent myths that talking to your plants makes them healthier, that plants have auras, and that plants grow better when played classical music rather than rock. While the program woke people up to the notion that plants indeed do fascinating things, the conclusions based on bad science or no science at all were in the end more destructive than helpful to this aspect of plant science. Michael Pollan, author of The Botany of Desire and other excellent plant books, addresses some of the controversy that dogs the field of plant behavior in an interview on the public radio program Science Friday (http://sciencefriday.com/segment/01/03/2014/can-plants-think.html). His article “The Intelligent Plant” in the New Yorker (www.newyorker.com/reporting/2013/12/23/131223fa_fact_pollan?currentPage=all), covers similar ground.The excellently understated Plants in Motion website (http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion) is a welcome antidote to some of the filmic excesses. The site features dozens of low-definition, time-lapse videos of plants moving, accompanied by straightforward explanations of the experimental conditions and some background on the plants. The lack of narration conveys a refreshing cinema verité quality, and you can choose your own music to play while you watch. Highlights include corn shoots growing toward a light bulb, the rapid response of a mimosa plant to a flame, vines twining, and pumpkins plumping at night. You may have driven past a field of sunflowers and heard the remark that the heads follow the sun, but that is a partial truth. The young buds of the early plants do track the sun, but once they bloom, the tall plants stiffen and every head in the field permanently faces … east! The creators of Plants in Motion curated an exhibit at the Chicago Botanic Gardens called sLowlife (Figure 6). The accompanying video and “essay” (http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/usbg/toc.htm) are excellent, featuring many interesting aspects of plant biology.Open in a separate windowFigure 6.sLowlife is an evocative multimedia essay designed to accompany an exhibit installed at the Chicago Botanic Gardens. It features text and video that reveal interesting aspects of plant biology.High-definition time-lapse photography is far from the only tool available to reveal hard-to-observe activities of plants. Greg Asner and colleagues at the Carnegie Airborne Observatory are using informatics to study the dynamic lives of plants at the community ecology level. The Airborne Observatory uses several impressive computer- and laser-enabled techniques (http://cao.stanford.edu/?page=cao_systems) to scan the landscape at the resolution of single leaves on trees and in modalities that can yield information at the molecular level. These techniques can yield insights into how forests respond to heat or water stress or the introduction of a new species. The site has a gallery of projects that are best started at this page: http://cao.stanford.edu/?page=research&pag=5. Here, they are documenting the effect of the Amazon megadrought on the rain forest. The very simple navigation at the top right consists of 15 numbered squares for the different projects. Each project is worth paging through to understand how versatile these aerial-mapping techniques are. They also have six buttons of video pages (http://cao.stanford.edu/?page=videos) that give you a feel for what it might be like to be in the air while collecting the data (Figure 7).Open in a separate windowFigure 7.The Carnegie Airborne Observatory is a flying lab that can collect real-time aerial data on forests at resolutions smaller than a single leaf on a tree.If this Feature seems to have been too conservative about whether plants have behavior, visit the LINV blog (www.linv.org/blog/category/plant-behavior) of the International Laboratory for Plant Neurobiology. The term “plant neurobiology” may be going too far, but the website presents some interesting science. Another fascinating dimension of plant “behavior” is seed dispersal, from seeds that can burrow, to seeds that “fly,” to seeds that are shot like bullets. A couple of websites have some good information and photos of the myriad designs that have evolved to take advantage of air currents for seed dispersal; see http://waynesword.palomar.edu/plfeb99.htm and http://theseedsite.co.uk/sdwind.html. The previously mentioned PBS Nature series also produced a program on seeds, “The Seedy Side of Plants,” which you can view at www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/the-seedy-side-of-plants/introduction/1268. ChloroFilms, a worldwide competition for plant videos, is now in its fourth season, with some really good videos (www.chlorofilms.org). If you love plants, work with plants, or have insights into plant biology, you should consider submitting a video!     

转基因植物

从转基因植物的蓬勃发展出发，介绍了转基因的过程、各种转基因方法，综述了各种转基因植物，以及转基因植物的安全性。     

植物次生物质在植物防御中的作用

植物次生物质是植物对环境的一种适应，是在长期进化过程中植物与生物和非生物因素相互作用的结果。章阐述了植物次生物质在对环境胁迫的适应、植物与植物之间的相互竞争和协同进化、植物对昆虫的危害、草食性动物的采食及病原微生物的侵袭等过程的防御作用及其机制。     

Plant glandular trichomes

Most plants have hairs, called trichomes, on their surface that serve a number of functions ranging from protection against insect pests to heat and moisture conservation. In this article, some of the functions of plant glandular trichomes and their potential applications are discussed.     

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<正>听说有一群环保原教旨主义者又在谋划什么行动。什么!他们不是才秘密袭击了一座核能电厂并引起社会骚乱吗?对,那群恐怖分子才不会知道他们袭击的只是一座核聚变反应堆呢。是啊是啊!幸好我们从2013年就成功实施了第一例惯性约束聚变实验,至于托克马克则更久远了。嗯,虽然是秘密袭击,但安保系统第一时间就散布了基     

Plant tissue culture

The success of plant biotechnology relies on the fundamental techniques of plant tissue culture. Understanding basic biology of plants is a prerequisite for proper utilization of the plant system or parts thereof. Plant tissue culture helps in providing a basic understanding of physical and chemical requirements of cell, tissue, organ culture, their growth and development. Establishment of cell, tissue and organ culture and regeneration of plantlets under in vitro conditions has opened up new avenues in the area of plant biotechnology.