后发国家知识产权保护与技术赶超

本文基于拓展的南北技术扩散模型分析了同时进行自主创新与国外模仿的后发国的技术赶超问题。认为在技术进步初期，后发国较松的知识产权保护有利于技术进步；但长期内，加强后发国知识产权保护有利于技术进步，后发国能否实现技术赶超取决于自主研发投入和研发效率。日、韩和印度的发展经验也验证了该理论。其政策含义十分明显：后发国要实现技术赶超需要提高自主研发投入和研发效率。     

中国跨越“中等技术陷阱”的策略研究

无论从供应链、产业链还是价值链等维度看,中国目前的技术大体上正处于中等技术水平,具体情况是：（1）缺失原创性技术,即缺少“从0到1”的技术创造;（2）发展以应用技术为主,在“1—10”的刻度内处于“4—7”的位置而缺少“8—10”的技术水平,即在很多领域还没有达到世界顶尖水平,许多核心技术及关键零部件对外依赖度依然很高;（3）在某些应用技术领域取得了世界领先水平,但这些领域还处于零散的状态而没有形成系统,或者说技术的整体水平还远未达到全方位系统性的强大。文章探讨了中国在上述状况下,如何谋求跨越“中等技术陷阱”。     

复杂产品后发技术追赶的主供模式案例研究

C919干线客机一飞冲天标志中国在复杂产品创新领域实现了历史性突破。本文采用案例研究方法,旨在复盘C919研制及技术追赶过程。研究发现：（1）中国从航空产业链最顶端——总体设计开始技术追赶。（2）后发国家实现复杂产品技术追赶的独特模式——主制造商与组件供应商构成的“主供模式”内涵与成长型主供关系特征。（3）国家意志与企业抱负的有机统一是后发国家技术追赶模式成功的重要条件,且以技术追赶与共同成长为导向的成长型“主供模式”不同于以全球价值链低成本采购为导向的成本型“主供模式”,前者强调突破关键技术和推动产业升级。本文既填补了后发国家如何实现复杂产品——干线客机技术追赶的空白,也为后发企业突破“卡脖子技术”提供重要管理启示与借鉴意义。     

技术赶超中的模仿陷阱与跨越问题研究

通过扩展罗默三部门内生增长模型,依次将模仿与自主创新两种技术进步的方式引入研发部门建立一个后发经济体技术赶超模型。运用该模型对后发经济体技术赶超中的经济运行路径进行分析,结果发现中间品生产企业的价值变化与中间品种类数的变动之间的相互作用所构成的动力系统推动着后发经济体的技术进步沿着一定的路径运行。该路径会经历模仿与创新两个漩涡式的均衡点,赶超经济体想实现赶超就要跨越模仿均衡达到创新均衡。     

模块化背景下后发国家产业技术追赶机理研究

模块化已经成为当今制造业的主流发展趋势,本文主要研究模块化背景下以我国为代表的后发国家的产业技术追赶问题.从产业模块化的原理出发,指出产业模块化的发展推动了产业技术系统的层级化发展,提出基于“关键模块层”的技术平台概念,指出了不同层级技术具有协同发展的特点;后发国家模块化产业的技术追赶是技术水平和技术能力的双重追赶,并明确了技术能力同技术水平之间的关系;通过比较后发国家与发达国家的模块化产业技术的不同发展模式,对后发国家模块化产业的技术追赶机理进行说明.以中国华录.松下电子信息有限公司的技术发展为例,详细分析后发国家模块化产业的技术追赶问题.     

设立国家高新区能否促进地区技术进步？——基于生产性服务业集聚视角的机制检验

本文以生产性服务业集聚为切入点,运用双重差分法考察了设立国家高新区的技术进步效应。研究发现：（1）国家高新区的设立并未显著带动地区技术进步;（2）出现上述现象的原因在于设立国家高新区显著吸引了低端生产性服务业集聚,但并未吸引对技术进步具有积极影响的高端生产性服务业在区域内形成集聚;（3）进一步分析发现,发挥“成本效应”和“生产率效应”是吸引高端生产性服务业入区、促进地区技术进步的有效途径,且“成本效应”中制造业发展、“生产率效应”中创新人才积累是最为有效的两种途径。     

行业特征、要素禀赋结构与技术进步路径选择——基于中国装备制造业的实证检验

在要素禀赋匹配理论等经济学理论基础上,构建耦合行业特征与要素禀赋结构的技术进步路径选择理论分析框架。理论上,单一静态的技术进步路径、动态的技术进步路径和自主研发对国家实现长期稳定的经济增长表现程度依次增加。以中国装备制造业为研究对象,采用修正的生产函数构建的技术进步路径选择模型对技术选择模式与技术进步进行实证研究;对行业特征和要素禀赋结构与技术选择模式进行实证研究。实证研究结果表明,国外技术引进与模仿和外商直接投资与模仿是中国装备制造业的主要技术进步来源;国内技术引进与模仿和自主研发对技术进步有显著负向影响;行业特征和要素禀赋结构对技术选择模式的影响存在区域差异性。     

成熟产业实现技术追赶的惯性传导路径研究

为解决后发国家制造业在国际范围内实现由产业链低端向高端迁移过程中,亟待解决的如何实现技术追赶问题。文章以我国成熟产业的典型企业为样本,采用扎根理论方法对后发国家实现技术追赶的过程进行研究,力图在后发国家的独特情景下,提炼具有潜在社会应有价值的研究结论。基于文章所提出的后发国家成熟产业实现技术追赶的惯性传导路径模型,研究发现:(1)与多数研究结论不同,惯性因素在特定条件下不是企业实现变革的阻碍因素,而是促进企业实现技术追赶的本源性推动因素;(2)在实现技术追赶的不同阶段,主导惯性呈现出不同的特性,并通过不同惯性间的交互作用,驱动技术追赶过程完成;(3)作为惯性贯穿技术追赶全过程。     

企业如何通过开放实现技术进步

企业是国家经济活动的主体,将基础科研转化为应用技术,从而实现国家产业的技术升级。当前在众多关键技术领域,核心技术仍由发达国家企业掌握,中国企业在实现前沿技术创新创造方面面临严峻挑战。为避免陷入中等技术陷阱,中国应学习西方企业的成功经验,即通过技术、制度、人才的开放,以及全球层面的专业化劳动分工,实现技术进步。文章通过中西方企业制度对比及产业分析,为中国企业如何助力国家跨越“中等技术陷阱”提出建议：中国应向西方学习构建开放的企业系统。在企业保持开放的同时,配合政府的立法和公共政策干预,推动国家统筹建立全国统一大市场,以实现供应链、产业链层面的3个开放,即企业间的开放、国内区域间的开放和面向全球的开放。     

全球价值链地位提升能促进产业创新收敛吗

中国制造业全球价值链地位提升能够促进制造业创新水平收敛。本文首先通过构建一个基于知识吸收和扩散的数量模型,研究发现制造业创新水平收敛于平衡增长路径,然后基于β收敛的框架,建立一个检验全球价值链地位提升影响产业创新水平收敛的计量模型,并利用中国制造业全球价值链地位以及产业创新指数数据,进行固定效应模型和系统GMM的计量检验,检验结果表明,中国制造业全球价值链地位提升会降低制造业不同行业创新水平的差距,促进创新水平收敛。最后还利用中国制造业分行业样本数据进一步检验还发现,中等技术行业的绝对收敛速度最快,其次为低技术行业,再次为高技术行业。但是,低技术行业创新水平的条件收敛速度最快,次之为中等技术行业,再次为高技术行业。这意味着中国制造业创新发展仍然离不开“改革”和“开放”两大动能,政府一方面需要借助于“改革”动能,加速破除限制或阻碍高质量生产要素流动的体制藩篱,促进知识和技术要素在不同行业间的流动,充分发挥全球价值链地位提升对制造业各行业部门所产生的知识外溢效应,降低制造业不同行业部门创新水平的差距,促进制造业高质量发展;另一方面还应继续利用“开放”动能,积极鼓励制造业参与全球价值链,甚至主导全球价值链,实现国内创新体系和全球创新网络的对接和融入,进一步推动中国制造业全球价值链地位提升,降低制造业不同行业部门创新水平的差距,促进制造业高质量发展。     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

To serve and promote science development via innovation

CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

Tracing the origin and early radiation of birds——Paleornithologist ZHOU Zhonghe

With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants."     

The Information Environment and Universal Service

This essay focuses on universal service and the Internet as means to support social and political participation. The emphasis on access to telecommunications systems in conventional approaches to universal service is contrasted with access to content. A model of the information environment is described that accounts for the roles of content and conduit, both of which are necessary conditions to achieve true access. A method is outlined for employing information indicators to observe or measure the information environment.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.