香丹注射液和被动运动对失神经大鼠腓肠肌和胫骨显微结构的影响

目的:探讨被动运动和香丹注射液对失神经大鼠腓肠肌和胫骨显微结构的影响.方法:3月龄雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、被动运动组、香丹组和联合组,除假手术组外,其他各组切断左侧坐骨神经和股神经,然后被动运动组、香丹组和联合组分别进行30天被动运动和香丹注射液灌胃,光镜观察腓肠肌、胫骨的显微结构.结果:与假手术组相比,模型组的损伤侧肌湿重/对侧肌湿重极显著降低,胫骨重量显著降低.与模型组相比,被动运动组、香丹组、联合组的损伤侧肌湿重/对侧肌湿重显著性升高,联合组的胫骨重量显著性增加;模型组肌纤维直径和横截面变小.部分肌纤维轮廓模糊,被动运动组、香丹组、联合组显示与模型组相比肌纤维直径和横截面增加,肌纤维排列紧密、轮廓相对清晰.模型组显示与假手术组相比骨小梁数目明显变少,纤细,排列稀疏,被动运动组、香丹组、联合组显示骨小粱相对粗壮,数目明显增加,排列相对紧密.结论:大鼠失神经支配引起腓肠肌、胫骨纤维结构的完整性破坏,被动运动和香丹注射液治疗改善了腓肠肌和胫骨的显微结构变化,被动运动和香丹注射液联合作用效果更佳.     

被动运动和电刺激对失神经大鼠股骨生物力学性能影响的研究

目的:探讨被动运动和电刺激对失神经大鼠股骨生物力学性能的影响。方法:切断大鼠坐骨神经和股神经,造成失神经支配大鼠废用性骨质疏松模型,并随机将大鼠分为假手术组、对照组(NCG)、被动运动组(PMG)、电刺激组(ESG)和被动运动 电刺激组(PMESG)5组,观察各组大鼠股骨生物力学指标的变化。结果:与假手术组比较,其余各组股骨弹性模量、极限强度、结构刚度、最大载荷、能量吸收均显著性降低(P<0.05),最大应变值显著性升高(P<0.05);与对照组比较,各组弹性模量、极限强度、结构刚度、最大载荷、能量吸收均显著性升高(P<0.05),最大应变值除被动运动组仅见降低趋势外(P>0.05),其余各组均显著性降低(P<0.05)。结论:大鼠失神经支配可引起股骨生物力学性能下降,电刺激和被动运动治疗可减缓失神经大鼠股骨生物力学性能的改变。因此,被动运动和电刺激能有效预防失神经所致的废用性骨质疏松,二者联合作用效果更佳。     

跳跃训练对模拟失重大鼠骨密度和骨代谢指标的影响

目的:通过尾部悬吊模拟后肢失重模型,研究在尾部悬吊期间进行跳跃训练对大鼠骨密度和骨代谢的影响,为宇航员骨质流失的防治提供方法参考.方法:7周龄Wistar雄性大鼠24只,随机分为3组,每组8只,即正常对照组(CON),模拟失重组(SUS)和模拟失重+跳跃训练组(JUM).通过后肢悬吊的方法制备大鼠后肢模拟失重模型,悬吊和跳跃周期均为3周,3周的干预结束后,测试各组大鼠右侧股骨骨密度和血清骨代谢指标血钙、碱性磷酸酶、骨钙素和抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶5b.结果:与CON组大鼠相比,SUS组大鼠骨吸收指标血钙(Ca2+)和抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶5b (TRACP5b)水平均显著增加(P＜0.01),骨形成指标血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和骨钙素(BGP)水平显著降低(P＜0.05),骨密度显著下降(P＜0.01);与SUS组大鼠相比,JUM组大鼠骨吸收指标血钙(Ca2+)和抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶5b (TRACP5b)水平显著降低,骨形成指标血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和骨钙素(BGP)水平显著增加,骨密度显著升高(P＜0.01).结论:尾部悬吊模拟后肢失重可导致大鼠骨吸收作用增强,骨形成作用降低,骨密度下降.而在模拟失重期间进行跳跃训练可有效抑制大鼠骨吸收和增强其骨形成,从而有效抑制尾部悬吊大鼠骨密度的下降.     

不同制动大鼠神经生长因子含量及骨代谢影响的研究

通过采取石膏固定和失神经两种制动方式对大鼠骨骼神经生长因子(NGF)含量的动态观察,以及骨组织中的碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)活性的检测,探讨失神经因素与固定因素在导致大鼠骨质疏松过程中的不同作用。实验将10周龄SD雄性大鼠随机分为对照组、失神经手术组、固定组,于1d、10d、30d、60d后处死,ELISA双抗体夹心法测定骨组织中NGF含量,化学比色法测定AKP、TRAP活性。结果表明:NGF检测显示失神经组与固定组间比较,10d、60d两组含量明显增高(P<0.01),且大鼠在失神经和固定情况下的变化规律明显不同;AKP活性检测显示,30d固定组、10d失神经组、1d固定组降低明显(P<0.01);TRAP活性检测显示,10d失神经组、30d固定组明显降低(P<0.01),仅有10d固定组部分升高(P<0.05)。失神经和固定在导致大鼠骨量下降或骨质疏松时,骨质的丢失在时程上存在明显的差异,其发生的机制有着本质的区别。失神经和固定制动两种方法导致骨质疏松的特点都是低转换型。     

不同运动方式对生长期大鼠骨密度和组织形态计量学指标的影响

目的:比较游泳和跳跃两种不同的运动方式对生长期大鼠骨发育的影响,以期为骨健康寻找合理的运动方式.方法:通过自制大鼠跳跃运动模型,以18只雄性4周龄SD大鼠为实验对象,分为对照组、游泳组和跳跃组.8周后,测量所有大鼠的骨密度、骨组织形态计量学指标.结果:游泳组大鼠1～4腰椎BMD比对照组显著性升高,股骨BMD与对照组相比没有显著性差异,胫骨组织形态计量学指标与对照组相比也没有显著性差异;跳跃组大鼠1～4腰椎和股骨BMD与对照组相比都有显著性升高,胫骨组织形态计量学指标也明显优于对照组.结论:游泳运动对生长期大鼠腰椎发育有明显作用,而对股骨和胫骨作用不明显;跳跃运动对生长期大鼠腰椎、股骨和胫骨的发育都有明显的促进作用.     

不同方式运动对去卵巢大鼠骨密度、骨生物力学及代谢指标的影响

通过雌性大鼠去卵巢模型来模拟女性绝经后的状态,比较研究跳跃和游泳两种不同方式运动对去卵巢大鼠骨的影响,以期为骨质疏松的预防发现更为有效的运动模式。将32只3月龄SD雌性大鼠随机分为4组:假手术组、安静组、游泳组和跳跃组。其中安静组、游泳组和跳跃组行卵巢摘除手术,假手术组只行假手术(即不摘除卵巢)。8周后,测定各组大鼠体重、骨密度(BMD)、骨生物力学和骨代谢相关指标。结果发现:与安静组比较,跳跃组大鼠股骨BMD、最大载荷、弹性载荷、破坏载荷、能量吸收和弹性应力均显著性升高;跳跃组大鼠血清Ca和抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(STR-ACP)水平显著性降低。与安静组比较,游泳组大鼠除了血清Ca水平显著性降低外(P0.05),其他指标虽有变化趋势,但变化不显著。结果说明:8周跳跃运动对去卵巢大鼠股骨BMD、骨生物力学以及骨代谢生化指标均起到较明显的改善作用。而8周游泳运动对去卵巢大鼠股骨BMD、骨生物力学以及骨代谢生化指标的改善效果不如跳跃运动。跳跃运动与游泳相比,在改善骨代谢,促进骨健康方面的作用更加明显,提示能更有利于预防绝经后女性出现骨质疏松。     

大负荷运动对大鼠血清OPG、sRANKL、骨代谢及骨量的影响

为研究大负荷运动对大鼠血清OPG、sRANKL、骨代谢生化因子(OC、ALP和TRAP)、骨密度(BMD)和骨量(BMC)的影响,20只6周龄大鼠随机分成2组:①对照组(Control group,CtrG)10只;②7周大负荷训练组(Overtraining group,OtrG)10只:进行7周的跑台训练。实验结束后所有大鼠处死并测定血清OPG、sRANKL、骨钙素(OC)、骨碱性磷酸酶(ALP)及抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)。同时测定股骨、腰椎BMD、BMC。结果表明经过7周大负荷运动训练,OtrG组大鼠股骨BMC、BMD及腰椎BMC明显低于CtrG组大鼠。OtrG组大鼠血清OPG水平明显低于CtrG组,而sRANKL却高于CtrG组大鼠,OPG/sRANKL比率下降。OtrG组血清OC、ALP和TRAP明显高于CtrG组。研究提示过度运动导致OPG/sRANKL比例下降可能是骨代谢率增快、骨量丢失的重要原因。     

不同负重强度运动对去势大鼠股骨生物学指标的影响

目的:以去卵巢大鼠为研究对象,通过动物实验观察不同负重强度游泳运动对去势大鼠骨密度、骨矿物质含量及骨生物力学指标的变化,以探讨运动对骨质疏松症的治疗机制。方法:取10月龄雌性SD大鼠50只,随机分为A假手术安静组(正常对照组)、B模型安静组(实验对照组)、C低强度运动组、D中强度运动组、E高强度运动组,每组10只。除假手术组外,其余各组大鼠均行双侧卵巢切除术,假手术组按相同手术方法操作,但不切除卵巢。术后第10周分别给予游泳训练共12周。观察12周后不同负荷强度运动对各组大鼠右侧股骨骨密度及骨矿物质含量的变化,并取左侧股骨,进行骨生物力学指标检测。结果:游泳运动组大鼠股骨骨密度显著高于模型组(P<0.05),与假手术组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。中强度运动组最大应力、断裂应力均明显优于模型组;各组最大伸长无显著差异。结论:适宜强度的游泳运动能明显抑制去势大鼠股骨骨密度及骨钙矿物质含量的降低及对大鼠的骨生物力学指标有良性调整作用。     

纵跳对生长期大鼠骨密度、骨代谢生化指标的影响

目的:建立纵跳运动模型,探讨纵跳运动对大鼠骨代谢的影响;比较纵跳和游泳两种运动模式对骨代谢影响的差异,为青少年选择合理的运动方式提供参考.方法:将18只SD雄性大鼠随机分为安静组、游泳组和纵跳组.8周后,检测所有大鼠股骨和椎骨的骨量、骨密度、血乳酸及骨代谢生化指标.结果:纵跳组与安静组相比,股骨、椎骨骨密度明显高于后者,ALP有显著升高,TRACP有明显升高;游泳组与安静组相比,股骨骨密度没有差异,椎骨骨密度显著高于后者,ALP和TRACP都有明显升高.结论:本实验建立了SD大鼠纵跳运动模型,成功模拟了纵跳对大鼠骨代谢的主要生理刺激;大鼠血清骨代谢指标表现为纵跳比游泳能有效促进骨形成;运动能有效促进骨生长、明显提高股骨、椎骨骨密度;纵跳运动对生长期大鼠腰椎、股骨的发育有明显的促进作用.     

运动和药物干预对Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠血清骨代谢生化指标的影响

目的:探讨有氧耐力运动和药物(二甲双胍)干预对糖尿病大鼠血清骨代谢生化指标的影响.方法:以59只雄性SD大鼠为研究对象,随机分为五组,正常饮食对照组(NC)、糖尿病对照组(DC)、糖尿病运动组(ET)、糖尿病药物组(DT)和糖尿病药物运动组(ETDT),除NC组用普通饲料喂养外,其余各组均用高脂饲料喂养,通过6周高脂高糖膳食并注射链脲佐菌素建立糖尿病模型后,ET组和ETDT组进行为期6周的游泳训练,DT组和ETDT组按体重灌胃6周二甲双胍.各组大鼠于第12周结束时取样,检测糖代谢相关指标:血糖、糖化血清蛋白与胰岛素,血清骨代谢生化指标:骨钙素、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶水平.结果:与NC组相比,DMC组体重、空腹血糖、胰岛素、糖化血清蛋白水平显著升高(P ＜0.05,P＜0.01,P＜0.01),与DC组相比ET组、DT组和ETDT组空腹血糖、胰岛素、糖化血清蛋白有下降趋势,其中以ETDT组的下降具有统计学意义(P＜0.01,P＜0.01,P＜0.05);同时,与NC组相比,DC组血清抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶水平显著升高(P＜o.01),骨钙素水平显著降低(P＜0.01);ETDT组与DC组相比血清骨钙素水平显著性升高(P＜0.01),而血清抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶水平显著性降低(P＜0.01).结论:有氧运动训练和药物干预均可改善大鼠骨代谢紊乱,其中运动结合药物组作用效果更好.     

Exercise and bone

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the interrelationship between aerobic fitness, body composition, and physical activity in 9- and 15-year-olds. The 270 participants were randomly selected from 18 primary and secondary schools in Iceland. Aerobic fitness was assessed by a graded exercise test on a bicycle ergometer. Body composition was estimated via: logarithm of sum of four skinfolds (log_e skinfolds), waist adjusted for height, and body mass index (BMI). Physical activity was measured with Actigraph activity monitors using total activity each day as the physical activity variable. Aerobic fitness was chosen as the primary outcome variable, body composition as the secondary variable, and physical activity as the tertiary variable. All the full models explained a similar proportion of fitness variance for both age groups (45–65%). Among the 15-year-olds, log_e skinfolds explained a significantly larger proportion of the fitness variance (54%) than waist adjusted for height (29%) and BMI (15%), but all the body composition variables explained a similar proportion of the fitness variance (35–42%) among the 9-year-olds. Physical activity explained a smaller proportion (0%) of the unadjusted variance in fitness for the 9-year-olds than for the 15-year-olds (19%). This group difference became non-significant (0% vs. 4%) when adjusting for log_e skinfolds but remained significant when controlling for waist adjusted for height (0% vs. 15%) and BMI (0% vs. 18%). Gender differences in aerobic fitness after puberty can largely be explained by gender differences in log_e skinfolds and physical activity. In conclusion, the interrelationship between fitness, body composition, physical activity, and gender is not the same among 9- and 15-year-olds.     

运动与骨骼的力学信号转导

骨骼的生长及代谢更新以不断适应力学刺激为前提,运动通过施加于骨骼的负荷刺激促进骨骼的改造,这种力的转导过程以力学感受系统为结构基础,借助相关信号因子的作用,通过相应路径,将各种力学刺激转化并进行传递,最终影响基因的表达或蛋白的激活,从而实现对骨骼形态结构及骨量的调控.     

太极拳锻炼对原发性骨质疏松症患者骨密度及骨代谢的影响

观察太极拳锻炼对原发性骨质疏松症患者骨密度及骨代谢的影响。将原发性骨质疏松症患者40例随机分成对照组和太极拳组，实验前后对两组患者骨密度值、血清骨钙素（BGP）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）以及骨痛的变化情况进行比较分析，实验结果发现：实验后太极拳组与对照组的腰椎骨、股骨、颈骨密度差异呈显著性；BGP、ALP的比较差异分别呈显著性；骨痛积分两组间比较差异具有显著性。结果说明，太极拳锻炼是防治原发性骨质疏松症的有效方法，值得推广应用。     

Impact sports and bone fractures among adolescents

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of different sports on stress fractures among adolescents during a 9-month follow-up period. The sample was composed of 184 adolescents divided into three groups (impact sports [n = 102]; swimming [n = 35]; non-sports [n = 47]). The occurrence of stress fracture was reported by participants and coaches. As potential confounders we considered age, sex, resistance training, body composition variables and age at peak of height velocity. There were 13 adolescents who reported fractures during the 9-month period. Bone mineral density values were higher in adolescents engaged in impact sports (P-value = 0.002). Independently of confounders, the risk of stress fracture was lower in adolescents engaged in impact sports than in non-active adolescents (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.23 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.05 to 0.98]), while swimming practice was not associated to lower risk of fracture (HR = 0.49 [95% CI = 0.09 to 2.55]). In conclusion, the findings from this study indicate the importance of sports participation among adolescents in the reduction of stress fracture risk, especially with impact sports. More importantly, these results could be relevant for recognising adolescents in danger of not reaching their potential for peak bone mass and later an increased risk of fractures.     

Effect of antioxidants and exercise on bone metabolism

We examined the effects of antioxidant supplementation in association with progressive aerobic training on the bone metabolism of healthy elderly individuals. For 8 weeks, 13 participants (mean age 74 years) received vitamin C (500 mg) and vitamin E (100 mg) daily and participated in a supervised progressive aerobic training programme. After the 8 weeks, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations were increased significantly by 42.8% (P < 0.001) and 26.8% (P < 0.01) respectively, while parathyroid hormone concentration was decreased by 17.5% (p < 0.05). Of the bone markers, only bone alkaline phosphatase decreased, by 14.6% (P < 0.05). No variation was observed for ionized calcium, insulin-like growth factor-1 or insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3. Our findings suggest that 8 weeks of combined antioxidant supplementation and aerobic training modified vitamin D metabolism and parathyroid hormone concentration. These adaptations might counterbalance the unfavourable hormonal profile frequently observed in the elderly that predisposes them to accentuated age-related bone loss.     

Higher bone mass in prepubertal and peripubertal female footballers

Objectives: The main aim of this study was to compare the bone mass of female football players with controls of different pubertal stages. Methods: Sixty five girls aged 8–14 years (10.14?±?0.1, Tanner stages I–IV) participated in the study. Twenty participants were prepubertal (10 prepubertal control) and 45 peripubertal (15 peripubertal control). All footballers trained two days per week while the control group did not perform regular physical activity outside of school. Body composition was assessed by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Analysis of covariance was performed to evaluate differences in lean and bone masses. Results: Significant differences in lower-body extremities lean mass (LLM) between peripubertal groups were found (P?P?P?Conclusion: Female footballers showed higher bone and lean masses compared to control counterparts; these differences are already detectable at prepubertal ages and more consistent after pubertal spurt.     

运动性骨疲劳研究进展

运动性骨疲劳作为骨代谢的一个研究分支,因其在疲劳性骨折中的重要作用近年来引起人们的高度关注.骨疲劳可能通过与日俱增的疲劳微损伤和过多的骨重建演变成疲劳性骨折,同时也可通过积极的反馈机制避免骨折的发生.就运动性骨疲劳的性别和运动项目特点、运动性骨疲劳发生的可能机理、适宜运动对骨的保护性作用等方面的研究进展进行了综述评价.     

运动与峰值骨量(综述)

提高峰值骨量是预防骨质疏松的重要措施，其中，体育锻炼是提高峰值骨量的重要方式。少儿时期进行体育锻炼对提高峰值骨量起到关键作用，但不同的运动方式对峰值骨量的作用效果不同。目前研究认为运动影响峰值骨量的机制主要是力学控制，其次是生物因素，但运动影响峰值骨量的具体信号转导机理还有待于进一步研究。     

Swimming and peak bone mineral density: A systematic review and meta-analysis

This meta-analysis aims to determine the effects of regular swimming on bone mineral density (BMD) in young adults (18–30 years). A systematic search was performed in Pubmed, SPORTDiscus and the Cochrane Library from the earliest possible year to March 2016. Swimmers were compared to non-athletic controls (CG) and to high-impact athletes (HIGH). Effect sizes with the Hedges g in random effects models were developed. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analyses. Swimmers presented similar BMD values to CG in whole-body (g = ?0.20; P = 0.251), femoral neck (g = ?0.05; P = 0.818) and lumbar spine (g = 0.18; P = 0.492); and lower BMD in the whole-body (g = ?1.21; P < 0.001), femoral neck (g = ?1.51; P < 0.001) and lumbar spine (g = ?0.84; P = 0.017) than the HIGH. For the whole-body differences, the higher the latitude the smaller the differences between swimmers and HIGH (B = 0.10; P = 0.001). For the femoral neck differences, age also seemed to reduce the differences between groups (B = 0.19; P = 0.020). Young adult swimmers present similar BMD values than CG and lower values than HIGH.