游泳运动员的最大摄氧量及其一些测试方法的研究进展

采用文献综述的方法介绍了游泳运动员最大摄氧量及其一些常见的测试方法,包括实验室和训练场地直接测试方法以及最大摄氧量的间接测定方法等。最后通过分析比较不同测试方法的优缺点,指出等动训练仪上进行模拟全身游泳的最大摄氧量测试和将来使用便携式气体代谢分析仪在水中进行正常游泳测试既符合游泳项目的专项特点,又涉及大的肌肉群,可能是简单实用并且准确的方法。     

游泳水槽动态阻力测量装置的研制

在介绍国内、外游泳动态阻力现状研究的基础上，从理论上重新阐述了动态阻力和推进力的定义；确立了游泳水槽动态阻力测量装置的研究方案设计和技术路线；实现了游泳项目运动学和动力学参数的同步测试，为分析、诊断、优化游泳技术动作提供了有效的科研手段。     

游泳比赛中游程分析研究现状

通过文献综述法对我国与世界部分游泳强国的游泳比赛中游程分析的研究内容和方法进行比较。认为我国游程分析中途中游段的测试内容不够全面 ,测试方法比较落后。建议应该尽快改进和提高游泳比赛途中游段的测试方法和手段。这将有助于更加确切地认识比赛的结构特点和游程中的信息 ,为今后训练计划的制定提供重要的参考依据。     

广东省优秀游泳运动员肩屈伸肌等速力量指标特征

人在水中运动受到水的阻力比在陆上所受阻力大许多,因此游泳运动员的力量素质和耐力素质是十分重要的.无论哪种泳式都要求臂、腿、头、躯干协调配合,其中臂的划水是产生动力的主要源泉.以往由于研究仪器的限制,对动态力量的测试十分复杂也不准确.作者借助等速测力系统CYBEX 300对广东省游泳队男女运动员共18名进行了动态肩屈、伸肌力各项指标的研究,这是在国内首次对游泳运动员肩关节屈伸肌进行等速力量测试.     

游泳下肢打腿训练器对游泳运动员力量耐力训练效果的研究

目的:寻找有效提高游泳运动员力量耐力的训练手段.方法:使用理化测试方法,将常规力量训练、游泳下肢打腿训练器训练与比赛强度进行比较,找出近似比赛强度的力量耐力训练方法.结果:游泳下肢打腿训练器训练可提高游泳运动员下肢训练强度和力量耐力水平,强化运动员专项体能,使专项强度负荷训练可以接近或达到比赛要求.结论:游泳下肢打腿训练器训练更接近游泳运动员专项训练,在实际训练中可提高运动员下肢力量耐力.     

心率指标在少儿中长跑选材和训练中的测定与应用

文章主要采用现场测试法、实践应用法、经验总结法等研究心率指标在少儿中长跑选材和训练中的测试和应用.研究认为:心率是一种简单易行的测试方法和评价指标,在运动员选材和训练可以普遍使用;心率可以体现心脏功能的好坏,选材应重视心率储备大的苗子;心率可以反应训练中运动负荷的大小和训练后的恢复状况.建议,心率测试方法应与其他方法相结合,使之选材和训练更加科学     

游泳动态阻力测试方法探蹊

以自行研制的动态阻力测试仪器探索了一种测量动态阻力的实验方法。通过蛙泳收腿动作划分2阶段的测试和计算后指出:动态阻力受速度的变化影响较小;在较高运动速度下静态阻力占总阻力的比例稍高;动态阻力占总阻力的比例随运动速度的下降而提高。     

当代竞技游泳技术与训练的发展趋势探究

目前各国游泳运动无论在规则规程、项目设置、运动成绩和技术水平等方面都有突飞猛进的发展,游泳已经成为奥运会上的竞技重点项目,许多国家都将游泳列为奥林匹克重点项目,游泳比赛已经成为全世界最受关注的赛事之一。游泳技巧训练是取得优异成绩的关键问题,研究游泳自己要从水的阻力入手怎样控制水的阻力、利用水的浮力、产生水的推动力才是游泳涌动训练的主要目标,掌握科学的游泳技巧才是提高游泳运动员训练成绩的重要工作。     

浅析YO-YO测试的方法、原理和应用

本文通过文献资料法、专家访谈法、逻辑演绎法，对YO-YO测试的方法、训练学和生理学原理以及在训练中的应用做简要地阐述，希望通过本文使更多的教练员和运动员了解和接受YO-YO测试方法，并逐渐应用到训练实践中去。     

本体感觉在游泳运动中的应用研究

本文综述了本体感觉在游泳运动中的应用研究成果,介绍了本体感觉的概念和评估方法,分析了本体感觉对游泳技术和表现的影响,以及本体感觉训练的效果和方法。研究结果：(1)本体感觉是一种重要的身体感知和调节能力,对于游泳运动员的技术水平和竞技表现具有重要影响。本体感觉可以影响游泳运动员的划水力量和效率、身体转动和协调、游泳方向和速度、身体平衡和稳定等技术要素,从而影响他们的游泳表现。(2)本体感觉训练是一种有效而又被低估的游泳运动训练方法,它可以帮助游泳运动员提高或恢复他们的本体感觉能力,从而改善或优化他们的游泳技术和表现,同时减少或避免他们受伤或发生其他并发症等有利效果。(3)本体感觉评估方法可以帮助游泳运动员了解或监测他们的本体感觉状态,从而指导或调整他们的游泳训练和康复方案,同时预测或评价他们的游泳技术和表现等有利效果。另外,本文还指出了目前研究中存在的一些问题和不足,以及未来研究的方向和建议。     

Variability in Measurement of Swimming Forces

An analysis was conducted to identify sources of true and error variance in measuring swimming drag force to draw valid conclusions about performance factor effects. Passive drag studies were grouped according to methodological differences: tow line in pool, tow line in flume, and carriage in tow tank. Active drag studies were grouped according to the theoretical basis: added and/or subtracted drag (AAS), added drag with equal power assumption (AAE), and no added drag (ANA). Data from 36 studies were examined using frequency distributions and meta-analytic procedures. It was concluded that two active methods (AAE and ANA) had sources of systematic error and that one active method (AAS) measured an effect that was different from that measured by passive methods. Consistency in drag coefficient (Cd) values across all three passive methods made it possible to determine the effects of performance factors.     

Variability in measurement of swimming forces: a meta-analysis of passive and active drag

An analysis was conducted to identify sources of true and error variance in measuring swimming drag force to draw valid conclusions about performance factor effects. Passive drag studies were grouped according to methodological differences: tow line in pool, tow line in flume, and carriage in tow tank. Active drag studies were grouped according to the theoretical basis: added and/or subtracted drag (AAS), added drag with equal power assumption (AAE), and no added drag (ANA). Data from 36 studies were examined using frequency distributions and meta-analytic procedures. It was concluded that two active methods (AAE and ANA) had sources of systematic error and that one active method (AAS) measured an effect that was different from that measured by passive methods. Consistency in drag coefficient (Cd) values across all three passive methods made it possible to determine the effects of performance factors.     

Determining propulsive force in front crawl swimming: a comparison of two methods

To evaluate the propulsive forces in front crawl arm swimming, derived from a three-dimensional kinematic analysis, these values were compared with mean drag forces. The propulsive forces during front crawl swimming using the arms only were calculated using three-dimensional kinematic analysis combined with lift and drag coefficients obtained in fluid laboratories. Since, for any constant swimming speed, the mean propulsive force should be equal to the mean drag force acting on the body of the swimmer, mean values of the calculated propulsive forces were compared with the mean drag forces obtained from measurements on a Measuring Active Drag (MAD) system. The two methods yielded comparable results, the mean difference between them being only 5% (2 N). We conclude that propulsive forces obtained from three-dimensional kinematic analysis provide realistic values. The calculation of the propulsive force appears to be rather sensitive to the point on the hand at which the velocity is estimated and less sensitive to the orientation of the hand.     

Measurement of active drag during crawl arm stroke swimming

In order to measure active drag during front crawl swimming a system has been designed, built and tested. A tube (23 m long) with grips is fixed under the water surface and the swimmer crawls on this. At one end of the tube, a force transducer is attached to the wall of the swimming pool. It measures the momentary effective propulsive forces of the hands. During the measurements the subjects’ legs are fixed together and supported by a buoy. After filtering and digitizing the electrical force signal, the mean propulsive force over one lane at constant speeds (ranging from about 1 to 2 m s^‐1) was calculated. The regression equation of the force on the speed turned out to be almost quadratic. At a mean speed of 1.55 m s^‐1 the mean force was 66.3 N. The accuracy of this force measured on one subject at different days was 4.1 N. The observed force, which is equal to the mean drag force, fits remarkably well with passive drag force values as well as with values calculated for propulsive forces during actual swimming reported in the literature. The use of the system does not interfere to any large extent with normal front crawl swimming; this conclusion is based on results of observations of film by skilled swim coaches. It was concluded that the system provides a good method of studying active drag and its relation to anthropometric variables and swimming technique.     

Measurement of active drag during crawl arm stroke swimming

In order to measure active drag during front crawl swimming a system has been designed, built and tested. A tube (23 m long) with grips is fixed under the water surface and the swimmer crawls on this. At one end of the tube, a force transducer is attached to the wall of the swimming pool. It measures the momentary effective propulsive forces of the hands. During the measurements the subjects' legs are fixed together and supported by a buoy. After filtering and digitizing the electrical force signal, the mean propulsive force over one lane at constant speeds (ranging from about 1 to 2 m s-1) was calculated. The regression equation of the force on the speed turned out to be almost quadratic. At a mean speed of 1.55 m s-1 the mean force was 66.3 N. The accuracy of this force measured on one subject at different days was 4.1 N. The observed force, which is equal to the mean drag force, fits remarkably well with passive drag force values as well as with values calculated for propulsive forces during actual swimming reported in the literature. The use of the system does not interfere to any large extent with normal front crawl swimming; this conclusion is based on results of observations of film by skilled swim coaches. It was concluded that the system provides a good method of studying active drag and its relation to anthropometric variables and swimming technique.     

我国游泳运动科研现状分析

通过对1990—2002年游泳科研文献的统计分析，揭示近13年来中外游泳科研选题现状，比较了中外游泳科研在数量、选题以及学科方法上的差异，结果显示我国游泳科研工作应加强应用科学研究和开展多学科研究。     

Contribution of uncertainty in estimation of active drag using assisted towing method in front crawl swimming

Active drag force in swimming can be calculated from a function of five different variables: swim velocity, tow velocity, belt force, power output and exponent of velocity. The accuracy of the drag force value is dependent on the accuracy of each variable, and on the contribution of each variable to drag estimation. To calculate uncertainty in drag value, first the derivatives of the active drag equation with respect to each variable were obtained. Second, these were multiplied by the uncertainty of that variable. Twelve national age and open level swimmers were recruited to complete four free swimming and five active drag trials. The uncertainties for the free and the tow swim velocities, and for the belt force, contributed approximately 5–6% and 2–3% error, respectively, in calculation of drag. The result of the uncertainty of the velocity exponent (1.8–2.6) indicated a contribution of about 6% error in active drag. The contribution of unequal power output showed that if a power changed 7.5% between conditions, it would lead to about 30% error in calculated drag. Consequently, if a swimmer did not maintain constant power output between conditions, there would be substantial errors in the calculation of active drag.     

Effect of a Fast-skin 'body' suit on drag during front crawl swimming

The effect on drag of a Speedo Fast-skin suit compared to a conventional suit was studied in 13 subjects (6 males, 7 females) swimming at different velocities between 1.0 and 2.0 m.s-1. The active drag force was directly measured during front crawl swimming using a system of underwater push-off pads instrumented with a force transducer (MAD system). For a range of swimming speeds (1.1, 1.3, 1.5 and 1.7 m.s-1), drag values were estimated. On a group level, a statistically non-significant drag reduction effect of 2% was observed for the Fast-skin suit (p = 0.31). Therefore, the 7.5% reduction in drag claimed by the swimwear manufacturer was not corroborated.