摔跤运动员冬训大负荷训练期间若干生化及免疫指标的监测研究

研究8名备战十运会的优秀男子古典式摔跤运动员进入冬训大负荷训练期4周后，运动训练对其部分血液生化及免疫指标的影响，以监控运动训练。结果显示，大负荷训练4周后，运动员BU、C、CK和CK-MB值均显著升高（P〈0．05），而Hb、T／C、CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值及NK（CD16^＋和CD56^＋）细胞数均显著下降（P〈0．05），变化幅度可以反映运动员运动性疲劳的程度、对训练的适应及恢复情况；对生化指标结合免疫学指标进行综合分析，能够更准确地评定运动员的机能状态，监控运动训练。     

训练冲量和运动训练监控仪在女子手球运动员负荷监控中的应用

目的：应用训练冲量（TRIMP）和运动训练监控仪对手球运动员的训练负荷进行监控研究，旨在为赛后评价不同位置运动员的运动负荷和机能状态提供合理有效的方法。研究方法：广东省女子手球运动员7名（22.6±1.4岁），健将级别，在全运会备赛期间的教学赛和冲刺阶段的一次对抗赛中和赛后，对不同位置运动员进行跟踪测试，测试指标包括心率、乳酸、熵值、中枢疲劳、应激水平等。研究结果：（1）在教学赛中，指标变化的平均值为：心率169.4±8.16次/min，上场时间44.3±6.0min,TRIMP114.8±18.9，赛后乳酸4.43±1.53mmol/L;(2)对抗赛中运动员平均上场时间47.26±5.41min,TRIMP123.75±9.30，均高于教学赛平均值，个体TRIMP值最高的是右边锋，最低的是左边锋；（3）对抗赛中，A为正常状态，C为中度疲劳，其余均为轻度中枢疲劳，E的应激水平偏低，其余应激水平偏高；运动员熵值水平略低于教学赛平均值；（4）对抗赛中TRIMP值低的运动员，熵值稳定，应激水平（焦虑指数）、脑中枢疲劳状态处于正常范围；TRIMP值高的运动员，熵值会略高于教学赛平均水平，应激水...     

运动训练对女子拳击运动员血清NO、NOS活性影响的研究

通过观察训练周期中女子运动员血清NO、NOS活性的变化,了解拳击训练对女子运动员血清NO、NOS活性的影响。结果显示:实验组血清NO含量、TNOS、cNOS活性明显高于对照组(P<0．05),说明系统训练可提高女子拳击运动员血清NO、NOS水平,对于保护和改善血管内皮功能有着重要意义。     

补充谷氨酰胺对运动员免疫系统功能的影响

以优秀赛艇运动员为研究对象，以外周血T淋巴细胞亚群和血浆免疫球蛋白为免疫检测指标，观察了较长时间大负荷训练对运动员免疫功能的影响和长期低剂量补充L-谷氨酰胺对消除机体免疫抑制的作用。结果显示：口服补充谷氨酰胺使外周血抑制性T淋巴细胞亚群减少，CD4^ ／CD8^ 比值升高，提示通过口服补充谷氨酰胺可以减少长时间大负荷训练对机体免疫平衡的影响，减少机体免疫受抑程度，有助于维持机体正常的免疫平衡；口服补充谷氨酰胺可以提高运动员安静状态血清免疫球蛋白M含量(IgM)。     

柔术运动员亚高原训练前后身体机能和体成分变化特征的研究

目的：研究柔术运动员亚高原训练前后身体机能和体成分变化的特征，为柔术项目亚高原训练数据化监控和精准化实施提供科学指导。方法：以14名柔术运动员为研究对象，在亚高原训练前后对血液生化指标和体成分进行监控。结果：亚高原训练后男子运动员红细胞和血红蛋白显著升高，女子运动员网织红细胞数量显著升高；男子和女子运动员亚高原训练后肌酸激酶均显著下降，男子运动员血尿素显著下降，睾酮值显著升高；男子运动员亚高原训练后体重、体脂肪含量均有下降，去脂体重略有上升，女子运动员的体重、体脂肪含量、身体质量指数和体脂率显著下降，去脂体重无变化。运动员左右肢肌肉量均衡性均无显著性差异，亚高原训练后男子运动员各部位肌肉量百分比均有所增加，女子运动员节段脂肪均显著下降。结论：亚高原训练可促进柔术运动员携氧能力和骨髓造血功能的提高；柔术运动员在亚高原训练中机能状态良好，男子运动员合成代谢能力优于女子运动员；柔术运动员亚高原训练后体重均出现了下降，女子运动员下降更明显，且更多的是体脂肪的减少；柔术运动员亚高原训练监控中需注意身体机能和体成分的变化，关注营养状况及水分的及时补充。     

大强度训练对男子散打运动员T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

本文研究12名男子散打运动员在冬训时大强度训练后,运动训练对其部分免疫指标的影响,以监控运动训练．结果显示：大强度训练后,运动员CD4＋、CD4＋／CD8＋细胞比值均显著变化（P〈0．05）,变化幅度可以反映运动员运动性疲劳的程度、对训练的适应及恢复情况：生化指标结合免疫学指标,进行综合分析,能够更准确地评定运动员的机能状态,监控运动训练。     

青少年网球运动员心理训练效果的实证研究

选取18名省队青少年网球运动员进行为期八周的心理训练,探索心理训练手段对青少年网球运动员训练效果的影响.研究采用运动心理疲劳、运动焦虑以及心境改善程度作为心理训练效果的评价指标.实验结果表明心理训练后,运动员心理疲劳程度降低,成就感明显提高,运动员的心境状态较训练前更加稳定,疲劳、紧张、TMD、愤怒和抑郁的消极症状显著降低,所有运动员的状态自信心都有明显提高.     

高强度间歇性运动前后高水平女子足球运动员尿液代谢组学特征研究

目的：采用液相色谱-质谱联用（LC-MS）的代谢组学方法，探究高水平女子足球运动员在一场比赛前后能量代谢调节的变化情况，旨在为女子足球运动员机能评定与训练监控提供理论依据。方法：选取参加2021年大学生女子超冠联赛半决赛的10名运动员作为实验对象，分别采集运动员比赛当天晨尿、赛前30 min和赛后30 min的尿样。所有数据经过转换、峰检测、归一化处理后再进行多元统计分析。结果：高强度间歇性运动前后高水平女子足球运动员尿样代谢物色谱图发生了显著变化。与赛前相比，赛后的乳酸、肌酸、丙酮酸、肌酐、L-缬氨酸、色氨酸、丙氨酸等代谢物显著上调（VIP>1.3且P<0.01），腺嘌呤、β-葡萄糖、酪氨酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸等代谢物显著下降（VIP>1.4且P<0.01）。结论：1）高水平女子足球运动员在大强度比赛后显著变化的代谢物主要涉及ATP-CP系统、糖酵解系统、有氧氧化系统、神经调节系统以及氨基酸代谢系统；2）代谢组学方法能够为运动员在备战期和赛前的饮食与营养补充以及运动效果的评价提供更全面、更具针对性的数据分析与指导。     

低住高练中国家女子中长跑运动员心功能的变化

探讨低住高练对优秀女子中长跑运动员心功能的影响。结果显示，低氧训练结束后，室间隔舒张末期厚度、左室后壁收缩末期厚度在安静状态下较低氧训练前增加（P〈0．05），左心室收缩末期内径（LVDs）在安静状态及运动负荷的状态下较低氧训练前明显减小（P〈0．05），左心室收缩末期容积（ESV）在运动负荷状态下较低氧训练前减小，左室短轴缩短率（FS）和射血分数（EF）在运动负荷的状态下较低氧训练前增加（P〈0．05）。提示与低氧训练前相比，低氧训练后左心室收缩功能增强，获得良好的心脏适应性。低住高练在某种程度上有利于心力储备功能的增强。     

摔跤运动员血清脂联素水平及急性抗阻训练对其影响的研究

目的：探讨摔跤运动员血清脂联素的水平及其与体成分的相关性,并分析一次急性抗阻训练对摔跤运动员血清脂联素水平的影响。方法：将研究对象分为运动员组（12人）和对照组（12人）,对安静时血清脂联素的水平及与体成分的关系进行分析。抗阻训练后,休息30min,再测定血清脂联素水平,对比研究摔跤运动员训练前后血清脂联素水平的变化。结果：1．安静时,摔跤运动员血清脂联素水平显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）。2．急性抗阻训练后,血清脂联索水平下降,但没有显著性差异（P〉0．05）。3．血清脂联素水平与俸脂％（P〈0．05）、甘油三酯（P〈0．05）有显著负相关;与肌肉（P〈0．05）有显著正相关。结论：1．长期抗阻训练可显著增加血清脂联素水平,急性抗阻训练对脂联素没有显著性影响。2．脂联素与肌肉瘦体、体脂相关。3．单纯用BMI来研究与脂联素的相关关系有一定的局限性,要考虑不同个体体成分差异。     

中、美高校女子足球队发展的比较研究

运用问卷调查、专家访谈、文献资料调研、数理统计以及比较分析等方法,对中、美高校 女子足球运动队的选材、运动员上大学前文化水平及足球技术水平、参加比赛的情况、教练员情 况以及训练等方面进行对比研究。结果表明,中国高校受选材的形式和录取资格等因素的限制 很难招到高水平的女子足球运动员;中国高校女子足球队伍每年参加的比赛比美国少得多;中 国高校女子足球教练员兼职的较多,教练员的待遇比较差,而美国高校女子足球教练员大多是 专职的,待遇很高;中国高校女子足球缺乏训练安排系统性和针对性,而美国高校女子足球训练 安排非常科学、有针对性。就此提出中国高校女子足球队快速、健康发展的建议。     

Monitoring biological and psychological measures throughout an entire season in male handball players

Abstract

The aim of this study was to monitor biological markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, mood states, and recovery-stress states throughout an entire season in male handball players. Fourteen handball players (age 20.1±2.5 years) with a regular training and competitive background in handball (11.0±3.7 years) from the same club volunteered to participate. All participants completed 40 weeks of training. The training load was increased progressively throughout the season. Blood samples were collected and questionnaires were administered during preparatory, competitive, and recovery periods. Blood C-reactive protein and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) concentrations increased during periods of high load, while the reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG) decreased. These changes were accompanied by a significant increase in total leukocyte count. Positive correlations were found between C-reactive protein, GSSG, GSH/GSSG ratio, and training load. No changes were observed in the Total Mood Disturbance score of the Profile of Mood States (POMS). However, scores on some Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes subscales, such as Injury, Physical Recovery, and Being in Shape, correlated with training load. Findings indicate that during periods of high training load, handball players developed a low grade of inflammation and oxidative state. Results support the usefulness of monitoring psychological and biological markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and training load during season.     

Do cognitive training strategies improve motor and positive psychological skills development in soccer players? Insights from a systematic review

ABSTRACT

Soccer players are required to have well-developed physical, technical and cognitive abilities. The present systematic review, adhering to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines, examined the effects of cognitive training strategies on motor and positive psychological skills development in soccer performance and identified the potential moderators of the “cognitive training–soccer performance” relationship. Thirteen databases were systematically searched using keywords related to psychological or cognitive training in soccer players. The review is based on 18 studies, employing 584 soccer players aged 7–39 years. Cognitive strategies, particularly imagery, appear to improve sports performance in soccer players. Regarding imagery, the combination of two different types of cognitive imagery training (i.e., cognitive general and cognitive specific) has a positive influence on soccer performance during training, whereas motivational imagery (i.e., motivational general-arousal, motivational general-mastery and motivational specific) enhance competition performance. Younger soccer players employ cognitive general and cognitive specific imagery techniques to a greater extent than older soccer players. Combined cognitive training strategies were more beneficial than a single cognitive strategy relative to motor skills enhancement in elite (particularly midfielders) and amateur (i.e., when practising complex and specific soccer skills in precompetitive period) soccer players. In conclusion, it appears that there are differences in cognitive/psychological training interventions, and their efficacy, according to whether they are directed towards training or competition, and the age, standard and playing position of the players.     

足球运动员战术意识及战术素养的培养

采用文献资料分析、推理、归纳等方法对足球比赛中的战术意识、特点、影响因素及策略进行分析。结论:战术意识和战术素养的发挥决定着整场比赛中足球运动员的状态和比赛成绩,需要从不同的方面对运动员进行战术意识的培养和战术训练,保证运动员在最佳状态下完成每一场比赛。     

湖北省U-17年龄组男子足球运动员比赛前后心境变化的研究

应用中版BFS心境量表对湖北省U-17年龄组男子足球运动员比赛前后的心境状态进行研究，发现运动前的心境水平对运动后的积极心境体验有重要影响，且比赛结果影响参赛的心境状态，验证了心境的动力平衡理论。     

Effects of intense exercise on the physiological and mental condition of female university judoists during a training camp

To clarify the physical and mental fatigue caused by intense exercise and the relationship between the two types of fatigue, we examined changes in anthropometric and biochemical variables, neutrophil function, and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire in 13 female university judoists attending a one-week training camp. Blood glucose, total cholesterol, haemoglobin, leukocyte count, IgG, and phagocytic activity all decreased after the training camp compared with baseline (P < or = 0.046). Aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and neutrophil oxidative burst activity increased after the training camp (P < or = 0.007). Of the POMS scores, that for Fatigue increased after the training camp (P = 0.041) and that for Vigour decreased (P = 0.042). The changes in several POMS scores correlated with the changes in blood biochemical variables. In particular, the change in Total mood disturbance was negatively associated with changes in myogenic enzymes (P < or = 0.032). Our results suggest that intense exercise during training camps for female judoists leads to the appearance and accumulation of mental and physical fatigue, which are related to each other.     

Energy and carbohydrate for training and recovery

Soccer players should achieve an energy intake that provides sufficient carbohydrate to fuel the training and competition programme, supplies all nutrient requirements, and allows manipulation of energy or nutrient balance to achieve changes in lean body mass, body fat or growth. Although the traditional culture of soccer has focused on carbohydrate intake for immediate match preparation, top players should adapt their carbohydrate intake on a daily basis to ensure adequate fuel for training and recovery between matches. For players with a mobile playing style, there is sound evidence that dietary programmes that restore and even super-compensate muscle glycogen levels can enhance activity patterns during matches. This will presumably also benefit intensive training, such as twice daily practices. As well as achieving a total intake of carbohydrate commensurate with fuel needs, the everyday diet should promote strategic intake of carbohydrate and protein before and after key training sessions to optimize the adaptations and enhance recovery. The achievement of the ideal physique for soccer is a long-term goal that should be undertaken over successive years, and particularly during the off-season and pre-season. An increase in lean body mass or a decrease in body fat is the product of a targeted training and eating programme. Consultation with a sports nutrition expert can assist soccer players to manipulate energy and nutrient intake to meet such goals. Players should be warned against the accidental or deliberate mismatch of energy intake and energy expenditure, such that energy availability (intake minus the cost of exercise) falls below 125 kJ (30 kcal) per kilogram of fat-free mass per day. Such low energy availability causes disturbances to hormonal, metabolic, and immune function.     

Water and electrolyte needs for football training and match-play

The high metabolic rates sustained by soccer players during training and match-play cause sweat to be produced in both warm and temperate environments. There is limited published information available on the effects of this sweat loss on performance in soccer. However, this limited information, together with knowledge of the effects of sweat loss in other sports with skill components as well as endurance and sprint components, suggests that the effects of sweating will be similar to the effects in these other activities. Therefore, the generalization that a body mass reduction equivalent to 2% should be the acceptable limit of sweat losses seems reasonable. This amount, or more, of sweat loss reflected in body mass loss is a common experience for some players. Sodium is the main electrolyte lost in sweat and the available data indicate considerable variability in sodium losses between players due to differences in sweating rate and sweat electrolyte concentration. Additionally, the extent of sodium loss is such that its replacement will be warranted for some of these players during training sessions and matches. Although soccer is a team sport, the great individual variability in sweat and electrolyte losses of players in the same training session or match dictates that individual monitoring to determine individual water and electrolyte requirements should be an essential part of a player's nutritional strategy.     

Acute and sub-acute effects of repetitive kicking on hip adduction torque in injury-free elite youth soccer players

Abstract

Hip adduction strength is important for kicking and acceleration in soccer players. Changes in hip adduction strength may therefore have an effect on soccer players’ athletic performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute and sub-acute effects of a kicking drill session on hip strength, concerning isometric hip adduction, abduction and flexion torque of the kicking leg and the supporting leg. Ten injury-free male elite soccer players, mean ± s age of 15.8 ± 0.4 years participated. All players underwent a specific 20 min kicking drill session, comprising 45 kicks. The players were tested the day before, 15 min after and 24 h after the kicking drill session by a blinded tester using a reliable test procedure. The isometric hip-action and leg-order were randomized. For the kicking leg, hip adduction torque increased from 2.45 (2.19–2.65) Nm ? kg^?1, median (25th–75th percentiles), at pre-kicking to 2.65 (2.55–2.81) Nm ? kg^?1 (P = 0.024) 24 h post-kicking. This may have implications for the soccer player’s ability to maximally activate the hip adductors during kicking and acceleration, and thereby improve performance the day after a kicking drill session.     

精英足球运动员教育、训练与人才培养路径

儿童和青少年时期系统的足球训练,可以促进年轻足球运动员专项技能和专项体能的发展。旨在结合最新的研究成果、科学知识和应用实践,区分5岁到成年足球运动员的训练目标和方法,审视足球长期教育过程是否符合现代足球训练、运动表现和比赛的要求。强调各个年龄组足球运动员应有特定的足球教育理念、训练目标和方法,这对青春期（U15和U17）及青春期后（U19和U21）的足球运动员尤其重要,因为他们必须准备并确保顺利过渡到精英足球运动员水平。