小议性别歧视在英语词汇中的体现

现代西方文明尽管已发展到一定程度,但社会对女性的歧视依然存在,女权主义团体的日益增多.试图从英语的词汇入手,分析英语词汇对女性的歧视和贬低.第一部分阐述英语词汇通常给人某种暗示,认为女人通常都是男人的一部分;第二部分则揭示英语词汇本身对女性的一种天生的敌意,它不断地歧视贬低女性.只要社会中的性别歧视未被消灭,语言中的歧视现象就永远不会消失.     

物理学家牛顿成败的思考

牛顿是一名伟大的科学家,在许多领域均有过创造性的成就,对社会的发展和历史的进步曾经作出杰出的不可磨灭的功绩.然而,后人在对其广泛深入的研究中却发现了牛顿令人遗憾的另一面,本文从牛顿生平、功绩、留下的遗憾三个方面对牛顿进行了分析研究,深刻反思了牛顿性格两极化的根本原因,对牛顿的成败给出了自己的结论,可供今天的科研工作者参考.     

试析工程项目管理中风险管理的方法及效果评估

随着科技的飞速发展和人们生活节奏的不断加快,对现代大型工程项目迫切需求加强风险管理,风险所致损失规模也越来越大,这些都促使科研人员和实际管理人员从理论上和实践上重视对大型工程项目的风险管理.     

从世界最早的货币看起——参观金泉钱币博物馆

有一座在全国颇具盛名的"专题景点",它就是浓缩着几千年经济、金融变革精髓的"钱币博物馆".它坐落在最佳观海点,风光绮丽,为英国驻厦门领事馆的官邸旧址.博物馆以展示闽台钱币文化为重点,供全世界各地的人参观,现辟有5个展厅,从先秦到民国,从贝币到四大货币体系,洋洋5000多个品种,穿越时空隧道,历经千年沧桑,可尽情饱览钱币历史长河中的朵朵多彩浪花.     

手机医疗服务

据媒体报道,西班牙正在一些医院进行"手机医疗计划"的试验活动. 巴伦西亚市佩塞特医院1年以前开办了手机跟踪外科门诊病人的服务,试验通过手机增进医生与病人的接触,同时为完善病人的电子病历做补充.一名病人反映说:"医生通过手机问我感觉如何、是否发烧等,并给我提出不少建议.我感觉放心多了,因为我知道出了问题会有医生帮忙解决."     

可触摸的桌面电脑

年初,在美国举行的国际消费类电子产品展览会上,微软展区一台与众不同的个人电脑前聚集了很多人,这就是配备了触摸式显示屏的桌面电脑"Microsoft Surface".比尔·盖茨向与会者演示了Surface的概念,在演示过程中,他定制了一个虚拟滑雪板,并将其保存到Windows Mobile设备和WindowsLive Spaces中.     

国家自然科学基金面上项目申请量增长现状和原因浅析——以林学和生态学科为例

面上项目是国家自然科学基金资助的主要项目类型,其经费额度约占整个研究项目总额度的60％。近年来,国家自然科学基金面上项目申请量快速增长,2007年申请量达到64827项,比2000年的21111项提高了207％。生命科学部2000年以来更是以年均约30％速度递增,从2000年的8860项增加到2007年的27460项。     

污水处理工程设计的基本条件和工艺选择

城市污水处理工程设计是一个综合性极强的系统工程,涉及的学科多,相关部门多,其中任何一个环节不合理都会给工程设计带来影响和造成不同程度的损失.     

主被动红色旅游者出游偏好研究

根据出游动机的不同,文章将有红色旅游经历的红色旅游者划分为主动型红色旅游者和被动型红色旅游者,通过对两类旅游者偏好的比较,得出主动型红色旅游者在"求知"的驱动下,表现出较强的红色旅游需求,并对山水风光、海滨沙滩、民俗风情表现出较强的旅游兴趣;被动型红色旅游者除了对以上三项表现出偏好外,对考察探险有着不同于主动型红色旅游者的偏好;政治因素的过分作用已经超过基础设施差的影响,成为制约红色旅游感知的重要方面。     

我国城市间的科学合作问题初探

基于<中国期刊全文数据库>中2000至2006年我国城市间科学合作的数据,首先描绘出我国各城市科学研究的水平及城市间科学论文合作的总体状况,然后借助Ucinet和NetDaw软件,对近年我国城市间科学论文合作的网络结构进行了深入的可视化分析.结果表明:北京无论在论文发文总量还是合作量上,都远远高于其他城市处于领先地位.我国城市间科学论文合作的社会网络密度为O.8664,网络的整体中心性为0.2871.而群体中介性仅为O.0058,说明几乎各个城市间都有科学论文方面的合作,但各个城市并不是仅仅都与某一城市有联系,也并非仅仅依靠某城市为中介才进行信息的共享与传播,而是互相之间存在比较广泛的联系.     

中国齿鳞草属和假野菰属的订正

The present paper deals with taxonomic studies on the genera Lathraea Linn. and Christisonia Gard. (Orobanchaceae) in China.  In the genus Lathraea, only a single species in China, L. japonica Miq., is recongnized in the paper. It occurs in sou- thern Shaanxi, southern Gansu, southeastern Sichuan, northern Guizhou and northern   Guangdong, also in Japan. L. miqueliana Franch. et Sav., L. chinfushanica Hu et Tang and L. japonica Miq. var. miqueliana (Franch. et Sav.) Ohwi are treated as new synon- yms of L. japonica Miq. in this paper.       In the genus Christisonia, the most of collections from China, which were identi- fied as C. sinensis G. Beck before, are treated as a new synonym of C. hookeri C. B. Clarke.  A few collections of this genus from China, which were mistakenly described as Gleadovia lepoense Hu snd G. kwangtungense Hu, should be transferred to Christi- sonia hookeri C. B. Clarke.  It is distributed in southeastern and south China, westwards to the Himalayas.     

茶藨子属(虎耳草科)新植物

  Fifteen new taxa of the genus Ribes L. (Saxifragaceae) are described from China. These new taxa are R. alpestre var. eglandulosum L. T. Lu, R. burejense var. villosum L. T. Lu, R. moupinense var. pubicarpum L. T. Lu, R. himalense var. pubicalycinum L. T. Lu et J. T. Pan, R. meyeri var. pubescens L. T. Lu, R. davidi var. ciliatum L. T. Lu, R. davidi var. lobatum L. T. Lu, R. laurifolium  var.  yunnanense  L.  T.  Lu,  R.  xizangense  L.  T.  Lu,  R. glabricalycinum L. T. Lu, R. tenue var. incisum L. T. Lu, R. vilmorinii var. pubicarpum L. T. Lu, R. rubrisepalum L. T. Lu, R. glabrifolium L. T. Lu, R.fasciculatum var. guizhouense L. T. Lu.     

中国冬青属苦丁茶名实辩证

通过对冬青科饮料植物苦丁茶的考证,将苦丁茶Ilex kudingcha C．J.Tseng并入扣树I．kaushue S．Y．Hu中,对新种五棱苦丁茶I．pentagona S．K . Chen,Y．X．Feng et C．F.Liang作了描述,并提供了4个相近种的检索表。     

柏木属植物过氧化物酶同工酶的研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析了柏木属9个种的过氧化物酶同工酶。结果表明：属内种 间具有明显的酶谱差异，每个种都有其特征酶谱。并用排序的方法对柏木属9个种酶谱的相 似程度进行了研究，据酶谱的排序结果把9个种分为5个类群。其中：巨柏、西藏柏木、干香 柏、岷江柏木和剑阁柏木为一类群; 地中海柏木、柏木、墨西哥柏木和绿干柏各为一类群，从分 子水平上论证了前人对于柏木属各种间亲缘关系的论述。研究结果还表明，柏木属植物近缘 种间过氧化物酶同工酶谱相似程度的替代与近缘种间的地理替代表现出强烈的映射关系，这 种关系可以用来揭示植物地理替代的规律。柏木属内种间平均酶谱距离为0.75，推测其地质 发生年代为侏罗纪。本文还发现用排序的方法研究同工酶谱可以达到定量比较的水平，在实践中有较多的优越性。     

中国柃属植物的订正

 The genus Eurya was established by Thunberg in 1783 on a  Japanese species E. japonica.  Several decades later, many authors had made more or less intensive study on this genus.  But in the earlier period, the different autherities had no clear conception of the genus.  Thus Szyszylowicz (1893), Engler (1897) and Melchior (1925) entertained a much broader conception of this genus, including Freziera and Cleyera, both of which are now considered as distinct genera.  A. Gray (1855), Vesque (1895), Urban (1896), and Kobuski  (1935-37), however, concentrated their study only on the now accepted genus Eurya.  Recently, a more detailed study of Chinese Eurya was  made  by Chang Hung-da (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 3 (1954) 1-59).  But all of these authors did not sub- divide this genus into more than subgenera except Vesque, who used  the  number  of stamens and the septation of the anther cells to further subdivide this genus into 4 sec- tions.      In the present treatment, we base on the  following  characteristics  to  make  sub- divisions: the number of stamens, the septation of the anther cells, the hairness of the ovary, the length of the style, the shape and texture of the sepals, and the shape and hairness of the young branchlets.  We assume that the morphology of the flowers has the following evolutionary tendencies: stamens from large (28) to small (5) numbers; anther cells from septate to nonseptate; ovary from being hairy to glabrous, styles from 5-4 free to 3 and more or less connate, from 2-6 mm to 0.5-1 mm long, and ovules from many (60) to few (2-4) in each cell.      The genus Eurya has now about 140 species, being divided into 2 subgenera: Subg. Ternstroemiopsis Urban, with 2 species endemic in Sandwich Islands and Subg. Eurya with 138 species, in Asiatic tropic and subtropic regions  and  southwestern  Pacific  Islands. According to the characteristics mentioned above, we divide the second subgenus into 2 sections and 8 series, as follows:  (I) Sect. Meristotheca Vesque             (II) Sect. Eurya         Ser. Ciliatae Hu et L. K. Ling             Ser. Longistylae Hu et L. K. Ling         Ser. Trichocarpae Hu et L. K. Ling         Ser. Rigidisepalae Hu et L. K. Ling         Ser. Tetragonocladae Hu et L. K. Ling      Ser. Nitidae Hu et L. K. Ling         Ser. Muricatae Hu et L. K. Ling           Ser. Brevistylae Hu et L. K. Ling      In China, the subgenus Eurya distributes east from Taiwan, west to the western part of Szechuan and Yunnan, and south from Hainan, north to the southern slope of Tsin-ling Range.  The region north from southern part of Nan-ling Range, southwest to southeast Yunnan, south to northern part of the Peoples Republic of Vietnam, seems to be the centre of both maximum variety and frequency of this subgenus, for the number of species and the representatives of more primitive taxa in this region are much richer than  in  any other regions of the world.  From this centre going northeast to Japan and Korea, west to eastern part of India, south to Java and Sumatra, north to the southern slope of Tsin- ling Range, the number of species and types gradually decreases, and especially the primi- tive series and species rapidly disappear.  In addition, many species are also found in the Island of Irian, which we incline to consider as another young centre of development for this subgenus.  Furthermore, according to the distribution of quite a large number of the species in China, we can recognize several boundary lines which are in agreement with the limits of the floristic and geobotanic provinces of China.       In this article we have enumerated 80 species, and 11 varieties of the genus Eurya of China, among which are published for the first time 11 new species and 1 new variety, one species, E. persicaefolia Gagnepain, is first recorded from China, a number of specific names have been restored and a number reduced to synonyms.  They are as follows:       Restored species:             Eurya acuminatissima Merrill & Chun             E. patentipila Chun             E. henryi Hemsley       Reduced to synonyms:             Eurya parastrigillosa Hsu ( E. patentipila Chun)             E. changii Hsu (E. fangii var. megaphylla Hsu)             E. chienii Hsu (E. persicaefolia Gagnepain)             E. hwangshanensis Hsu (E. saxicola Chang)             E. fangii Rehd. var. glaberrima Hsu (E. cavinervis Vesque)             E. pseudopolyneura Chang (E. impressinervis Kobuski)             E. longistyla Chang (E. stenophylla Merrill)             E. huiana Kobuski f. glaberrima Chang (E. muricata Dunn)       New combination:             Eurya muricata Dunn var. huiana (Kob.) Hu et L. K. Ling            E. aurea (Levl.) Hu et L. K. Ling     

四川石松属的资料

 In the present paper several species of Lycopodium L. from Sichuan, West China, are enumerated, of which 4 are described as new. They are: L. emeiense Ching et H. S. Kung, L. nanchuanense Ching et H. S. Kung, L. crispatum Ching and L. kangdingense Ching.  In the course of this study, the writer has tried as much as he could to review rather exhaustively all the Lycopodium species of the province published sporadically in the literature in the past and their identity is established on the basis of rich ma- terials available, thus a number of mistakes by earlier authors being revised.      My thanks are due to the comrades of herbaria of many botanical institutions and universities for their friendly co-operation, and to Prof. R. C. Ching of the Instituteof Botany, Academia Sinica, under whose guidance the present study was carried out.     

中国铁线蕨属的新分类群

The genus Adiantum L. of China was monographically treated over twenty years ago by R. C. Ching (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6:348-454 1957). Since then new materials have been collected by botanical institutions in different provinces of China. In connection with the work of the Flora of China Project, the present paper aims primarily to make some new additions to our knowledge of the genus in China and also some necessary nomenclatural and toxonomical corrigenda to the previous literature citations involved.       The writer wishes to express thanks of gratitude to Professor R. C. Ching for his encou-ragement and constant guidance during the course of the work.     

田麻属的分类学研究

本文对田麻属植物的分类进行了研究，确认1种2变种，归并了1种3变种1变型，降级1种。     

评大叶石斑木和石斑木的分类学关系

 According to the information including type material with regard to Raphiolepis major Card. and R. indica (L.) Lindl., the morphological differences between these two closely related taxa are largely quantitative, i.e., the former has larger leaves, flowers and fruits, and longer petioles and pedicels than the latter. But since these characteri- stics are rather variable, they can hardly be proven to be sound in separating these two taxa as distinct.      By using methods of quantitative analysis with scatter diagrams on herbarium ma- terials, we have found that the characteristics used to discriminate the two taxa either tend to display continuous variational patterns, or vary at random.  Both eases suggest that the morphological variations of individual sample plants are probably due to the dif- ferent modes of growth or development of plants in response to varied environments. Since these two taxa are taxonomically inseparable from each other as a whole, it seems advisable to treat them as one single species.  Thus, the lately published R. major Card.should be reduced to a synonym of R. indica (L.) Lindl.     

中国苔草属二柱苔草亚属新资料

In addition, two new  sections,  Echinochlomorphae Y.  L.  Chang and Thomsonianae Y. L. Chang, two new combinations,  C.  duriuscula  subsp.  rigescens (Franch.) S. Y. Liang et Y. C. Tang (=C. stenophylla var. rigescens Franch.) and C. rochebrunii Franch. Subsp. reptans (Franch.) S.  Y.  Liang et Y. C. Tang (=C. remotae  L. var. reptans  Franch.) are  made,  and C. stenophylloides V. Krecz. is reduced to C. duriuscula subsp.  stenophylloides  (V. Krecz.) S.  Y. Liang et Y. C.Tang.