我国优秀U型场地单板雪上技巧运动员体型特征的研究

应用Heath—Carter体型分类与评价法,对我国国家队15名U型场地单板雪上技巧运动员进行体型的测量与评价。结果显示:我国优秀U型场地单板雪上技巧男、女运动员体型的三因子相差不大,三联数分别为2.22-5.40-2.79和3.60-5.12-2.11,属于中-外-内和中-内-外胚体型;且男、女运动员之间的体型存在显著性差异;该项目运动员的“理想体型“为骨骼肌肉发达,皮下脂肪含量少,身体的线性度低。     

轻负荷半蹲起下肢力增加速率与各种肌肉收缩运动表现的关系

目的:探讨各种轻负荷条件下半蹲起力-时间曲线特征和力增加速率与各种肌肉收缩运动表现的相关性;分析轻负荷抗阻练习与等长、等动及纵跳动作的下肢发力特征间的内在生物力学联系。方法:募集日本筑波大学9名男子运动员,在测力台上进行不同负荷的半蹲起(Half-squat,HS)以获取地面反作用数据(GRF),进而计算出力增加速率(RFD)。进行最大负荷(>1RM)的静力收缩以测得最大力量(Fmax),进行各种纵跳练习(SJ、CMJ、RJ)以测得跳跃能力参数;采用多关节等速测力系统测取不同角速度下的膝伸展峰力矩(Peak torque,PT);采用Pearson相关系数反映不同负荷半蹲起RFD值与最大力量、跳跃能力和等速膝伸展峰力矩间的相关关系。结果:1)轻负荷半蹲起动作的平均发力时间在0.2 s以内,RFD值在0~60 ms区间内相近或相等;2)20 kg、40 kg和60 kg半蹲起RFD值与Fmax之间无相关关系(P>0.05),60 kg半蹲起RFD值与300°/s条件下的膝伸展PT存在显著性正相关(P<0.01);3)CMJ-JH和RJ-JH显著高于SJ-JH(P<0.01),而RJ的RFD值显著大于SJ和CMJ(P<0.01);4)40 kg半蹲起RFD值与SJ-JH、CMJ-JH之间存在显著性正相关(P<0.05);5)RFD与Fpeak和T-Fpeak之间分别存在显著性正相关和负相关(P<0.05),但Fpeak和T-Fpeak之间未存在相关关系(P>0.05)。结论:轻负荷半蹲起可以作为短跑、游泳等项目运动员起动力量训练手段,以减少起跑和起跳入水的反应时,强化起点技术;在20~60 kg负荷范围内,RFD值在短时间内保持相对恒定;轻负荷半蹲起在保持高输出功率的同时,具有更加高速的发力特征,可作为提高优秀运动员纵跳能力的有效练习手段。     

提高青少年跳跃运动员爆发力的训练方法

爆发力是运动员在单位时间内肌肉输出功率的大小,从外观上看就是运动员在单位时间内表现出来的跑、跳的速度和幅度。这一能力取决于运动员肌肉的力量、肌肉的收缩速度,肌肉功率输出能力以及身体协调运动的具体表现。这里所说的肌肉力量主要包括肌肉的最大抗负荷能力、肌肉力量的最大输出速率等;速度是指运动员快速完成动作的速度;而动作速度的配合则需要身体协调运动,身体协调运动指     

我国优秀跆拳道运动员体型的初步研究

名运动员（共５１名）的体型进行研究。结果表明,优秀跆拳道运动员体型具有一定的规律性特征,即体型分布较为集中;男子运动员体型特征为：体型匀称,肌肉、骨骼发达,皮下脂肪含量低,身材高大,其体型三因子均值为２１２４４１３１８;女子运动员体型特征为：体型较匀称,皮下脂肪较发达,肌肉、骨骼发育一般,身材较高,其三因子均值为３．１９２．１７３．０４;男子运动员随级别的升高,体型由外胚叶性中胚叶型向中胚叶型转变;女子运动员随级别的升高,体型由外胚叶型向内胚叶型向转变;女子运动员日常训练中应注意适当减少体脂,增加瘦体重的比例,加强肌力训练。     

世界优秀花样游泳运动员体型特征的分析

本文采用希思 -卡特体型测定法测试了 81名世界优秀花样游泳运动员的体型。结果表明 ,世界优秀花样游泳运动员的平均体型分值为 3.81 - 3.2 6 - 3.2 0 ,最优秀运动员体型的平均分值是 3.5 0 - 3.42 - 3.5 8,中国花样游泳运动员的平均体型分值为 3.85 - 2 .5 0 - 3.75 ,中因子分值明显低于总体均值和最优秀运动员值。提示 :优秀花样游泳运动员存在最佳体型 ,运动员体型中的中因子分值与运动成绩密切相关     

落地高度对高水平短跑运动员跳深动作下肢生物力学和反应性力量的影响

目的:检查落地高度对高水平短跑运动员跳深动作下肢生物力学和反应性力量的影响并进一步确定下肢生物力学指标与反应性力量指标之间的关联性以及跳深动作的最佳负荷高度。方法:14名男子高水平短跑运动员参与四种落地高度下(0.15m、0.30m、0.45m和0.60m)的跳深动作测试。6台红外高速摄像机和2块三维测力台同步采集跳深动作的运动学和地面反作用力信号。结果:落地高度显著影响跳深动作的碰撞力和蹬伸阶段的垂直地面反作用力峰值(p=0.000和0.039),髋关节伸力矩(p=0.038)、踝关节跖屈力矩(p=0.030)和下肢支撑力矩(p=0.010),髋、膝和踝关节离心功率(p均为0.000),平均功率输出(p=0.009),反应力量指数(p=0.006)和反应力量比(p=0.029);落地高度与平均功率输出显著相关,最佳负荷高度为0.465m(R~2=0.117,p=0.037);蹬伸阶段的垂直地面反作用力峰值(r=0.816,p=0.000;r=0.927,p=0.000)和平均功率输出(r=0.961,p=0.000;r=0.770,p=0.000)与反应力量指数和反应力量比均显著相关。结论:落地高度显著影响跳深动作的下肢生物力学和反应性力量指标,蹬伸阶段垂直地面反作用力和平均功率输出与反应性力量指标均存在非常显著的相关性,在0.15m～0.60m的落地高度范围内存在实现跳深动作最大平均力学功率输出的最佳负荷高度。建议针对高水平短跑运动员跳深训练时应该根据个体运动员的最大平均功率输出、反应力量指数和反应力量比等指标确定最佳负荷高度,以实现最佳训练效果并预防运动损伤。     

不同项目类型运动员上下肢无氧功率测定及比较

本实验着重研究有关上肢Wingate法测试有关问题,同时与下肢测定结果相比较,研究不同项目类型运动员上、下肢无氧功率的特点。实验结果证明,测试人体上、下肢无氧能力最适负荷可由瘦体重一负荷回归方程得出;运动员上、下肢无氧功峰值间存在高度相关;疲劳度内环境变化无氧能力密切相关;下肢最大静力值与下肢无氧功高度相关。     

青春期前儿童营养状况评价和体型图分析

探讨了儿童营养状况和体型图分布间的相互关系。将2060名6～9岁青春期前儿童按NCHS标准划分成14个身高别体重组,分析各发育指标和体型因子的组间差异,比较不同组间在体型分布方面的规律。结果表明,随着身高到体重的上升,儿童骨骼、肌肉、脂肪和身材发生规律变化。在主导体型分布的体型三因子方面,内因子逐步取代外因子,提示身高别体重值越高,男女孩体脂的累积程度对体型的影响越大,体型图位置越向左侧移动。结论:体型图分布通过对儿童发育的不同侧面作综合分析,有助于对儿童营养状况作更全面、客观的评价。     

我国优秀举重运动员的形态模型

从指标模型、权重模型与均值模型三维勾画出我国优秀举重运动员的形态模型。结果表明,我国优秀举重运动员各形态指标可分为肌肉质量因子和体型因子两类;权重模型显示出髂宽、髂宽指数和克托莱指数最能反映我国优秀举重运动员的专项形态特征,体现出“倒三角”的体型与发达的肌肉质量符合举重运动员的形态要求。同时,均值模型显示,不同重量级别之间,体型因子各指标的差异不如肌肉质量因子明显。另外,随着重量级别的提高,优秀举重运动员专项形态适合运动员举起更重的杠铃。     

世界优秀花泳运动员身体形态特征研究

对 81名优秀花泳运动员的23项身体形态指标作了测试。测试结果表明,世界优秀花泳运动员身体形态十分一致,且身体形态特点符合竞技要求。她们身材匀称,身高、体重适中,肩较宽,上肢较长,骨盆较窄,体型平均分值是 3.8-3.3-3.2,内、中、外 3因子分值较接近,俄罗斯运动员身体形态最优。测得的身体形态指标的平均值,可作为花泳运动员形态选材依据。此外,提出的3个判别函数式,可作为评定花泳运动员体型的简便方法。     

Body physique and proportionality of Brazilian female artistic gymnasts

This study aimed to identify physique characteristics (anthropometry, somatotype, body proportionality) of Brazilian female artistic gymnasts, and to compare them across competitive levels (sub-elite versus non-elite) within competitive age-categories. Two hundred forty-nine female gymnasts (68 sub-elite; 181 non-elite) from 26 Brazilian gymnastics clubs, aged 9–20 years and split into four age-categories, were sampled. Gymnasts were assessed for 16 anthropometric traits (height, weight, lengths, widths, girths, and skinfolds); somatotype was determined according to Heath-Carter method, body fat was estimated by bioimpedance, and proportionality was computed based on the z-phantom strategy. Non-elite and sub-elite gymnasts had similar values in anthropometric characteristics, however non-elite had higher fat folds in all age-categories (P < 0.01). In general, mesomorphy was the salient somatotype component in all age-categories, and an increase in endomorphy, followed by a decrease in ectomorphy across age was observed. Regarding proportionality, profile similarity was found between sub-elite and non-elite within age-categories. In conclusion results suggest the presence of a typical gymnast’s physical prototype across age and competitive level, which can be useful to coaches during their selection processes in clubs and regional/national teams.     

Somatotype and size of elite female basketball players

The aim of this study was to compare the somatotype and size of elite female basketball players in terms of playing position and team performance. Anthropometry and somatotype data were collected on 168 players from 14 countries before the Women's World Basketball Championship, Australia, 1994. There were 64 guards (mean +/- s: age 25.4 +/- 3.3 years, height 1.72 +/- 0.06 m, mass 66.1 +/- 6.2 kg, somatotype = 2.9-3.9-2.6), 57 forwards (age 25.2 +/- 3.8 years, height 1.81 +/- 0.06 m, mass 73.3 +/- 5.9 kg, somatotype = 2.8-3.5-3.2) and 47 centres (age 24.1 +/- 3.1 years, height 1.90 +/- 0.06 m, mass 82.6 +/- 8.2 kg, somatotype = 3.2-3.1-3.4). Mean somatotypes by position were significantly different (F = 7.73, P < 0.01). Guards had greater mesomorphy than centres and less ectomorphy than forwards and centres. When discriminant function analysis was applied to endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy, age, height and mass, only height, mass and ectomorphy entered (Wilks' lambda = 0.351, F = 31.40, P < 0.000), 70% of the variance was accounted for, and 72% of players were correctly classified. In the four top versus four bottom teams, guards were taller and more ectomorphic, forwards were taller, with lower mesomorphy and higher ectomorphy, and centres did not differ. Thus there are some differences in somatotypes by position and team placing, but the combination of height, mass and ectomorphy provide the best differentiation by position.     

Somatotypes of weight lifters

The present paper reviews published studies on the body shape of weight lifters. The differences between the somatotype ratings of weight lifters studied using the Sheldon and the Heath-Carter methods, and the differences between performance levels and age groups of weight lifters are discussed. The differences in mean somatoplots among the weight lifters studied as a whole group, weight lifters divided into two, three or four groups according to body weight, and weight lifters considered according to the official weight classes, are assessed. Weight lifters in the lighter weight classes are found to be ectomorphic or balanced mesomorphs, while those in the heavier weight classes tend to be endomorphic mesomorphs. Ectomorphy decreases, whereas mesomorphy and endomorphy increase with weight class. When three age groups of weight lifters were compared within each weight class, the same pattern of differences between ages occurs. The younger lifters in each weight class have higher endomorphy and lower mesomorphy than the senior lifters. Ectomorphy is higher in the younger lifters below the weight class of 82.5 kg. Since significant differences in all three somatotype components between 10 weight classes of weight lifters and also within three age groups were noted, it will be necessary in future studies to consider the somatotypes of weight lifters according to the official weight classes.     

Somatotype and size of elite female basketball players

The aim of this study was to compare the somatotype and size of elite female basketball players in terms of playing position and team performance. Anthropometry and somatotype data were collected on 168 players from 14 countries before the Women's World Basketball Championship, Australia, 1994. There were 64 guards (mean?±?s: age 25.4?±?3.3 years, height 1.72?±?0.06?m, mass 66.1?±?6.2?kg, somatotype?=?2.9?–?3.9?–?2.6), 57 forwards (age 25.2?±?3.8 years, height 1.81?±?0.06?m, mass 73.3?±?5.9?kg, somatotype?=?2.8?–?3.5?–?3.2) and 47 centres (age 24.1?±?3.1 years, height 1.90?±?0.06?m, mass 82.6?±?8.2?kg, somatotype?=?3.2?–?3.1?–?3.4). Mean somatotypes by position were significantly different (F?=?7.73, P?<?0.01). Guards had greater mesomorphy than centres and less ectomorphy than forwards and centres. When discriminant function analysis was applied to endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy, age, height and mass, only height, mass and ectomorphy entered (Wilks' λ?=?0.351, F?=?31.40, P?<?0.000), 70% of the variance was accounted for, and 72% of players were correctly classified. In the four top versus four bottom teams, guards were taller and more ectomorphic, forwards were taller, with lower mesomorphy and higher ectomorphy, and centres did not differ. Thus there are some differences in somatotypes by position and team placing, but the combination of height, mass and ectomorphy provide the best differentiation by position.     

Somatotypes of weight lifters

The present paper reviews published studies on the body shape of weight lifters. The differences between the somatotype ratings of weight lifters studied using the Sheldon and the Heath‐Carter methods, and the differences between performance levels and age groups of weight lifters are discussed. The differences in mean somatoplots among the weight lifters studied as a whole group, weight lifters divided into two, three or four groups according to body weight, and weight lifters considered according to the official weight classes, are assessed.

Weight lifters in the lighter weight classes are found to be ectomorphic or balanced mesomorphs, while those in the heavier weight classes tend to be endomorphic mesomorphs. Ectomorphy decreases, whereas mesomorphy and endomorphy increase with weight class. When three age groups of weight lifters were compared within each weight class, the same pattern of differences between ages occurs. The younger lifters in each weight class have higher endomorphy and lower mesomorphy than the senior lifters. Ectomorphy is higher in the younger lifters below the weight class of 82.5 kg.

Since significant differences in all three somatotype components between 10 weight classes of weight lifters and also within three age groups were noted, it will be necessary in future studies to consider the somatotypes of weight lifters according to the official weight classes.     

Anthropometric characteristics as discriminators of body-building success.

A total of 36 non-elite male body builders were observed at the time of competition. Their mean physical characteristics (+/- S.D.) were: age, 24.6 +/- 4.8 years; height, 174.4 +/- 6.7 cm; bodyweight, 80.3 +/- 11.0 kg. Their body composition values were: percentage body fat, 9.3 +/- 1.6%; fat-free mass, 72.8 +/- 9.8 kg. The mean somatotype for all subjects was: endomorphy, 2.3 +/- 0.6; mesomorphy, 6.2 +/- 0.9; ectomorphy, 1.2 +/- 0.6. The body proportions (cm) included: biacromial diameter/bi-iliac diameter, 1.463 +/- 0.132; torso length/height, 0.468 +/- 0.018; chest circumference/abdominal circumference, 1.345 +/- 0.059. The body builders in the present study were younger, had lower bodyweights, lower fat-free mass, lower mesomorphy ratings, smaller circumferences, and smaller skeletal dimensions than elite body builders reported in the scientific literature. When the body builders in the present study were divided into successful and unsuccessful groups based on actual competition results, a multiple-discriminant analysis found that biacromial diameter/bi-iliac diameter, torso length/height, chest circumference/abdominal circumference, percentage body fat, height, and bodyweight accounted for 80.6% of the explained variance. These data indicate that the success of a body builder can be accounted for in large part by easily obtained physical variables.     

Digit ratio (2D:4D) and competition level in world-class female gymnasts

Abstract

In this study the relationship between the digit ratio (2D:4D) and artistic gymnastics performance and competition level was investigated in a sample of Caucasian world-class female gymnasts (n = 145). The sample was divided into three competition events (compulsories, free work, final score). Within each event three performance groups (lowest, middle, and highest) were based on the competition scores gathered at the World Championships at Rotterdam, the Netherlands, in 1987. Lengths of the digits were measured on X-rays of the left hand. Several anthropometric dimensions were measured and from those measurements an androgyny index (Bayer & Bayley) and somatotype components (endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy) were calculated. Although significant differences in some anthropometric characteristics between the performance level groups within each competition event were observed, no significant differences in the 2D:4D ratios were found between the performance level groups, varying from 0.918 ± 0.020 to 0.924 ± 0.020. Also, no significant correlations were observed between the 2D:4D ratio and anthropometric, androgyny, and somatotype characteristics, r varying from r = –0.11 to r = +0.12. It can be concluded that in this sample the 2D:4D digit ratio, unlike other anthropometric characteristics, is not a discriminating factor for the performance in artistic gymnastics performance on a world-class level.     

The effect of morphological and functional variables on ranking position of professional junior Basque surfers

Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyse the association of morphology as well as functional outcomes during a paddling test with ranking position (RP) of competitive junior surfers. Ten male surfers (age, mean 17.60, s=2.06 years) performed a maximum incremental test on a modified ergometer (Ergo Vasa Swim, USA) to determine, per unit of weight, the relative heart rate at lactate threshold (RHR_LT) and at onset of blood lactate accumulation (RHR_OBLA) and the relative power output at LT (RW_LT) and at OBLA (RW_OBLA). Anthropometrics were weight, height and sum of six skinfolds (subscapular, triceps, supraspinal, abdominal, anterior thigh and calf) and Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotypes. A stepwise multiple regression was constructed to model and predict RP. Surfers shared a relative short stature and light weight, with a broader range of skinfold thickness (174.30, s=0.07 cm; 66.73, s=5.91 kg; 57.03, s=12.29 mm) and mean somatotype was ectomorphic-mesomorph: 2.20–4.36–3.09 (Category 2). Two model equations were possible: (A) RP = ? 244.550 RW_OBLA+262.787; (B) RP = ? 217.028·RW_OBLA+31.21·endomorphy + 169.16 with 63.1% and 83% of variance explained, respectively. A hierarchical cluster analysis on the Euclidean distances of the variables in model B also distinguished between upper and lower ranking groups. RW_OBLA was more useful than endomorphy, anthropometric measures and also than the other functional outcomes to predict RPs. RW_OBLA and endomorphy should be considered important variables that may influence the success of these young competitive surfers.     

健美运动的营养研究进展

在健美比赛中,肌肉的围度和清晰度是评判运动员水平的关键标准。健美运动在非赛季增肌期的目的为增加肌肉围度和重量,而在赛前减脂期的目的则为最大程度的减少体脂肪、保持瘦体重。从非赛季增肌期的能量摄入、三大营养素(蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂肪)的摄入量和比例、训练前后的营养补充以及赛前减脂期能量摄入、三大营养素的摄入比例和赛前一周的营养等方面的研究进展进行综述,以对健美运动员和健美爱好者的营养补充提供科学的建议。