颈围评价青少年肥胖的研究

肥胖已经成为青少年身体健康的危险因素,关于评价青少年肥胖的方法和标准种类繁多。多数研究表明颈围与肥胖之间呈正相关,可以成为评价超重或肥胖的新指标,且测量颈围有标准的人体测量学方法,经济实用,简便易行,有极大的可行性,适宜大范围人群推广使用。但相较于成人,青少年身体处于生长发育期,颈围会随着年龄的变化而变化。关于监测青少年颈围变化,制定儿童青少年颈围健康标准的研究需要进一步继续深入,以便更好的帮助青少年保持健康。     

天水市秦州区初中学生肥胖现状调查与研究

本文以天水市秦州区初中肥胖学生为研究对象,采用问卷调查法、数理统计法进行初中学生肥胖现状的调查与研究。主要从饮食习惯、生活习惯及体育锻炼等三个方面进行了问卷调查与分析。通过本文的调查与研究希望中学生的肥胖现状能够引起学校、家长及肥胖学生对肥胖的关注,并且正确引导学生如何通过体育锻炼和合理的饮食及合理的生活习惯来解决自身的肥胖问题。     

苏州第十中学肥胖学生运动情况及生活习惯的探究

肥胖是现在社会的一个非常突出和严重的健康问题。本文以江苏省苏州第十中学肥胖学生运动情况及生活习惯为研究对象,运用文献资料、问卷调查、数理分析方法,对苏州第十中学肥胖学生和不肥胖学生的运动情况及生活习惯进行分析,并对苏州第十中学肥胖学生的基本情况进行定位,分析出肥胖学生和不肥胖学生在运动情况及生活习惯上的差距,为肥胖学生提高身体素质和健康程度。     

基于接纳与承诺疗法的肥胖管理研究述评

我国超重肥胖人口已超3亿,肥胖会导致心理和生理的一系列病变,不利于社会发展。以Web of ScienceTM核心合集数据库收录的关于接纳与承诺疗法应用于肥胖管理中的113篇英文文献为研究对象,进行文献计量和内容分析。发现接纳与承诺疗法应用于肥胖管理的相关文献累计发文量呈上升趋势;研究者主要对其机制、减脂效能、体重维持、肥胖污名等肥胖管理相关问题进行了梳理。接纳与承诺疗法对肥胖者管理肥胖具有意义,其效益更偏向于解决由肥胖而引起的心理问题,从而促进积极的身体活动与饮食控制。     

饮食与运动方法对减肥人群作用的探究

随着经济和社会的发展,生活逐渐富裕,肥胖问题日益凸显,已经威胁到生活方方面面,如何科学、高效的减肥一直是目前研究的重点。本文查阅了近年来国内外关于大众常见减肥方法的相关文献,对大众肥胖人群常见的饮食,运动减肥方法进行综述,比较和分析各个方法的利弊,为大众提供一个科学、合理的手段来治疗和预防肥胖。     

肥胖的成因、危害及对策

肥胖研究是当前的热门研究课题,肥胖及其并发症成为21世纪严重危害人们健康的问题。由于科学技术的发展,为肥胖研究提供了多角度观察的可能性。通过分析肥胖成因,提出采用运动处方为基础,结合药物、饮食及调节生活习惯的综合方案防治肥胖及其并发症。     

肥胖病因学的分子生物学研究新进展

肥胖病因学研究是当前非常热门的研究领域。随着现代分子生物学技术的迅猛发展,有关肥胖病因的分子生物学研究也进展很快。该文对第８届国际肥胖学术会议上报道的有关ＵＣＰｓ、Ｌｅｐｔｉｎ及ＯＢ－Ｒ研究做一简述     

肥胖的产生机制及研究进展

肥胖是一种危害人类健康的慢性疾病。肥胖的产生受多种因素的影响,其主要调节机制包括基因、生理和行为因素。近几年,肥胖基因及其产物瘦素、解耦联蛋白、!3-肾上腺素受体等分子在生物学方面的研究取得很大进展。胰岛素抵抗、高胰岛素血症、脂肪组织及脂肪细胞的特征也引起学者们的广泛重视。本文对于肥胖机制研究中有代表性和一定影响的几种学说进行了综述。     

减肥、健美运动处方对超重、肥胖女生身心健康影响的实验研究

以超重和肥胖的女大学生作为研究对象,身体指标以《学生体质健康标准(试行方案)》为标准,心理指标采用身心症状自评量表(SCL-90),对141名超重或肥胖的女大学生实施减肥、健美运动处方的实验研究,探讨运动处方对超重、肥胖女生的身心影响,实验期限5个月。结果显示:超重及肥胖女大学生在肺活量体重指数、台阶试验等机能指标成绩较差;肥胖组女生在人际关系、抑郁、敌对、恐怖和妄想症五个因子上的得分与全国常模比较肥胖女生在人际关系、抑郁、敌对、恐怖和妄想症五个指标上所存在的偏差。     

超重和肥胖老年人的流行现状及体质与体育锻炼行为的研究

目的:调查超重和肥胖在老年人中的流行现状,研究超重和肥胖老年人体质及体育锻炼行为特征.方法:随机整群抽样60 ～ 69周岁的3 954名老年人作为研究对象,超重和肥胖的评定方法采用中国肥胖问题工作组推荐的中国成人BMI评定标准.对研究对象采用问卷调查及体质测量的方法,均以《2010年国家国民体质监测工作手册》为标准.所有数据用SPSS 13.0软件统计分析.结果:老年人超重和肥胖的检出率为37.2％和10.0％,且存在性别(x2=29.997,P＜0.01)、城乡(x2 =30.821,P＜0.01)和受教育程度(x2 =32.186,P＜0.05)的差异;超重肥胖老年人腰围、收缩压、舒张压、握力大于体重正常者(P＜0.05),坐位体前屈小于体重正常者(P＜0.05);67.3％和71.1％的超重和肥胖老年人不参加体育锻炼,76.4％和75.1％的超重和肥胖老年人居住场所配备体育活动场地、设施,54.8％的肥胖老年人经常散步.结论:超重肥胖人群扩大迅速,并呈现中心性肥胖;超重肥胖老年人身体机能和柔韧素质下降,且大多没有体育锻炼行为习惯;加强科学健身宣教,促进健康运动生活方式的形成,对预防和改善肥胖症及并发症有重要意义.     

有氧运动对肥胖大鼠脂肪组织perilipin A基因表达的影响

目的:研究8周有氧运动对肥胖大鼠腹内脂肪组织perilipin A基因表达的影响。方法:健康雄性SD大鼠60只(60～95g),随机抽取10只作为普通膳食对照组(C),喂养标准普通饲料。其余50只喂养高脂膳食,7周后建立肥胖大鼠模型16只,再随机分为2组:肥胖非运动组(Ob,n=8)和肥胖运动组(Ob-E,n=8)。8周后测定大鼠体重、血脂、腹内脂肪组织perilipin A mRNA表达。结果:肥胖不运动组(Ob组)大鼠体重、腹内脂肪总量、脂体比、血清TG、腹内脂肪组织perilipin A mRNA表达显著高于对照C组;肥胖运动组(Ob-E组)大鼠腹内脂肪总量、脂体比、血清TG、腹内脂肪组织perilipin A mRNA表达相比Ob组显著降低。结论:8周有氧跑台运动明显降低了高脂饮食肥胖大鼠的腹部脂肪含量,改善了血脂水平及明显降低腹内脂肪组织perilipin A mRNA表达。     

能量限制与有氧运动对小鼠脂肪组织ZAGmRNA表达的影响

目的:观察能量限制与有氧运动对小鼠脂肪组织ZAGmRNA表达的影响。方法:将雄性昆明小鼠(48只)随机分为对照组(C)、限能组(CR)、有氧运动组(AE)、限能+有氧运动组(CR+AE),每组12只;干预8周后测定各组小鼠的体重增加值、腹腔脂肪垫重量、血清TG、TC、LDL-C、HDL-C含量;采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测小鼠脂肪组织ZAGmRNA表达水平。结果:CR组、AE组、CR+AE组的体重增加值、腹腔脂肪垫相对重量,血清TG、TC、LDL-C含量显著低于C组,而血清HDL-C含量及脂肪组织ZAGmRNA表达水平显著高于C组(P<0.05,P<0.01);CR+AE组的脂肪组织ZAGmRNA表达水平显著高于CR组和AE组(P<0.01);脂肪组织ZAGmRNA的表达水平与体重增加值、腹腔脂肪垫相对重量、血清TG、TC含量呈显著负相关(P<0.01)。结论:合理的能量限制与有氧运动能上调小鼠脂肪组织ZAGmRNA的表达,减少内脏脂肪量,降低血脂,减轻小鼠体重。     

有氧运动对高脂膳食大鼠脂肪组织COX2的影响

目的:旨在观察有氧运动对高脂膳食大鼠白色脂肪组织(WAT)和棕色脂肪组织(BAT)中环氧合酶2(COX2)及其相关基因的影响,以探讨有氧运动促进WAT棕色化及BAT活化以抵抗高脂膳食对机体血脂和体重不利影响的可能机制。方法:雄性SD大鼠随机分为普通对照组(C组)、普通运动组(E组)、高脂对照组(HC组)和高脂运动组(HE组),每组7只。E组和HE组进行中等强度跑台训练。8周干预结束后,计算各组大鼠Lee’s指数,测量体成分,称量WAT(肾周和附睾处)和BAT(肩胛处)湿重;测试血清甘油三酯(TG)和总胆固醇(CHO)含量;RT-qPCR检测BAT中COX2 mRNA的相对表达量;Western blot法检测脂肪组织中肾上腺素能受体β3(Adrβ3)、COX2和解偶联蛋白(UCP1)蛋白含量。结果:1)饲喂第2周起高脂膳食大鼠体重较普通膳食大鼠显著升高,运动第3周起,HE组体重较HC组均显著降低;运动后E组和HE组大鼠的Lee’s指数分别较C组和HC组显著性下降;2)高脂膳食大鼠脂肪含量显著增加,运动后出现显著性下降;与C组相比,HC组WAT湿重显著增加,运动组WAT湿重显著降低,E组BAT%较C组显著升高;3)有氧运动降低高脂膳食大鼠血清CHO和TG水平;4)运动组BAT中COX2 mRNA表达显著高于对照组;5)E组BAT中UCP1、COX2和Adrβ3蛋白表达显著高于C组,HE组WAT中COX2蛋白表达显著高于HC组。结论:有氧运动可降低高脂膳食机体的血脂水平,改善体脂含量和体重,该过程可能与运动激活WAT和BAT中Adrβ3以促进COX2的表达,增加WAT和BAT中UCP1的表达,以促进BAT的活化和WAT的棕色化有关。     

运动与细胞因子的研究进展

运动期间血浆细胞因子主要来源于收缩的骨骼肌和脂肪组织，尤其是IL-6。运动时糖和脂肪的代谢与IL-6有关，IL-6也可能参与肌纤维溶解和肌肉萎缩。IL-15可能介导力量训练所致的肌肉壮大。免疫细胞不是运动中血浆细胞因子的主要来源。     

Effects of Sit up Exercise Training on Adipose Cell Size and Adiposity

Abstract

The present experiment evaluated the effects of a 27-day sit up exercise training program on adipose cell size and adiposity. Fat biopsies were taken from the abdomen, subscapular, and gluteal sites by needle aspiration in 13 experimental and 6 control male subjects before and after a five days/week progressive training regimen. Day 1 consisted of 10 bouts of 10-sec exercise, 7 sit ups/bout, with 10-sec rest intervals; on day 27, 14 bouts of 30-sec exercise were performed, 24 sit ups/bout with 10-sec rest intervals. The total number of sit ups done was 5004. Fat cells were isolated using collagenase and photographed to determine cell diameter. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant decreases in cell diameter at the three biopsy sites (p<.01), but no significant differences in the rate of change (pre to post) in cell diameter between sites for the experimental and control groups (p>.05). Body weight, total body fat (underwater weighing), and fatfolds and girths remained unaltered. The results demonstrate that (1) the conventional sit up exercise does not preferentially reduce adipose cell size or subcutaneous fat thickness in the abdominal region to a greater extent compared to other adipose sites, and (2) significant changes in fat cell size may occur in the absence of changes in fatfolds, girths or total body composition.     

Effects of short-term lifestyle activity modification on adiponectin mRNA expression and plasma concentrations

Abstract

Adiponectin mRNA and plasma concentrations were reduced in obesity. Exercise training may reduce the adipose tissue (AT), although it is not well known, whether exercise – induced change in AT, increases adiponectin mRNA expression and plasma concentrations or not. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of short-term lifestyle activity modification (LAM) on adiponectin mRNA and plasma concentrations. Sixteen obese and overweight middle-aged men (age, 35–50 years) with type 2 diabetes participated in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to LAM group (n=8) or control group (n=8). The subjects in LAM group walked two miles in 30 min on a treadmill on 4 days per week for 12 weeks according to the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American College of Sports Medicine. The results showed that body mass, body mass index, central visceral adipose tissue and subcutaneous adipose tissue volume and hip and thigh subcutaneous adipose tissue (hip and thigh SAT) volume were decreased in the LAM group compared to the control group (P<0.05). Adiponectin mRNA in abdominal and gluteal subcutaneous AT were increased significantly in the LAM group compared to the control group (P<0.05), while plasma adiponectin concentrations, hs-CRP and insulin resistance did not change significantly. In conclusion, adiponectin mRNA levels increase after 12 weeks of LAM; however, plasma adiponectin levels were not affected by this protocol in obese and overweight middle-aged men with type 2 diabetes.     

耐力训练对大鼠FTO基因表达影响及与摄食量关系研究

目的:研究耐力训练对大鼠FTO基因表达的影响以及与摄食量的关系。方法:以SD大鼠为研究对象,将大鼠分为对照组(C组)和运动训练组(E组),以12周无负重游泳为运动手段,测定肝脏、骨骼肌、脂肪组织和下丘脑组织中FTO基因mRNA表达、大鼠体重、肾周与附睾周围脂肪重量及脂肪重量与体重百分比、大鼠每天摄食量。结果:FTO基因mRAN在骨骼肌、脂肪组织和下丘脑中表达均显著高于肝脏组织,下丘脑显著高于骨骼肌和脂肪组织,脂肪组织与骨骼肌未见显著性差异,耐力训练对肝脏、骨骼肌和脂肪组织中FTO基因mRNA表达未见显著性影响,而脑组织表达显著升高;大鼠体重在不同的对应时间点,运动训练组与对照组未见显著性差异;大鼠摄食量在不同对应时间点,运动训练组显著高于对照组;肾周及附睾周围脂肪组织重量及脂肪重与体重百分比运动训练组显著低于对照组。结论:耐力训练可以提高下丘脑中FTO基因表达,从而刺激大鼠提高摄食量,而运动能量的消耗抵消了因摄食增加引起的体重增加。     

Estimation of thigh muscle and adipose tissue volume using magnetic resonance imaging and anthropometry

Thigh muscle volume is a useful determinant of functional fitness. However, anthropometric prediction of muscle content is influenced by the variability of adipose tissue accumulation. The aims of this study were to predict thigh muscle and adipose tissue volumes from anthropometry and to assess the validity of the method by examining the various components of the measurements and the assumptions involved. The 19 participants (9 men, 10 women; age 23-49 years) varied in adiposity. They all underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the upper leg and the eight men and two women with the lowest adiposity underwent detailed anthropometry involving girths and skinfolds. Using MRI as the reference method, muscle volume was predictedfrom anthropometry using a circular concentric model, and the assumptions inherent in the method were tested further using the MRI data alone. Muscle volume was best predicted by anthropometry in the 10 leanest participants using a five-slice truncated cone model that overestimated the mean MRI value by 30% (R2 = 0.95; standard error of estimate = 288 cm3; P < 0.001). A single skinfold plus girth measurement at the mid-thigh almost matched its predictive ability, but with an increased bias. Measurements of leg circumference by means of the two techniques agreed well. The assumption of a circular cross-section was valid. In contrast, the agreement between skinfold thickness measured by caliper and superficial adipose tissue thickness by MRI was poor, contributing to the scatter of fat and lean area comparisons. An anterior skinfold thickness measurement underestimated the area of superficial adipose tissue at that level, particularly at the most proximal and distal sites. Although these limitations increase the uncertainties of muscle volume determination by anthropometry, they do not prevent its valid prediction in leaner individuals. The prediction of superficial adipose tissue was poorer.     

Book reviews

Thigh muscle volume is a useful determinant of functional fitness. However, anthropometric prediction of muscle content is influenced by the variability of adipose tissue accumulation. The aims of this study were to predict thigh muscle and adipose tissue volumes from anthropometry and to assess the validity of the method by examining the various components of the measurements and the assumptions involved. The 19 participants (9 men, 10 women; age 23-49 years) varied in adiposity. They all underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the upper leg and the eight men and two women with the lowest adiposity underwent detailed anthropometry involving girths and skinfolds. Using MRI as the reference method, muscle volume was predicted from anthropometry using a circular concentric model, and the assumptions inherent in the method were tested further using the MRI data alone. Muscle volume was best predicted by anthropometry in the 10 leanest participants using a five-slice truncated cone model that overestimated the mean MRI value by 30% ( R 2 = 0.95; standard error of estimate = 288 cm 3 ; P ? 0.001). A single skinfold plus girth measurement at the mid-thigh almost matched its predictive ability, but with an increased bias. Measurements of leg circumference by means of the two techniques agreed well. The assumption of a circular cross-section was valid. In contrast, the agreement between skinfold thickness measured by caliper and superficial adipose tissue thickness by MRI was poor, contributing to the scatter of fat and lean area comparisons. An anterior skinfold thickness measurement underestimated the area of superficial adipose tissue at that level, particularly at the most proximal and distal sites. Although these limitations increase the uncertainties of muscle volume determination by anthropometry, they do not prevent its valid prediction in leaner individuals. The prediction of superficial adipose tissue was poorer.     

运动、膳食与脂肪细胞因子

脂肪组织是一个活跃的内分泌器官，产生和分泌的许多激素称为脂肪细胞因子。这些脂肪细胞因子包括瘦素、促酰化蛋白、脂联素、抵抗素等。脂肪细胞因子在调节机体的能量摄入、能量消耗，以及糖、脂肪代谢等方面发挥着十分重要的作用。总结了脂肪细胞因子的生物学功能和研究的最新成果，重点综述了脂肪细胞因子与机体许多重要器官如中枢神经系统、肝脏、骨骼肌和脂肪细胞本身等之间的关系，以及运动和膳食对脂肪细胞因子的影响，拓展了脂肪细胞的生物学功能。指出对脂肪细胞病理、生理状态的研究将成为运动医学研究领域新的研究热点，进一步探讨脂肪细胞的内分泌功能将为干预肥胖及其相关疾病的研究开辟新的视角。