The Influence of Secondary and Junior Schools on Sixteen Year Examination Performance: A Cross‐classified Multilevel Analysis∗

This paper presents a model for the explanation of examination (GCSE) performance at the age of 16 years in terms of both secondary and junior school attended together with prior achievement measures and certain background factors. Using a cohort of 758 students in 48 junior schools and 116 secondary schools it compares the variation in performance due to secondary schools with that due to junior schools in a multilevel cross‐classified analysis. It shows that the variation among junior schools is substantially larger than that among secondary schools. It also demonstrates that those junior schools with high average achievement scores for the students when they leave junior school also tend to have high average scores for their students at the age of 16. The implications of these findings, if replicated, are profound. They imply that current attempts to measure the ‘effectiveness’ of secondary schools using achievement measured at the start of secondary schooling may be fruitless and they point to the need for school effectiveness research to become involved in very long term studies of schooling, rather than being restricted to a single phase.

     

The Differential Effects of Teacher Approval and Disapproval in Junior and Infant Classrooms

Ten teachers in infant schools and 10 teachers in junior schools had their teaching recorded while their classes were being observed. Subsequently, an analysis was made of the teachers' use of approval and disapproval in relation to pupil on-task behaviour. For both types of school, there was a positive trend between teacher approval and pupil on-task behaviour. However, only the infant school trend was statistically significant. For both types of school, there was an almost zero correlation between teacher disapproval and pupil on-task behaviour. Scattergram analysis indicated a curvilinear relationship between teacher disapproval and pupil on-task behaviour in both infant and junior schools.     

Computer-assisted reading intervention in a secondary school: an evaluation study

There is widespread concern over literacy standards in UK schools and growing evidence that problems become increasingly intractable as children grow older. Computer-based reading instruction may provide a 'fresh start' that helps a child to rediscover the path to literacy. Recent controlled studies demonstrated that infant and junior school children could be given very cost-effective support using RITA, a computer-based literacy support system that assists, rather than replaces, the teacher in providing support tailored to each child's profile of reading attainments. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of RITA in secondary school with 8 children (mean age 11.7 years) who were initially very seriously disadvantaged in terms of literacy skills (mean reading age 7.3 years). The RITA intervention over a 10 week period led to effective and cost-effective literacy gains. Significant overall improvements were made in the skills targeted, including reading standard scores, and reading speed, accuracy and comprehension. All children reacted positively to the RITA lessons, and most made good progress towards their Individual Education Plans. It is suggested that computer-assisted reading support can be effective in supporting the majority of children with reading failure, even in secondary school.     

小学入学年龄对儿童义务教育阶段学校表现的影响

在义务教育阶段,由于“入学年龄截止日期”的设定,导致了在同学年入学的儿童中,不同出生日期儿童的实际入学年龄不同。本研究利用上海市中小学生抽样调查数据,分析小学入学年龄对儿童学校表现的影响,探讨义务教育阶段的“相对年龄效应”。研究结果表明:小学阶段的相对年龄效应显著,直到初中后这一效应逐渐减弱甚至消失,但入学年龄对夏季生儿童的学校表现影响将从小学持续到初中;相对年龄效应对男女儿童的学习成绩均具显著影响,对女童的社会交往也具有显著影响;家庭资源对相对年龄效应具有调节作用。     

THE ATTITUDES OF TEACHERS OF ESN AND NORMAL PUPILS

This reports the results of a study carried out in the north of England to compare the attitudes of teachers of educationally sub‐normal and normal children in special schools, junior schools and secondary modern schools. Teachers answered questions about their experience and qualifications, contact with parents, attitudes to children and satisfaction in teaching. Teachers in special schools tended to show attitudes similar to those of parents or social workers. They appeared better trained for the task in hand, more interested in their pupils, more concerned about their job and more satisfied generally.     

2.13 The Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region

The province needs a total of 17,330 million yuan to carry out compulsory education. Of this amount, 9,200 million are for primary and secondary schools, including 5,900 million for junior secondary schools, 550 million for secondary teacher-training schools, 350 million for the training of primary school teachers, 350 million for the training of junior secondary school teachers, and 490 million for the repayment of what should have been paid out over the previous years. The amount needed in the Seventh Five-Year Plan period comes to 2,850 million yuan.     

AGE AND HEADTEACHERS’ ROLE CONCEPTIONS

The relationship between age and role conceptions was examined in a national sample of infant, junior and secondary school headteachers drawn from schools throughout England and Wales. American studies of the school principalship have shown authoritarianism, closed‐mindedness, and lack of educational innovation to be characteristic of the beliefs and behaviour of older rather than younger school principals. The present study failed to support American findings. Older headteachers were found to exhibit less authoritarianism than younger headteachers; nor were older heads more traditional in outlook than younger colleagues or any less concerned with supervising the work of their teaching staffs.     

西部地区义务教育阶段校际均衡发展的制度建设--以贵阳市为例

当前,我国基础教育不仅存在区域差别和城乡差别,还存在同一区域内校际之间硬件条件和生源状况的差距以及教师待遇差距。义务教育学校之间办学水平的差距,直接导致学生所接受教育质量的差距和学生发展机会上的不平等。实现西部义务教育校际均衡发展,关键在于制度建设。贵阳市在这方面进行了一些尝试,主要措施包括:改造初中薄弱校;推进中小学标准化制度建设;推进小学升初中、初中升高中的招生方式改革;加强农村中小学和农民工子女学校建设;完善校长职级制度和教师聘用制度。     

农村初中学生信息素养现状的调查与分析

我国正在积极推进农村中小学教育信息化。作为农村中小学教育信息化的核心部分,农村学生的信息素养现状究竟如何呢?文章对教育部-微软(中国)"携手助学"项目百间实验校的农村初中学生进行了调查,给出了我国农村初中学生信息素养的基本状况,并分析了影响农村初中学生信息素养提升的制约因素,期望对进一步采取措施提升农村初中学生信息素养提供依据。     

信息技术课程内容建设三元本质说

中小学信息技术课程内容的确认以何为据?其本质特征如何?小、初、高各个学段的侧重和分工以何为据?这些问题一直摆在我们面前。使用一般性、开放性和社会性三元品质来对信息技术课程的本质特征进行归纳,可使其内涵更清晰,条理更有序,且为完成小、初、高各个阶段的任务分野提供方法。     

2.6 Jiangsu Province

In the endeavor to develop general education, the province needs to spend additional funds accumulating to 2,610 million yuan during the Seventh Five-Year Plan period. Of that, 1,598 million yuan will be earmarked for implementing nine-year compulsory education. According to the person responsible for the Jiangsu Provincial Education Department, the increased amount of 1.598 billion yuan will be disbursed as follows:

Of the total amount, 405 million yuan will be appropriated to primary schools (of this, 80 million will be spent on repairing dilapidated buildings and 325 million as increment of administrative expenditures as the norm of per-student annual expenditure is increased by 10 yuan over that of 1985); 425 million yuan will be appropriated to junior secondary schools (of this, 270 million yuan will be spent on building additional school buildings and on start-up costs as the enrollment will register a net growth of 325,000 students; 155 million yuan as increment of administrative expenditures due to the rising expenditure norm of 10 yuan per student per year); 263 million yuan will be spent as salary expenditures, 200 million as regular maintenance expenditures, 90 million yuan as funds to purchase laboratory instruments For township junior secondary schools, 25 million as on-the-job training expenditures for teachers of primary and junior secondary schools, and 190 million yuan as equipment expenditures For provincial and municipal Institutes of Education.' The above numbers, however, still do not include the funds that are needed for across-the-board salary increases for teachers and staff during the period of the Seventh Five-Year Plan.     

The changing relation between science and technology in Dutch secondary education

In 1993 a new subject, Technology, was introduced in all Dutch junior secondary schools. The results of an implementation study (part of the OECD/SMTE case studies project) are described inthe first part of the paper. Technologyclasses in three case-study schools are characterized and pupils' attitudes towards technology described. Pre-vocational schools emphasized practical activities more than other types of secondary schools. Introducing technology imposed a heavy teaching load and there were, as yet, no satisfactory textbooks. Little co-operation with other subjects had been achieved. The second part of the paper elaborates on the problems in the co-operation between science and technology teachers. Some recommendations for improved co-operation are offered.     

城镇化进程中的教育需求预测分析

在我国城镇化进程中,在2002年的基础上,2005年-2020年城镇初中和小学需求的班级数、教职工数和专任教师数基本上将呈逐年递增的趋势,非义务教育阶段对班级数和教职工数的需求基本上都将呈逐年递减的态势;城镇小学、初中、高中和大学的预算内经费分别需要以每年8％、8．7％、15．2％和9％的增长率增长。     

基于卫星的远程直播教学模式评价研究——以成都七中网校为例

为实现联合国教科文组织全民教育目标,远程教育被世界各国,尤其是发展中国家作为普及基础教育、促进教育均衡发展的重要战略手段.我国中小学远程教育从中小学网校的兴起到农村中小学现代远程教育工程的全面实施经历了十几年的发展历程,然而在实践中我们发现已有实践模式都存在各自的问题与局限.四川成都七中网校采用了有别于我国其他中小学网校的一种远程教育实践模式,该模式支持正规的学历教育,经过6年的实践探索与发展,形成"四同时一四位一体"远程直播教学模式.本文采用CIPP评价方法对该模式的背景、投入、过程和结果进行系统评价,对远程直播教学的特点与优势、效果与影响、可持续发展的潜力与挑战进行了总结与分析,并提出推广与应用该模式的建议.笔者期望有关研究成果能够为中小学远程教育相关的政策决策、实践改进和科学研究提供参考和借鉴.     

张掖地区农村初中教师心理健康状况的调查分析

教师的心理健康水平影响着学生的心理健康。国内有关教师的心理健康水平的研究比较少,尤其是对欠发达地区的农村教师的心理健康状况研究更少。本研究选择了张掖地区所辖的五区共10所农村初中的358名教师作为独立样本,采用“SCL-90症状测评量表”和自编的“教师心理健康成因的调查问卷”为研究工具,将测验、调查、访谈三种方法相结合,对张掖地区农村初中教师心理健康状况进行了实证研究。     

农村初级中学教师政治思想现状及对策

农村初级中学教育关系到我国教育的兴衰,民族的振兴,而教师政治思想素质的高低起着重要的作用.本文就少数乡镇初级中学的教师政治思想的滑坡现象,作了思想根源分析,并提出了较为详细的解决方案.笔者认识到这是在教育事业上刻不容缓的、迫在眉睫的首要任务.     

And now I'll begin... when and where children read

An aspect of children's reading habits in the final year of Junior School (age 10+) and the first year of Secondary School (age 11+) taken from the results of a recent survey questionnaire.A Geden has been teaching physical education and English in secondary schools for twelve years, currently at Prince Henry's High School, Evesham where he was himself a pupil. During a year's secondment to Worcester College of Education on a Birmingham University English course he undertook a study of children's reading patterns in final year at junior and first year at secondary school. It is from this study that the present article is drawn.     

Rules,Sanctions and Rewards in Primary Schools

Twenty‐four primary schools were randomly selected from all those listed in a local education authority in the West Midlands of England. Heads or deputy headteachers of 21 of these schools were interviewed using a structured interview schedule very similar to the one used for a recent survey of secondary schools. Data were obtained about the general rule structures of the schools and the system of sanctions and rewards used to maintain them. The findings were then compared with those from the secondary survey. Primary schools were less likely than secondary schools to have written rule structures but most were in the process of producing them in response to new pressures. It was more common for all the teachers in the primary school to be considered responsible for seeing that rules were kept. Generally, primary school headteachers identified fewer sanctions being used to uphold their rules than in secondary schools. The number of rewards used in both types of school was about equal. Comment is made on the difference between sanctions and rewards identified as being used in schools and some observed classroom practice.     

混合式教学中作文同伴互评的应用研究

“互联网+”时代的到来,使得在线教学不仅仅在传统高校得到应用,在中小学教育教学中也萌发新芽。研究选取40名初一学生进行为期一学期的初中语文作文同伴互评混合式教学实践,探讨了混合式教学中作文同伴互评的应用。研究采用行动研究,以知识建构理论为指导,设计建构了以“观点为中心”的混合式教学中作文同伴互评的应用流程,以此改革初中作文教学。研究结果表明:作文同伴互评的混合式教学,有助于促进学生作文兴趣的提升;有助于促进学生作文水平的提高;有助于充实和延伸初中语文作文教学。研究是“互联网+”环境下信息技术与语文作文教学深度融合的一项应用,会对初中语文作文教学方式改革产生一定影响。     

论初中毕业生学业考试的价值追求

初中毕业生学业考试是初中毕业和高中招生制度改革的重要组成部分,其性质和任务应有别于传统的中考。学业考试应负有体现新课程的理念,减轻学生学业负担,促进教育的均衡发展等方面的价值追求。学业考试的变革应当是渐进式的变革,是考试的价值取向以及相应内涵的改变,因此,目前迫切需要关注两方面问题:一是如何恰当地确定学业水平标准;二是如何在保证评价真实性的前提下降低难度。