《日本灵异记》中的儒佛融合——以“丁兰木母”为中心

《日本灵异记》作为佛教说话集编撰过程中借用了大量的儒学要素。通过对作品中的"丁兰木母"这一儒学典故的考察,可以发现其对中国的儒学接受除了通过引用儒家典籍的形式之外,往往还通过沿用与儒学融合后的中国佛教作品中的儒学典故。可以说,中国僧侣在编撰佛书的过程中通过借儒释佛的方式实现了第一次儒佛融合,在日本通过僧侣的创作实现了儒佛在异国文化语境下的再次融合。     

“崇儒重道”:试论儒治视阈下乾隆朝的文化政策

乾隆帝继承了先辈"崇儒重道"的文治理念和文化政策。乾隆朝以"崇儒重道"为文化政策的核心,开展了"尊礼先师"、崇尚儒学、"涵儒教化"、纂修儒典等一系列广泛的文化方面的儒治实践。乾隆朝"崇儒重道"文化政策实际践行的效果和影响在掩映之间被虚虚实实地呈现出来:一方面,在国家大典、文治规模上,"崇儒重道"可以说贯彻始终;但与此同时,绝多的以儒治国思想的精髓却没能真正融入到这个政权的骨髓当中,发挥它被预想的作用。     

《东京梦华录》中的儒、释、道三教合流研究

儒学、佛教、道教发展到北宋,形成了相互影响、相互吸收的局面。儒学吸收佛道思想,佛教、道教也积极向儒学靠拢,由此形成"以儒学为主体,以佛、道为辅翼"的文化特征。历经发展的儒、释、道三种文化呈现出新的面貌,糅合并倾向于世俗化,对北宋社会民俗风尚产生了广泛而深远的影响。     

论儒学的传入对南诏大理国教育的影响

儒学是中国文化的核心与灵魂,儒学的传入对南诏大理国的教育产生了深远的影响。南诏大理国制度化教育始于儒学,形成于"儒释"阶层的出现;从南诏到大理国,虽然经历了从"以道治心"到"以佛治心"的转变,但始终坚持以儒学教育为根本;儒学为先,儒释道相互融合,形成了独具特色的大理白族本主文化,对其风俗习惯、伦理道德均产生了深远的影响。     

柳宗元的“统合儒释”思想及其对程朱理学的开启作用

佛教传入中国后,经过两晋南朝的发展,到唐代达到鼎盛,形成了中国化的佛教。佛教的发展给本就式微的儒学带来了危机,为了恢复儒学的权威地位,士人知识分子进行了不懈努力,柳宗元就是这方面的代表,他提出了"统合儒释"的思想,吸收佛学精义以改造儒学,使儒学在唐代有了新的发展。不仅如此,柳宗元的"统合儒释"思想还对后世影响很大,二程朱熹正是借鉴了这一思想,以"援佛入儒"的方式对儒学进行改造,建构了新儒学———程朱理学这一庞大的唯心主义思想体系,使之成为中国封建社会后期的正统意识形态。     

《道德真经传》:陆希声对儒道沟通的探索

中唐以后,儒道思想加快了融合。不仅儒家学者大量吸取道家思想以建构新的儒学体系,道家学者也很重视吸收儒学、统合儒道。陆希声就是一位自觉地融通儒道的道家学者。他的《道德真经传》就是站在道家立场"以道摄儒"的理论尝试。他虽然没有实现"以道摄儒"的学术目标,但他的尝试促进了道家思想与儒学的融合进程,反映了中唐以后中国思想文化的发展趋势。     

文化冲突、文化融合与文化演进——以中国历史上的儒佛会通为例

作为两种异质文化,儒佛在道德伦理、人生虚实和因果报应等方面存在着冲突,在长期的论争中,双方不断取长补短,共同发展。佛教在吸收了中国儒家的伦理思想后,逐渐成为中国化的佛教。儒学通过对佛教思想的吸纳,构建了儒学的本体论,为儒家"亲亲"、"仁民"、"爱物"、"等差"的伦理政治找到了形而上的根据。两者的成功结合,启示我们一方面不同文化思潮之间冲突与融合,可以促进人类文化的共同发展;另一方面对外来文化的吸收有利于本土文化的发展。     

儒学之渊源特质与荀子论儒

儒之内涵,当以《说文》"儒,柔也"最为根本,但对其理解,似多有未得其义者。察所谓柔,一应指儒者温文柔和的人格修养特征,二指儒家在政治上主张以礼乐仁义治天下,反对武力霸道。有论者说儒以耶稣比孔子,以犹太教比儒学,立说不可谓不巧妙,但究竟还要从中国古代的历史文化传统中追寻儒学之根,是即周代的师儒教育制度。儒本为王官职守之一,后流为一种社会职业,至孔子则改造为具有特定社会理想的道义追求群体。为说明儒的的社会角色影响,荀子曾根据儒学标准划分天下王公士庶品类,此为荀子论儒最可注意者。因为儒与中国古代社会之关系究竟如何,此论实有大可玩味者,因为其后的社会历史发展,似在相当程度上印证了荀子之论。     

论叔孙通何以成为“汉家儒宗”

司马迁在《史记》中评价叔孙通为"汉家儒宗",他为儒学在汉初的发展作出了开创性的贡献,也为儒学的全面兴盛奠定了基础。从叔孙通本人的性格特点及处世艺术方面出发,分析他身上具备的品质和精神,从而说明他"何以为儒";从他对儒学的贡献分析他如何从实用的角度使统治者认识到了儒学的作用,使儒学与政治初步结合,从而说明他"何以为宗"。     

论新时期小说的儒文化精神

本文分析新时期小说作品和作家创作心理、创作过程,认为无不契入儒文化精神的特质。儒文化和作家自我意识的互补照映,构成了中国新文学的一种独特现象——新儒学文学。     

Western and Eastern culture differences in commercial field

The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.     

汉字倒说

汉字的六书,《说文》对“转注”一类,语焉不详。后世学者提及转注,也仅限于许慎所举出的例字。《汉字例说》一文,作者从转注的角度综合考虑,对部分现代常用字作了分析,跟传统的解释有所不同。希望能抛砖引玉,互相切磋,以推进学术研究。     

风的曲线

Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.     

团图为数的图中的闭团贯数

Given a graph G,a subgraph C is called a clique of G if C is a complete subgraph of G maximal under inclusion and |C|≥2. A clique-transversal set S of G is a set of vertices of G such that S meets all cliques of G. The clique-transversal number, denoted as TC (G), is the minimum cardinality of a clique-transversal set in G. The clique-graph of G, denoted as K (G), is the graph obtained by taking the cliques of G as vertices, and two vertices are adjacent if and only if the corresponding cliques in G have nonempty intersection. Let F be a class of graphs G such that F={G|K(G) is a tree}. In this paper the graphs in F having independent clique-transversal sets are shown and thus TC (G)/|G|≤1/2 for all G ∈ F.     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

钱生钱!

我们绝大部分人都同意一件事情——我们喜欢金钱。但是你对金钱的喜欢之情足够到让你创立一份事业么?.财富通常被人忽视,主要在于人们不能真正了     

Social and Cultural Influence on Word Meaning

Different nations have different social cultures, and the social culture of every nation is developing with the development of the nation, language is greatly influenced by social culture, which enables language to possess national and historical characteristics. Word is the smallest, independent, meaningful linguistic unit of language. It can well reflect the national and historical characteristics. From synchronic aspect, the social and cultural influence on word meaning is mainly embodied in conceptual and associative meanings of word. The incorrespondence of word meaning is a phenomenon that exists in both conceptual and associative meanings of word among different languages. From diachronic aspect, the development of social culture causes some changes of word meaning to some extent. Therefore, social culture plays a key role in vocabulary learning and mastery of a language.     

Inequalities for inscribed simplexes

The problem on the geometrc inequalities involving an n-dimensional simplex and its inscribed simplex is studied. Aninequality is established, which reveals that the difference between the squared circumradius of the n-dimensional simplex andthe squared distance between its circumcenter and barycenter times the squared circumradius of its inscribed simplex is not lessthan the 2(n-1)th power of n times its squared inradius, and is equal to when the simplex is regular and its inscribed siplex is atangent point one. Deduction from this inequality reaches a generalization of n-dimensional Euler inequality indicating that thecircumradius of the simplex is not less than the n-fold inradius. Another inequality is derived to present the relationship betweenthe circumradius of the n-dimensional simplex and the circumradius and inradius of its pedal simplex.