区域一体化、经济韧性与科技创新

如何深入推进科技创新是促进国家经济高质量发展的关键，当前不断深化的区域一体化能否驱动科技创新以及如何提升科技创新？首先从概念界定、理论基础、作用机制和组织机制剖析了区域一体化驱动科技创新的作用机制，并将经济韧性的中介效应纳入理论框架，在此基础上，基于2003—2021年中国28个省、直辖市和291个地级城市面板数据，利用中介效应模型、双重差分法对区域一体化影响科技创新问题进行研究。结果发现：（1）区域一体化显著提高了科技创新能力。（2）作用机制的研究发现，区域一体化显著提高了经济韧性，具体地：政策优势、交通优势、资源优势、产业优势、人才优势和市场优势表现出正向的区域联动性。（3）资源韧性对科技创新表现为倒U型结构，区域一体化要避免“资源诅咒”效应。（4）案例研究发现，长三角城市、京津冀城市在“区域一体化”政策事件之后，科技创新变动均值的差值显著为正。（5）分组检验发现，私营经济占比、东部城市、经济水平以及外商投资水平对科技创新回归系数为正，具有显著性，表明科技创新依托私营资本、外资资本的参与，在东部城市以及区域中心城市具有空间溢出效应。     

引才政策、空间溢出与创新提升———基于城市空间异质性的实证

人才引进政策对区域人才资源及其创新发展具有重要影响。文章采用2014-2019年中国60个大中城市空间面板数据，通过引才政策工具分类建立评价指标，基于要素流动的空间效应构建空间杜宾模型，实证检验引才政策及其空间溢出对区域创新发展的影响。研究发现：引才政策与城市创新绩效之间存在倒U型关系，经济发达地区的引才政策空间优于欠发达地区；引才政策对区域创新绩效的影响存在非线性U型空间溢出，推动区域整体创新能力提升。引才政策的空间溢出效应在不同城市存在显著差异，人才引进的规模效应对区域创新绩效提升具有“边际效应”递增的非线性特征，人才的流动速度与城市创新绩效提升正相关。研究结论对引才政策效果评估、完善地方引才差异化策略和区域人才布局工作具有启示意义。     

人才创新高地建设赋能城市经济高质量发展的机制研究——基于269个城市的经验数据

为探究人才创新高地建设的政策效应，基于269个地级及以上城市的数据，将人才创新高地建设作为一次准自然实验，运用多期双重差分法研究人才创新高地建设对城市经济高质量发展的影响机制。研究结果表明，人才创新高地建设显著提高了城市经济高质量发展水平，城市创新能力在人才创新高地建设赋能城市经济高质量发展中起正向调节作用。异质性分析结果显示，人才创新高地建设对规模较大城市和中西部城市的经济高质量发展影响效果更显著。进一步机制研究表明，人才创新高地建设通过提高城市的科技投入水平进而促进城市经济高质量发展。     

智慧城市政策试点效果评价——基于电子政务发展角度

[目的/意义]探索智慧城市政策试点对电子政务发展的影响机制，有助于促进电子政务向智慧化方向迈进。[方法/过程]本文采用事件史分析方法，收集244个地级市2011-2016年相关数据，构建智慧城市政策试点与电子政务发展水平的静态和动态面板模型，考察其对电子政务发展的影响。[结果/结论]研究结果显示，智慧城市试点对地方电子政务发展存在短期正向效应和长期负向效应；此外，上一年度电子政务发展水平高低对本期发展绩效具有显著正向影响；同侪效应对地方电子政务发展具有显著且持续的积极作用；而公众因素对电子政务发展的影响却不显著。因此，地方政府应把握智慧城市建设契机，基于城市发展状况，从政策组合、目标选择和经验学习等方面，激发电子政务发展潜能，提升创新治理能力。     

中心城市科技创新与城市群产业高级化及多样化

研究运用历史-地理唯物主义时空修复理论、演化经济地理理论,从时间修复、空间修复两个视角由宏、中、微观三个维度对中心城市科技创新与城市群产业高级化及多样化的关系展开理论构建及分析。在此基础上,研究通过双向固定效应非线性模型考察中心城市科技创新与城市群产业高级化及多样化的U型关系,进一步创新性的使用历史维度工具变量（中国历史官员量化数据、中国古代城市城墙数据）对中心城市科技创新展开内生性检验识别,再运用门槛效应、调节效应模型对中心城市科技创新的结构变化点作用机制进行探寻。研究发现：第一,中心城市科技创新对城市群产业高级化与多样化发展呈现U型作用,说明中心城市科技创新对城市群的产业升级高级化与产业多样化发展起到先抑制再推动的作用关系,当中心城市科技创新发展专利申请数量超过11 442项,会对城市群产业高级化及多样化发展起到促进作用。第二,中心城市科技创新对城市群产业高级化及多样化的影响受到科学支出水平的约束限制,科学支出水平的提升能够进一步扩大中心城市科技创新对城市群产业高级化与多样化的边际作用效果。     

国家创新型城市试点政策的效果以及空间溢出

国家创新型城市试点政策逐渐向全国推广,然而在中国独特的治理结构下这种实验主义治理能否转化为治理效能,其空间溢出效果如何,鲜有从实证的角度进行研究。本研究基于270个地级及以上城市的面板数据,将国家创新型城市试点设立作为自然实验,运用双重差分法考察其政策效果,研究结果表明：（1）国家创新型城市试点政策对城市创新力的提升作用显著,但动态效应显示,这种政策效应有逐年减弱趋势。（2）异质性检验结果表明,创新型城市试点政策效果在东、中、西三个地区呈现差序格局。（3）进一步的空间杜宾效应研究表明,创新型城市试点政策具有空间溢出效应,不仅促进了试点地区的城市创新力的提升,而且对相邻城市创新力提升影响显著。金融发展水平、产业结构都可以有效地促进本地创新水平,且对邻近地区具有溢出效应,而人力资本则对邻近地区创新力提升具有挤出效应。稳健性检验支持上述的结论。基于实证结果,提出推动创新型城市有序扩散,强化政策的空间辐射效应;设计创新型城市政策的梯度发展战略,促进地区间的协同发展等政策建议。     

金融集聚对产业结构优化的影响分析——基于长三角26个城市面板数据实证检验

本文运用区位熵指数测算与分析长三角地区26个城市的金融人才集聚效应和资本集聚效应,利用面板数据模型中的个体固定效应,分别以产业结构高级化和产业结构合理化为因变量,以区位熵计算出来的金融人才集聚效应和资本集聚效应为核心解释变量,并引入地区经济发展水平、外商直接投资和政府干预这3个控制变量,实证检验了2003—2015年期间长三角地区26个城市金融集聚对该地区产业结构优化的影响及作用大小。研究结果表明:在产业高级化模型中,金融人才集聚对该地区产业高级化具有显著的阻碍作用,资本集聚对产业高级化却有显著的促进作用;在产业合理化模型中,金融人才集聚对产业合理化具有显著促进作用,而资本集聚对产业合理化有显著阻碍作用。而3个控制变量中,除了政府干预,其余2个控制变量均对产业结构优化具有明显促进作用。最后总结结论并提出了相关政策建议。     

“抢人”政策对高新技术企业市场价值的影响

   供给侧改革和创新驱动发展战略的实施引发了国内多个大中城市对人才的激烈争夺。本文运用事件研究法探讨2017年1月至2018年5月我国14个城市出台的“抢人”政策对当地高新技术企业市场价值的影响及其作用机制。实证结果显示：“抢人”政策有助于提升当地高新技术企业的市场价值;上述效应在高科技产业聚集度和城市宜居程度较高的地区均更为显著。从作用机制上看,“抢人”政策对高新技术企业价值的提升是通过人才红利而非人口红利机制实现的。本文的结论从理论上丰富了政府人才政策与当地创新绩效关系的研究,在实践上为地方政府制定或优化人才政策提供有益的参考。     

要素集聚提升高新技术产业绩效的黑箱解构——基于经济高质量发展的门槛效应分析

本文剖析基于经济高质量发展的要素集聚对高新技术产业绩效的影响机制黑箱,构建门槛效应模型,收集2004-2018年我国30个省、直辖市、自治区高新技术产业的要素集聚、创新绩效和区域经济高质量发展的相关数据,测度并比较不同要素集聚效应大小。运用Arcgis软件对其进行空间可视化分析。研究发现：（1）要素集聚对高新技术产业绩效存在正向边际递减影响。（2）相对于研发人员,研发资金的集聚效应更大。（3）经济高质量发展水平正向调节创新要素集聚对高新技术产业绩效的提升作用,且其调节效应边际递增。（4）创新要素集聚及经济高质量发展高水平地区主要集中于东部沿海发达地区;研发资金集聚度低等水平地区较多。在此基础上,提出有效提升高新技术产业绩效的针对性建议。     

低房价有利于“抢人大战” 城市科研人才集聚吗

摘要：对当前诸多参与“抢人大战”城市间引发有关房价与人才引进综合效应进行理论与实证研究具有较强的现实意义和学术价值。运用动态面板门限模型评估了房价对科研人才集聚的影响效应及作用机制，主要研究发现为：第一，全国范围内房价位于低门限区间对科研人才集聚存在显著的促进效应，高门限区间房价对科研人才集聚具有抑制作用，东部地区与全国范围一致但不够显著；第二，中、西部地区房价位于低门限区间对科研人才集聚具有抑制作用，而在高门限区间对科研人才集聚存在显著的促进效应；第三，东部地区科研人才集聚出现“拥挤效应”，中、西部地区科研人才集聚“羊群行为”效应存在显著正的外部性。研究结论是东部地区“抢人大战”城市短期内应大幅提高科研人才购房补贴以降低人才实际购房成本，长远来看应积极参与“抢业大战”提升高技术产业集聚程度。中、西部地区各城市应抓住参与“抢人大战”的战略契机，充分利用人才集聚“羊群行为”显著正的外部性倍速集聚人才。     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

To serve and promote science development via innovation

CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing.     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Tracing the origin and early radiation of birds——Paleornithologist ZHOU Zhonghe

With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants."     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

The Information Environment and Universal Service

This essay focuses on universal service and the Internet as means to support social and political participation. The emphasis on access to telecommunications systems in conventional approaches to universal service is contrasted with access to content. A model of the information environment is described that accounts for the roles of content and conduit, both of which are necessary conditions to achieve true access. A method is outlined for employing information indicators to observe or measure the information environment.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.