短跑的送髋技术

我国百米水平落后的因素很多,跑的技术是不可忽视的因素。跑速=步长×步频;世界优秀百米运动员是步长大、步频高。百米全程44—46步。世界百米纪录保持者史密斯创9″93世界纪录时,百米全程只用43步多。世界优秀百米运动员途中步长可达2.40—2.50米,步长与身高之比为1.33:1,步频可达近5步/秒,途中最高速度11.7米/秒左右。     

短跑的送髋技术

<正> 我国百米水平落后的因素很多,跑的技术是不可忽视的因素。跑速=步长×步频;世界优秀百米运动员是步长大、步频高。百米全程44—46步,世界百米纪录保持者史密斯创9″93世界纪录时,百米全程只用43步多。世界优秀百米运动员途中步长可达2.40—2.50米,步长与身高之比为1.33:1,步频可达近5步/秒,途中最高速度11.7米/秒左右。我国运动员步长短,百米步数多,据测量统计,我国男子10″2—10″9的46名运动员,百米全程平均步数50.6步;11″1—11″8的49名运动员,百米全程步数52.29步;起跑至30米分别为17.9步、18.37步;30—100米的平均步长分别为2.15—2.18米、2.05—2.10米。女子11″6—12″9的47名运动员,百米全程平均步数为55.52步;13″0—13″7的19名运动员,百米全程平均步数56.2步;起跑30米,分别19.04步、19.53步。国外优秀百米运动员起跑30米是17步以内,我国优秀短跑运动员陈家全,起跑30米成绩3秒5,步数17步。比赛中10     

400米跑的训练

400米跑的训练方法有多种多样,但为了取得优异成绩,它是有一定规律的。没有一个400米运动员不可能从起跑到终点都是用最高速度跑的,那么就有两种类型的运动员:第一种是短跑类型的;第二种是中跑类型的。短跑类型的在300米前是有优势的,但300米以后优势就低于中跑类型的。简单地说400米选手应力求做到两点:(1)全程平均速度控制在200米最好成绩的94%;(2)步长坚持在身高的1.3(女运动员控制在1.2)。美国教练员一般采用两种战术:(1)力求前后200米相差1秒;(2)每100米段落都用基本相同速度跑。美国著名400米跑教练约翰逊为发展400米运动员的素质应按…     

短跑步长与步频的内在联系及提高途径

步长和步频是跑步时身体位移在空间与时间方面运动学特征的表现。在跑的项目中,跑的成绩取决于跑的平均速度,决定跑速的因素主要是步长和步频。对1 00米跑来说,全程平均步长=1 00米/步数,全程平均步频=步数/1 00米成绩,故可推导出1 00米成绩=1 00米/(步长×步频)的公式。这个关系式直接表明了步长、步频的值越大,则成绩就越好。因此,通过保持一个因素增加另一个因素、或两者同时增加、或一个因素增加的幅度超过另一因素降低的幅度等都可以提高成绩。然而,步长和步频是发展速度中的一对矛盾,如何正确处理好它们之间的关系、弄清跑速与步长和步频之间的内在联     

中国优秀男子短跑运动员百米加速段某些运动学特征规律的研究

加速段落是百米跑全程中最重要的段落。中国优秀男子短跑选手与世界优秀选手在这方面有何差距及步长、步频对其影响,是广大教练员、科研人员感兴趣的问题。本文通过对中、外优秀男子百米运动员该段落的速度、步长、步频的比较,以及同他们全程跑有关指标的分析,提出了中国优秀男子百米运动员比赛全程及加速段落运动学特征的规律,以及步长与步频对加速段落的影响;并提出了关于加速段专项力量训练的方法与建议;建立了有关加速段落成绩的推测方程,以利对短跑运动员的加速能力进行检查与评定。     

对世界优秀男子百米跑运动员某些技术参数的探析

通过观看录像、数据对比等方法,对当今世界最优秀男子百米跑选手的反应时、全程步数、步长、步频、全程速度等技术参数进行剖析。     

高校女子400米栏模式化训练

400米栏项目对运动员的体能和技能要求较高。合理的过栏技术和有效的栏间跑节奏是提高400米跨栏跑成绩的主要技术指标。400米跨栏跑要求掌握直、弯道跨栏技术,根据先易后难、先短后长和先掌握直道,后学习弯道跨栏技术的教学训练原则,建立400米栏训练模式化程序。运动员途中跑步长和步频是提高有效栏间跑节奏的训练基础。我们将平时测定的运动员步长进行统计,即步长170cm,起跑到第一栏步数为26～27步,栏间步数为19步;步长190cm,起跑到第一栏步数为24～25步,栏间步数为17步。1 模式化训练的对象普通高校都是从400米运动员中物色400米栏的训练对象,他们已具备了专项能力,在初步掌握跨栏技术后,即可投入模式化训练。2 模式化方法训练程序     

400米全程跑的紧和松

在400米全程跑的过程中,不仅仅是靠力量、速度和耐力来完成的而且还需要把握好全程的节奏。如果能在这400米的距离中,把握住     

辽宁省女子800米优秀选手的共性技术特征

采用影片解析与运动生物力学研究法。将辽宁省5位女子800米优秀选手在第7届全运会800米跑决赛中的分段时间与速度节奏,全程步频与步频指数,全程步数（步长）与步长指数,单步时相结构,步幅结构,支撑技术,摆动腿与臂的技术等,与国内组与国外组选手进行对比,从而揭示出她们的共性技术特征。     

世界优秀男子400米栏运动员身体形态与成绩模式特征分析

历届奥运会400米栏排名前三名运动员成绩；1997年世界田径锦标赛男子400米栏跑的成绩参数（分段成绩、速度、步频、步长等指标）；1997年世界田径锦标赛男子400米栏运动员身体形态参数（年龄、身高、体重指标）。将世界400米栏成绩演变情况进行纵向比较；将世界优秀男子400米栏运动员成绩相关指标进行比较（栏间成绩、栏间步数等）。     

世界优秀男子400m跑运动员身体形态与成绩模式特征分析

世界优秀男子400m短跑运动员平均最高速度产生在50—150m段落，速度明显下降发生在300m处；在300—350m段落，几乎所有运动员步长降至最短，冲刺阶段略有回升；大部分运动员步频在50—100m段落增大至最高水平，然后逐渐下降。步频与步长呈高度负相关；年龄与步长呈高度正相关；最高速度和速度耐力在很大程度上决定最终成绩。     

男子优秀400米跑运动员分段距离与速度分配关系研究

运用文献资料法、数据统计法等,对我国优秀男子400米运动员郭钟泽在天津全运会中的比赛成绩进行分段计时,分析其分段距离与各分段速度及与世界优秀运动员在速度分配上的差异。研究得出我国男子优秀400米运动员与国外优秀运动员成绩差异主要在T3分段,突破T3分段,将会拉近与世界优秀运动员成绩的差距。通过郭钟泽的个案研究,从实践上验证了男子优秀400米运动员分段距离与分段成绩、前后200米差值及总步数与步长特点关系是相互影响的。同时,提出了提高绝对速度是400米跑运动员的首要任务,加强速度耐力训练是400米跑运动员的基础,优化技术结构是400米跑运动员的关键。     

李玲撑竿跳高助跑起跳技术的运动学分析

选取李玲在2008年全国田径大奖赛萧山站女子撑竿跳高决赛4.45m夺冠时的比赛录像,运用德国SIMI Mo-tion影像解析系统进行分析,并与国内外优秀撑竿跳高运动员技术进行比较研究。研究结果表明：①李玲的最后两步助跑,倒2步步长偏短,且其倒1步比倒2步步长长,出现了＂拉大步＂现象。②李玲起跳时上手握点地面投影点和起跳点的间距较大,与现代撑竿跳高的技术要求略有偏差。③起跳的腾起角度、竿弦与地面的夹角较小,已达到世界级优秀运动员水平。④起跳时间偏长,插穴时间过早,与＂自由起跳＂技术尚有差距。⑤起跳步水平速度损失、垂直速度增加都较小,是比较合理的起跳技术,但最后两步助跑的水平速度不够。     

山东省3000米障碍赛运动员姜冰的动作技术诊断

使用二维高速摄像技术,采用APAS和Dartfish动作解析软件对山东省优秀3 000米障碍赛运动员姜冰的过栏及过水池技术动作进行定量分析。发现姜冰在完成跨栏动作时,步速过慢,影响其跨栏距离。建议在今后的跨栏训练中注意训练栏前的加速。在过水池时助跑最后一步步幅偏大,导致加速不足,过栏时动作幅度偏小,导致落地距离偏小,双足湿显著影响比赛成绩。建议其在助跑过程中采用小步加速的方法,增加上栏前的水平速度。     

浅谈跨栏教学中“栏间跑”心理障碍的克服

本文通过对跨栏教学中“栏间跑”心理障碍产生原因的分析,提出培养学生的自信力,建立栏间跑三步实际距离概念、培养栏间跑节奏、延长栏间距离、确立适宜步长等克服方法。     

Kinematic differences between front crawl sprint and distance swimmers at a distance pace

The purpose of the study was to determine whether there are differences in kinematics between sprint and distance front crawl specialists when swimming at a distance pace using a six beat kick. Seven sprint and eight distance male specialists performed one maximum 400 m swim through a 6.75 m3 calibrated space recorded by six gen-locked cameras. The following variables were calculated: average swim velocity, stroke length, stroke frequency, upper limb and foot displacement, elbow angle, the shoulder and hip roll angle, duration of the stroke phases and time corresponding to particular events within the stroke cycle relative to hand entry. Differences between the groups were assessed by an independent t-test and effect size (d) calculations for each variable. The groups only differed significantly with respect to the average swim velocity, with the distance swimmers maintaining a greater velocity throughout the 400 m. However, effect sizes were moderate for elbow angle range during the pull phase (d = 0.78) and the total hip roll magnitude (d = 0.76). There was little evidence to suggest that sprint and distance swimmers using a six beat kick pattern differ in technique when swimming at a distance pace and therefore coaches should not encourage the development of different techniques between these groups.     

谈少年女子400m栏间跑的节奏训练

对中、外女子400m栏的技术与节奏、步数、速度和跨栏跑技术及栏间跑的自然顺畅等有关数据、资料进行对比分析,总结归纳前人的研究成果,结合少年运动员跨栏训练实践,集中探讨女子400m栏间节奏的相关因素,研究和分析在少年基础训练阶段如何打好跨栏跑节奏的基础训练。提出少年运动员跨栏技术训练和栏间跑的节奏训练的有关建议。     

Kinematic and postural characteristics of sprint running on sloping surfaces

The aim of this study was to identify the kinematic and postural characteristics associated with sprint running on uphill and downhill slopes of 3 degrees and on a horizontal surface. Eight male physical education students were filmed while sprinting maximally on an uphill-downhill platform under each of three conditions: (a) uphill at 3 degrees, (b) downhill at 3 degrees and (c) horizontal. Running speed, step rate, step length, step time, contact time, flight time and selected postural characteristics of the step cycle were analysed. Running speed was 9.2% faster (P < 0.05) during downhill and 3.0% slower (P < 0.05) during uphill compared with horizontal sprint running. During downhill and uphill sprint running, step length was the main contributor to the observed changes in running speed. It increased by 7.1% (P < 0.05) for downhill sprint running and was associated with significant changes in posture at touchdown and take-off. During uphill sprint running, step length decreased by 5.2% (P < 0.05), which was associated with significant changes in posture and reduced flight distance. Given the interaction between the acute changes in step length and posture when sprinting on a sloping surface, our findings suggest that such changes in posture may detract from the specificity of training on such surfaces. The chronic effects of training on such slopes on the kinematics and posture of horizontal sprint running are currently unclear.     

Biomechanical considerations of distance kicking in Australian Rules football

Kicking for distance in Australian Rules football is an important skill. Here, I examine technical aspects that contribute to achieving maximal kick distance. Twenty-eight elite players kicked for distance while being videoed at 500 Hz. Two-dimensional digitized data of nine body landmarks and the football were used to calculate kinematic parameters from kicking foot toe-off to the instant before ball contact. Longer kick distances were associated with greater foot speeds and shank angular velocities at ball contact, larger last step lengths, and greater distances from the ground when ball contact occurred. Foot speed, shank angular velocity, and ball position relative to the support foot at ball contact were included in the best regression predicting distance. A continuum of technique was evident among the kickers. At one end, kickers displayed relatively larger knee angular velocities and smaller thigh angular velocities at ball contact. At the other end, kickers produced relatively larger thigh angular velocities and smaller knee angular velocities at ball contact. To increase kicking distance, increasing foot speed and shank angular velocity at ball contact, increasing the last step length, and optimizing ball position relative to the ground and support foot are recommended.     

Biomechanical considerations of distance kicking in Australian Rules football

Kicking for distance in Australian Rules football is an important skill. Here, I examine technical aspects that contribute to achieving maximal kick distance. Twenty-eight elite players kicked for distance while being videoed at 500 Hz. Two-dimensional digitized data of nine body landmarks and the football were used to calculate kinematic parameters from kicking foot toe-off to the instant before ball contact. Longer kick distances were associated with greater foot speeds and shank angular velocities at ball contact, larger last step lengths, and greater distances from the ground when ball contact occurred. Foot speed, shank angular velocity, and ball position relative to the support foot at ball contact were included in the best regression predicting distance. A continuum of technique was evident among the kickers. At one end, kickers displayed relatively larger knee angular velocities and smaller thigh angular velocities at ball contact. At the other end, kickers produced relatively larger thigh angular velocities and smaller knee angular velocities at ball contact. To increase kicking distance, increasing foot speed and shank angular velocity at ball contact, increasing the last step length, and optimizing ball position relative to the ground and support foot are recommended.