振动训练对低龄老年人动脉血管弹性的影响

为研究振动训练对低龄老年人动脉血管弹性的影响,从健康自愿者中选取年龄在60~65岁的男性50名和女性45名作为受试者,按不同性别和振动频率随机分为4个实验组,实施为期24周的振动力量训练计划,每周3次,分别对血压、颈动脉血管弹性指标AC和β进行测量;采用三因素重复测量方差分析和事后多重比较检验考察各组实验数据间的差异。结果发现,1)高频振动后,受试者的AC较训练前显著下降(P<0.05),降低幅度在S4—S6段有显著性差异(P<0.05),且男性降幅大于女性(P<0.05);β较训练前显著上升(P<0.05),升高幅度在S4—S6段有显著性差异(P<0.05),且男性增幅大于女性(P<0.05);2)低频振动后,受试者的AC较训练前显著上升(P<0.05),β较训练前显著下降(P<0.05),两者的变化幅度在各时段均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结果说明,长期高频振动训练可能会降低低龄老年人的动脉血管弹性,且男性的下降趋势大于女性;而长期低频振动训练对低龄老年人的动脉血管弹性则有一定程度的积极作用,无显著的性别差异。     

不同频率的振动训练对篮球运动员踝关节本体感觉的干预效果研究

目的:研究低频、中频、高频三种不同频率的振动训练对篮球运动员踝关节本体感觉的影响。方法:在我校招募78例篮球运动员作为受试对象,按照干预方法不同将受试者分为低频组、中频组、高频组和对照组。低频组、高频组各20例,中频组、对照组各19例,干预组29例。对照组进行常规体能训练,低频组在对照组的基础上给予振动频率为20Hz;振动幅度为3mm的振动训练干预;中频组在对照组的基础上给予振动频率为30Hz;振动幅度为3mm的振动训练干预;高频组在对照组的基础上给予振动频率为45Hz;振动幅度为3mm的振动训练干预。10min/次,4次/周,在干预前及干预8周后测量受试者右侧踝关节的位置觉、肌肉力觉和运动觉。结果:组内比较中,干预8周后低频组、中频组、高频组的位置觉、肌肉力觉、运动觉与干预前比较均有显著性差异,具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。组间比较中,干预8周后低频组、中频组、高频组的定位角度与复位角度之间误差角度值、目标力矩与复现力矩之间误差值、感觉阈值均显著小于对照组,组间的位置觉、肌肉力觉、运动觉有统计学差异(P<0.05);高频组的位置觉明显优于中频组,肌肉力觉和运动觉明显优于低频组,组间有显著性差异,有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:低频、中频、高频三种不同频率的振动训练均能够提高篮球运动员踝关节的位置觉、肌肉力觉和运动觉,从而提高本体感觉,其中以高频振动效果最为显著。     

全身振动训练对老年人下肢肌力影响的实验研究

研究的目的是探讨全身振动训练对老年人下肢肌肉力量的改善效应.24名年龄≥65岁的健康老年人分为实验组和对照组参与研究.实验组采用全身振动训练与阻力训练相结合的方式,振动频率为25hz,振幅在5mm,对照组采用常规阻力训练方式.训练时间为每周3次,每次持续时间30分钟以上.结果表明:全身振动训练与老年人的自身阻力练习相结合,对老年人的下肢膝关节伸肌群、踝关节屈伸肌群的肌肉力量具有明显的促进作用.     

不同频率全身振动刺激对运动员下肢肌群力量训练效果的对比研究

采用PHYSIO PLATE振动训练台,对北京优秀垒球、女子游泳及女子跳水运动员进行同振幅下不同频率振动刺激力量训练,并采用MERAC等速肌力测试系统,对实验前后以及实验中运动员下肢肌力变化情况进行对比研究。研究发现,抗负荷力量训练附加振动刺激可以有效地提高力量训练的效果,能够以相对较小的负荷有效地提高肌肉的最大力量、爆发力以及肌肉耐力;同振幅下,次高频(35Hz～50Hz)振动刺激对肌肉最大力量、快速力量、爆发力以及肌肉耐力的训练效果显著高于中低频(25Hz～35Hz)振动刺激。     

减量训练对大白鼠骨骼肌生物力学特性的影响

大鼠经6周渐增负荷训练后随后进行4周减量训练,测取了大鼠左侧腓肠肌强度极限、肌肉最大伸长量、肌肉弹性刚度和肌肉断裂能密度等力学指标,结果发现,通过4周减量训练,训练强度对骨骼肌最大伸长量、断裂能密度影响较大。分析了4周减量训练引起骨骼肌运动能力下降的机制,并建议肌肉在减量训练时采用一定强度进行训练,较好地保持运动能力不下降过多。     

振动训练对运动员身体素质的影响

目的:振动训练是一种新兴的的训练方式,现阶段已经得到了较为广泛的应用。本文主要通过对现有振动训练研究进行总结概括,旨在探讨振动训练对运动员身体素质的影响。方法:主要采用文献资料法,通过知网、万方、维普等中文期刊数据库检索查阅前人实验研究文献,并对其结论进行总结归纳。结论:通过振动训练可以促进肌肉力量的增长以及肌肉爆发力的增长,对力量素质发展有积极的促进作用;振动训练可以有效提高运动员肌肉爆发力,对速度素质发展有促进作用;振动训练可以增强心肺功能以及肌肉耐力水平,可提高运动员的耐力素质;振动训练可以提高肌肉及韧带的伸展性对运动员柔韧素质发展有着较好的影响,有学者认为振动训练对柔韧素质没有影响。     

振动训练与运动能力

采用文献资料方法,分析了振动训练对运动能力的影响,综述了国内外振动训练的最新研究进展,并对这种新型训练方法提出展望,希望能为教练员和运动员及体育健身者认识和合理利用振动训练方法提供理论依据。     

不同频率振动训练对下肢爆发力和柔韧性的即时影响研究

目的:通过观察不同频率下短时振动训练对普通人群原地纵跳能力和下肢柔韧性的影响,了解作为准备活动的短时振动训练对人体下肢爆发力和柔韧性的作用,并分析振动频率与训练效果的关系,以更好地将振动训练应用于实践;研究方法:振动训练对象为31名(14男、17女)普通大学生,分别接受30 Hz、35 Hz、40 Hz、45 Hz的全身振动训练,振幅2 mm,每种频率每次共训练5 min.并于训练前、后接受心率、柔韧和下肢纵跳能力测试;结果与结论:振动训练后心率有显著提高,但心率提高幅度与振动频率无关.振动训练并没有使所有受试者下肢柔韧性和下蹲跳成绩得到提高.振动训练没有使女性受试者下蹲跳时下肢最大功率提高,但低频振动训练可以即时提高男性受试者下肢最大蹬伸功率,30 Hz是提高男受试者下肢蹬伸功率的最佳训练频率.     

振动训练对力量、柔韧及平衡能力的影响

目的:探讨振动训练刺激对40~59周岁人群力量、柔韧、平衡的影响和变化情况;方法:通过频率35Hz,振幅2mm,每次7min,每周3次,连续8周的振动训练,对比训练前后受试者心率和血压、力量、柔韧和平衡能力的变化;结果:8周的振动训练后受试者的握力、左腿最大力、右腿最大力、下肢最大合力、坐位体前屈、闭眼单脚站立、平衡稳定系数都得到显著提高,且有非常显著性差异。     

国内外振动训练在训练学领域比较分析

综述国内、国外振动训练在训练学领域的研究成果,比较其共性和存在的差距.分析认为,虽然国内、国外对振动训练做了大量的实证研究,但在实验方案、实验结果上并没有达成一致看法,其科学化体系尚需在实证研究的基础上总结归纳.     

振动力量训练综述

振动力量训练是利用人体接受机械性刺激而产生有节奏的生物学反应而进行的训练。作为一种新的训练方法,它还处于测试阶段,但在力量训练中已显示出极强的生命力。主要从振动力量训练的发展历程、国内外研究现状、振动的生理学基础及有关振动系数等几个方面进行文献综述,分析、探索振动力量训练在现实中的应用。     

自变频气动加载振动力量耐力训练对男子游泳运动员力量水平的影响

运用获专利的新型自变频气动加载振动力量训练器,对12名1级男子游泳运动员进行了8周的振动和气动加载动态力量耐力训练,通过与训练方式相同的测量获得了实验前后动作最大速度、最大动态力(1RM)、最大力量功率、动态力量耐力(nRM)和最大等长力量以及上臂围度指标。结果表明:振动与传统力量(气动加载)训练方法均可提高动态力量耐力,效果相当;相比传统的力量训练,振动力量训练的优势在于发展最大动态力量、快速力量和动作速度。     

Effects of adding a weekly eccentric-overload training session on strength and athletic performance in team-handball players

To investigate the influence of adding a weekly eccentric-overload training (EOT) session in several athletic performance’s tests, 18 team-handball players were assigned either to an EOT (n?=?11) or a Control (n?=?7) group. Both groups continued to perform the same habitual strength training, but the EOT group added one session/week during a 7-week training programme consisting of four sets of eight repetitions for the bilateral half-squat and unilateral lunge exercises. The test battery included handball throwing velocity, maximum dynamic strength (1RM), countermovement jump (CMJ), 20?m sprint, triple hop for distance, and eccentric/concentric power in both the half-squat and lunge exercises. Data were analysed using magnitude-based inferences. Both groups improved their 1RM in the half squat, 20?m sprint time, and CMJ performance to a similar extent, but the EOT group showed a beneficial effect for both right [(42/58/0), possibly positive] and left [(99/1/0), very likely positive] triple hop for distance performance. In addition, the EOT group showed greater power output improvements in both eccentric and concentric phases of the half-squat (difference in percent of change ranging from 6.5% to 22.0%) and lunge exercises (difference in per cent of change ranging from 13.1% to 24.9%). Nevertheless, no group showed changes in handball throwing velocity. Selected variables related to team-handball performance (i.e. functional jumping performance, power output) can be improved by adding a single EOT session per week, highlighting the usefulness of this low-volume/high-intensity training when aiming at optimizing dynamic athletic performance.     

Effects of 12 weeks of dynamic strength training with local vibration

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the chronic effects of dynamic strength training (ST) with local vibration on the maximum strength of elbow flexor muscles. Twenty healthy male untrained volunteers were divided randomly into the following two groups: the conventional training group (CTG) or the vibration training group (VTG). Both groups performed ST for 12 weeks, three times a week. The ST protocol included four sets of 8–10 repetition maximums (RMs) of unilateral elbow flexion exercise. The VTG performed this training protocol with local vibration at a frequency of 30 Hz and amplitude of 6 mm. The mean values of the one repetition maximum (1RM) tests for both groups increased significantly from the pretest week to the fourth week and from the fourth week to the eighth week (CTG: mean 19.02, s = 7.88%, p = 0.01; mean 10.50, s = 6.86%, p = 0.019, respectively; VTG: mean 16.02, s = 8.30%, p = 0.017; mean 12.55, s = 8.76%, p = 0.019, respectively). The increases in the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) tests were also statistically significant from the pretest week to the fourth week and from the fourth week to the eighth week (CTG: mean 12.32, s = 8.33%, p = 0.004; mean 9.95, s = 5.32%, p = 0.006, respectively; VTG: mean 10.16, s = 11.71%, p = 0.003; mean 10.36, s = 2.96%, p = 0.01, respectively). There was no significant difference between the 1RM and MVC test results in the eighth and twelfth weeks in either group. No significant differences were observed between the groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the application of local vibration does not change the chronic effects of dynamic ST in untrained individuals.     

运动训练与谷胱甘肽的研究进展

谷胱甘肽是机体中重要的抗氧化物质,在细胞增殖中起着重要的作用,本文综述近年来运动与谷胱甘肽之间的关系的研究,包括谷胱甘肽的代谢、运动对谷胱甘肽影响及运动训练对谷胱甘肽影响的可能机制。     

Effectiveness of vibration damping with bicycle suspension systems

Bicycle suspensions aim to improve riding performance and rider comfort through reduced impact and vibration transmission to frame and rider. This study compared vibration damping of five mountain bike suspension systems and a rigid fork on gravel and in trail conditions by quantifying accelerations at the axle and frame. Spectral analyses of the acceleration signals revealed two distinct frequency regions from 0 to about 100 Hz and from about 300 to 400 Hz. The various suspension systems were all effective in attenuating vibration over the low frequency region. Vibration amplitudes at the frame were considerably less than at the axle for the suspension conditions (30–60% reduction) while only minor attenuation was observed with the rigid fork (10–15%). In the high frequency region between 300–400 Hz, the signal was strongly attenuated at the frame for all conditions, including the rigid fork. Trail conditions elicited greater amplitude low frequency vibrations than did gravel conditions. While all suspension systems were somewhat effective in reducing vibration of the frame, air-oil forks had significantly better vibration attenuation than did elastomer or linkage systems.     

Effects of resisted sprint training on sprinting ability and change of direction speed in professional soccer players

Resisted sprint training consists of performing overloaded sprints, which may produce greater effects than traditional sprint training. We compared a resisted sprint training with overload control versus an unresisted sprint training program on performance in soccer players. Eighteen elite athletes were randomly assigned to resisted (RST) or unresisted sprint training protocol (UR). Before and after a 6-week training period, sprinting ability, change of direction speed (COD), vertical jumps (SJ and CMJ), mean power (MP) and mean propulsive power (MPP) at distinct loads were assessed. Both groups improved sprinting ability at all distances evaluated (5m: UR = 8%, RST = 7%; 10m: UR = 5%, RST = 5%; 15m: UR = 4%, RST = 4%; 20m: UR = 3%, RST = 3%; 25m: UR = 2%, RST = 3%;), COD (UR = 6%; RST = 6%), SJ (UR = 15%; RST = 13%) and CMJ (UR = 15%; RST = 15%). Additionally, both groups increased MP and MPP at all loads evaluated. The between-group magnitude-based inference analysis demonstrated comparable improvement (“trivial” effect) in all variables tested. Finally, our findings support the effectiveness of a short-term training program involving squat jump exercise plus sprinting exercises to improve the performance of soccer players.     

运动训练信息隐性损失的探析

运动训练的过程中,教练员与运动员之间的沟通可以看作是一种信息的传递过程。由于这种互通信息的不对称性和涉及传导因素的多样性,可能使信息在沟通过程中遭受损失,而这种损失通常不会以明显的方式表现出来,常常被人们所忽视,成为制约训练效率提高的因素之一。     

关于运动训练“信念系统”基础的讨论

通过对心理学发展史中“格式塔”问题的讨论,结合目前神经科学中脑的,特别是“神经网络”理论研究的发展,及在系统科学“自组织”理论的指导下,对我国运动训练中出现的心理问题,进行了讨论。指出运动训练“信念系统”是一个涉及多个层面的大问题,也是我国运动训练理论研究中未开发的“空白”点,值得进行更深地探索。