基于足底压力的羽毛球运动足部受力特征研究

分析羽毛球常用步法的足底压力特征,为减少羽毛球运动中下肢损伤(特别是足部损伤)提供建议,并希望成为羽毛球鞋具设计的依据。利用足底压力测试系统对高水平羽毛球运动员左前场蹬跨步、右前场蹬跨步、一步蹬转起跳等常用步法动作进行测试。结果发现3种步法在离地阶段,足前区的内侧跖骨区以及大拇趾和第1、2跖骨区的最大压力均高于其他部位(P<0.05);着地阶段,蹬跨步是把足底压力集中于脚后跟和足外侧进行缓冲制动,蹬转起跳步则把压力集中于大拇趾以及第1、2跖骨区(P<0.05)。由此可见,羽毛球运动员应注意在采用不同步法时,足前区和足跟区中部及足外侧的负荷变化,并尽可能地选择穿着能够分散上述区域压力的专项鞋来避免足部受力的过度集中。     

女子羽毛球运动员后场击球后不同场区单脚落地的生物力学差异——基于三维加速度计的分析

为了探寻女子羽毛球运动员后场击球后单脚落地对膝关节前十字韧带损伤的影响,通过比较正手、反手场区头顶击球单脚落地时躯干加速度及运动变量的差异,寻求运动风险的变量因素。10名优秀女子羽毛球运动员穿戴三维加速计进行单打比赛,使用同步摄像机记录产生超过4g加速度的时刻,分析了加速度>4g时着陆点躯干倾斜角和髋关节外展角。结果显示:在头顶击球过程中,正手场区和反手场区的躯干侧弯及躯干加速度存在差异,反手区头顶击球时横向加速度大于正手区(P<0.05,es=0.706);反手场区单脚落地时躯干倾斜角(24°±7°)大于正手侧(17°±13°);正反手两侧躯干倾斜角均大于先前报道的受伤角度,反手侧的髋外展角(23°±11°)大于正手侧的髋外展角(-1°±8°);反手场区的3个轴的加速度与躯干侧弯、髋外展角度均呈显著相关性。反手场区头顶击球后,单脚落地姿势与前交叉韧带损伤的落地姿势相似,反手侧躯干过度侧弯和高风险落地姿势可能与羽毛球比赛中膝关节前十字韧带损伤有关。     

青少年女性穿不同鞋行走时足底压力分布研究

通过F—scan足底压力分布解析系统对青少年女性穿不同类型鞋行走时的步态进行足底压力分布的测量和分析。结果表明，青少年女性穿跟高6．5cm以上的高跟鞋行走时，足底第1跖趾关节最大受力值是穿球鞋行走时该点最大受力值的4倍，是穿中跟鞋和松糕鞋行走时该点最大受力值的2倍。穿松糕鞋行走时，足底3点压力变化曲线图与裸足行走时足底3点压力变化曲线图相似，但是，穿松糕鞋行走时，足底3点最大受力值比裸足行走时足底3点最大受力值大。因此。也说明穿松糕鞋行走时下肢肌肉负荷较大。提示，穿高跟鞋行走对青少年女性足的生长发育有严重影响，建议他们日常生活中少穿或者不穿高跟鞋。     

男子少年羽毛球运动员高远球技术动作上肢肌肉肌电分析

运用ME6000肌电仪对沈阳市羽毛球队10名少年男运动员进行羽毛球正反手高远球技术动作肌电测试,对其发力特征进行研究,结果显示:(1)正手高远球和反手高远球,其三角肌和肱二头肌发力的时间最早,其积分肌电值也最大,说明在打高远球时,三角肌和肱二头肌为主要发力肌肉;(2)从发力时序上看,正手高远球和反手高远球基本一致,无显著差异。     

佩戴膝关节护具对羽毛球运动员蹬跨步动作时髌股关节力学特征的影响

目的 探究佩戴2种膝关节护具对羽毛球运动员完成蹬跨步动作时髌股关节载荷的影响。方法 选取12名羽毛球高水平运动员佩戴无护具、佩戴髌骨带和佩戴护膝模拟,正手蹬跨步、正手被动蹬跨步动作,使用4块Kistler三维测力台、8台Qualisys红外高速摄像头同步采集受试者右侧下肢动力学与运动学数据,以对比佩戴膝关节护具前后跨步足落地阶段股髌关节力、关节应力、关节力矩和关节角度等参数。结果 与无膝关节护具相比,佩戴护膝能够显著减少正手蹬跨步、正手被动蹬跨步动作落地阶段的膝关节峰值屈曲角度（p<0.05）、显著减少膝关节峰值伸膝力矩（p<0.05）、显著减少髌股关节峰值力（p<0.05）、显著减少髌股关节峰值应力（p<0.05）。结论羽毛球运动员佩戴护膝完成蹬跨步动作时,均有较低的股髌关节峰值应力、股髌关节峰值力及股四头肌峰值力,同时发现佩戴护膝可以缓冲膝关节压力,对髌骨以及膝关节韧带等组织起到保护作用。鉴于此,运动员佩戴护膝能够减少膝关节疼痛、提高膝关节稳定性、降低运动损伤风险,以预防股髌关节疼痛综合症。     

青年女子柔道运动员等速肌力特征研究

运用等速测试方法分析青年女子柔道运动员的肌力特征,为针对性力量训练和伤病预防提供依据。研究发现:躯干相对峰力矩偏低,屈肌1.7,伸肌2.46。肩关节内外旋拮抗比0.7-0.9,左侧显著高于右侧。膝关节屈伸肌群拮抗比0.5-0.6,内外旋拮抗比0.6-0.8,双侧差异显著。踝关节屈伸肌群拮抗比0.4-0.5,内外旋拮抗比0.5-0.8,双侧差异显著。结果表明:青年女子柔道运动员的肩、膝、踝关节双侧差异和拮抗肌群肌力比率均为高损伤风险指征,提示青少年阶段就应当开始加强薄弱肌群的训练,提前降低受伤风险。     

男子羽毛球运动员一步蹬转体步法的下肢运动学分析

对无任何下肢关节损伤史的国家二级羽毛球运动员在用一步蹬转体步法杀球时,从启动后右脚着地到蹬伸离地过程中右侧下肢运动学规律进行分析,研究这些运动员经过长期羽毛球训练发力腿未受损伤的原因,旨在为羽毛球运动员的科学训练及伤病预防提供参考.     

对乒乓球运动中三种步法的足底压力分析

应用运动生物力学原理,对乒乓球运动中三种步法的足底压力进行分析,得到以下主要结论：乒乓球典型步法动作过程中双脚的足底压力主要承载区域集中在足前区,足中区受力不明显。击球发力脚足后区足底压力峰值交叉步步法最大,并步步法次之,跨步步法最小。前足中区为足前区较为稳定的主要受力区域,前足外侧区和前足内侧区所受足底压力峰值的大小与步法的动作形式有关。     

女子链球运动员冬季准备期前后的等速测试

通过对两名高水平女子链球运动员双侧的髋关节和膝关节进行等速测试,探究运动员髋关节和膝关节周围肌群的生物力学特性,为运动训练和运动康复等提供理论依据。利用等速肌力测试系统对两名运动员的髋关节和膝关节屈伸肌群以及髋关节的旋内旋外肌群进行等速测试。结果发现:两名运动员双侧髋关节和膝关节屈伸肌群以及髋关节的旋内旋外肌群的峰力矩随测试速度的增加呈递减趋势,髋膝关节峰力矩屈伸比和髋关节旋内旋外比随既定测试速度的增加呈递增趋势;同一测试速度下,伸肌肌群的峰力矩大于屈肌肌群,髋关节旋外肌群的峰力矩大于旋内肌群。     

我国优秀10m跳台男子运动员下肢肌肉力量特征研究

以现役国家队4名10 m跳台运动员为研究对象,选取相对峰值力矩为评定指标,通过运用MERAC等速肌力测试系统,测试速度分别是60°/s和240°/s,对跳水运动员下肢髋、膝和踝关节主动肌群(伸肌群)的肌力特征进行综合研究,探讨高水平跳水运动员下肢主动肌群的特征.结果显示,下肢关节相对肌力矩水平高是完成高难跳台技术的基础之一;下肢各关节屈伸比值低,伸肌群力量明显大于屈肌群;动员髋关节快速屈伸的肌群的比例相对较高,而膝和踝关节快速屈伸时动员的肌群相对较少;膝关节左、右侧伸肌群力量接近,髋关节左侧大于右侧;随着测试速度的增加,髋关节在下肢总力矩的百分比增加.     

人体下肢鞭打动作技术原理的生物力学研究

下肢鞭打应属于打击性鞭打动作,选择踢球这一典型的下肢鞭打动作作为研究对象,利用三维录像拍摄与解析技术、逆向动力学计算方法和无线遥测肌电测试与分析技术对其进行了同步研究,以期能够从运动学、动力学、肌电学3个不同的层面来揭示下肢鞭打动作的特征与机制。研究表明:1)下肢鞭打动作角速度特征为后摆时表现为大腿逐渐减速,小腿加速→最大角速度→减速的特点;前摆时表现为大腿加速→最大角速度→减速,小腿持续加速的特点。2)髋关节的屈肌力矩、膝关节的伸肌力矩、踝关节的背屈力矩在下肢鞭打动作前摆阶段起主导作用;髋关节的内收/外展力矩起定向作用;髋关节旋内/旋外力矩、膝关节旋内/旋外力矩以及踝关节内翻力矩的主要作用是对脚的方位及倾斜程度进行调整。3)股直肌、股内肌、股外肌、胫骨前肌在下肢鞭打动作前摆阶段起主导作用。4)小腿加速前摆的初期伸膝肌群产生的伸膝力矩在起支配作用,后期是伸膝力矩与来自大腿角动量的传递共同在起作用。     

Trunk rotation torques through the hip joints during the one- and two-handed backhand tennis strokes

The aim of the present study was to compare kinetically the roles of the lower extremities in generating trunk rotation in the tennis one-handed and two-handed backhand strokes. Fourteen male collegiate tennis players, seven with a preference for the one- and seven with a preference for the two-handed technique, were recruited as participants. The motion of each backhand stroke was filmed using two high-speed cine-cameras, and the ground reaction forces on the feet were measured separately using two force platforms to determine the joint moments and joint reaction forces at the hip, knee and ankle joints. A significant difference in hip joint moments between the two types of stroke was found in the phase from the start of forward rotation of the pelvis to the start of racket forward movement. For trunk rotation, the one-handed backhand players exerted a large joint moment in the front leg, whereas the two-handed backhand players exerted a large joint moment in the back leg. The exertion of a large hip joint moment in the latter stroke was comparable with the exertion in a forehand stroke reported previously.     

Trunk rotation torques through the hip joints during the one- and two-handed backhand tennis strokes

The aim of the present study was to compare kinetically the roles of the lower extremities in generating trunk rotation in the tennis one-handed and two-handed backhand strokes. Fourteen male collegiate tennis players, seven with a preference for the one- and seven with a preference for the two-handed technique, were recruited as participants. The motion of each backhand stroke was filmed using two high-speed cine-cameras, and the ground reaction forces on the feet were measured separately using two force platforms to determine the joint moments and joint reaction forces at the hip, knee and ankle joints. A significant difference in hip joint moments between the two types of stroke was found in the phase from the start of forward rotation of the pelvis to the start of racket forward movement. For trunk rotation, the one-handed backhand players exerted a large joint moment in the front leg, whereas the two-handed backhand players exerted a large joint moment in the back leg. The exertion of a large hip joint moment in the latter stroke was comparable with the exertion in a forehand stroke reported previously.     

Biomechanical analysis of knee and trunk in badminton players with and without knee pain during backhand diagonal lunges

The contribution of core neuromuscular control to the dynamic stability of badminton players with and without knee pain during backhand lunges has not been investigated. Accordingly, this study compared the kinematics of the lower extremity, the trunk movement, the muscle activation and the balance performance of knee-injured and knee-uninjured badminton players when performing backhand stroke diagonal lunges. Seventeen participants with chronic knee pain (injured group) and 17 healthy participants (control group) randomly performed two diagonal backhand lunges in the forward and backward directions, respectively. This study showed that the injured group had lower frontal and horizontal motions of the knee joint, a smaller hip–shoulder separation angle and a reduced trunk tilt angle. In addition, the injured group exhibited a greater left paraspinal muscle activity, while the control group demonstrated a greater activation of the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and medial gastrocnemius muscle groups. Finally, the injured group showed a smaller distance between centre of mass (COM) and centre of pressure, and a lower peak COM velocity when performing the backhand backward lunge tasks. In conclusion, the injured group used reduced knee and trunk motions to complete the backhand lunge tasks. Furthermore, the paraspinal muscles contributed to the lunge performance of the individuals with knee pain, whereas the knee extensors and ankle plantar flexor played a greater role for those without knee pain.     

外加束缚在连续下蹲跳至力竭过程中对下肢肌肉活动的影响

目的：运用表面肌电技术探讨外加紧身束缚在连续下蹲跳至力竭过程中对下肢主要发力肌肉活动的影响及其可能的内在机制.方法：随机抽取成年健康男性受试者12名,利用梯度压缩式紧身运动长裤使下肢分别在4种不同紧身束缚压下完成全力连续下蹲跳至力竭运动测试;对一侧下肢肌群均方根肌电图（RMS）和中心品频率（CF）肌电指标作信号处理后,采用单因素方差分析进行实验数据的统计和比较.结果：（1）无外加紧身束缚时,下肢肌RMS整体随蹲跳次数的增加呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,CF仅在疲劳后期有一定程度的降低;（2）外加轻度紧身束缚对下肢肌RMS及CF的整体变化特征无显著影响;（3）外加中度紧身束缚在疲劳末期使下肢肌RMS减小幅度降低,CF的降低趋势及程度减弱;（4）外加高度紧身束缚在疲劳末期使下肢肌RMS减小幅度上升,CF的降低程度增加.结论：连续下蹲跳至力竭过程中,外加轻度紧身束缚对下肢肌肉活动无明显影响;外加中度紧身束缚有利于维持力竭前肌力的输出功率和动作电位的传导速率,对下肢肌肉疲劳后期的活动有积极影响;而外加高度紧身束缚则在一定程度上会加速下肢肌肉疲劳后期的力竭进程.     

Biomechanical characterization of the Junzuki karate punch: indexes of performance

The aims of this study were: (i) to determine kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic characteristics of Junzuki karate punch in professional karate athletes; (ii) to identify biomechanical parameters that correlate with punch force and lead to a higher punching performance; (iii) to verify the presence of muscle co-activation in the upper limb, trunk, and lower limb muscles. Data were collected from nine experienced karatekas from the Accademia Italiana Karate e Arti Marziali during the execution of the specific punch. Mean punch forces (181.2?N) delivered to the target, the range of motion of both right and left knees (1.13 and 0.82?rad) and right elbow (1.49?rad) joints, and the angles at impact (knee: 0.81 and 0.91?rad; elbow: 1.19?rad) in the sagittal plane were computed. Furthermore, the trunk rotational angular acceleration (63.1?rad^?s^?2), force related to the lower limbs (550.2 and 425.1?N), and co-activation index for the upper limb (36.1% and 34.7%), trunk (24.5% and 16%), and lower limbs (16.0% and 16.1%) muscles were evaluated bilaterally. Significant positive correlations were found between the punch force and both right and left knee flexion at the instant of impact and right and left leg force. Significant negative correlation was found between the punch force and maximum trunk angular acceleration. Significant differences (p?=?.03) in the co-activation index among the upper limb, trunk, and lower limbs muscles highlighted a rostro-caudal gradient on both body sides. This research could be of use to performers and coaches when considering training preparations.     

世界优秀速滑运动员弯道蹬冰技术的时间特征分析

揭示优秀速滑运动员蹬冰技术的时间特点，对明确clap式冰刀蹬冰技术动作结构具有重要的意义。通过运动学3维摄像方法分析后认为：在一个单步中右单步支撑时间大于左单步，而这种时值的延长体现在单支撑阶段；从蹬冰腿关节的伸展时机上看，踝关节的缓冲时间表现为右腿大于左腿，但缓冲时间占整个单步时间的百分比却相同，具有明显的规律性；从下肢三大关节伸展角速度达到最大值的时机上看，髋、膝关节具有相对的同步性，但踝关节却具有一定的延迟性。     

世界优秀速滑运动员弯道蹬冰技术的时间特征分析

揭示优秀速滑运动员蹬冰技术的时间特点，对明确clap式冰刀蹬冰技术动作结构具有重要意义。通过运动学三维摄像方法分析后认为：在一个单步中．有单步支撑时间大于左单步，而这种时值的延长体现在单支撑阶段；从蹬冰腿关节的伸展时机上看，踝关节的缓冲时间表现为右腿大于左腿，但缓冲时间占整个单步时间的百分比却相同，具有明显的规律性；从下肢三大关节伸展角速度达到最大值的时机上看，髋、膝关节具有相对的同步性，但踝关节却具有一定的延迟性。     

Analysis of lower limb internal kinetics and electromyography in elite race walking

Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyse lower limb joint moments, powers and electromyography patterns in elite race walking. Twenty international male and female race walkers performed at their competitive pace in a laboratory setting. The collection of ground reaction forces (1000 Hz) was synchronised with two-dimensional high-speed videography (100 Hz) and electromyography of seven lower limb muscles (1000 Hz). As well as measuring key performance variables such as speed and stride length, normalised joint moments and powers were calculated. The rule in race walking which requires the knee to be extended from initial contact to midstance effectively made the knee redundant during stance with regard to energy generation. Instead, the leg functioned as a rigid lever which affected the role of the hip and ankle joints. The main contributors to energy generation were the hip extensors during late swing and early stance, and the ankle plantarflexors during late stance. The restricted functioning of the knee during stance meant that the importance of the swing leg in contributing to forward momentum was increased. The knee flexors underwent a phase of great energy absorption during the swing phase and this could increase the risk of injury to the hamstring muscles.     

网球正、反手击球能力对整体技术水平制约的研究

正、反手击球能力是制约网球运动员整体技术水平的重要因素之一,优秀的高水平运动员需要的技术能力和正、反手击球的能力非常一致。正、反手击球技术能力的提高能促进其他技术水平的提高。本文对网球运动员正、反手击球技术对整体技术水平的制约予以简要阐述。