教师知识研究的进展和趋势

教师知识是教师专业发展的重要基础。我国研究者在借鉴国外研究成果的基础上,对教师知识的结构、教师的学科教学知识、教师的实践性知识、教师的本土知识、教师知识与教师专业发展等问题展开研究,这一系列的研究促进了国内教师知识研究的繁荣,并且呈现出三大趋势:研究方法趋于实证化、研究视角更加多样化以及研究日渐本土化。     

教师知识研究的进展和趋势

教师知识是教师专业发展的重要基础。我国研究者在借鉴国外研究成果的基础上,对教师知识的结构、教师的学科教学知识、教师的实践性知识、教师的本土知识、教师知识与教师专业发展等问题展开研究,这一系列的研究促进了国内教师知识研究的繁荣,并且呈现出三大趋势:研究方法趋于实证化、研究视角更加多样化以及研究日渐本土化。     

Perceptions,challenges and coping strategies of science teachers in teaching socioscientific issues: A systematic review

Science education in recent years has increasingly emphasized the connections between knowledge and matters of social importance. Socioscientific issues (SSIs)—complex, often controversial issues linked to the development of science and technology—are widely recognized as a valuable arena for the school curriculum to foster students’ scientific literacy. This paper reviews the research literature on how science teachers teach socioscientific issues with 25 empirical studies published between 2004 and 2019. The results show that teachers generally hold a partially informed understanding of SSI-based teaching. Multifarious challenges facing teachers in teaching SSIs are mainly at the teacher, student, and policy levels. However, our findings suggest that teachers lack explicit strategies to cope with these challenges and that SSI-based teaching should not rely on individual teachers alone. We argue for more support for teachers to improve the quality of their implementation of SSIs. This review has implications for education policymakers, teacher educators, school leaders, and teachers to respond to the challenges facing teachers in teaching SSIs collaboratively. Potential directions for further research are also discussed.     

The same yet different? Teaching quality differs across a teacher’s classes,but teachers with higher knowledge make teaching quality more similar

Teachers usually teach different classes. We examined the extent to which teaching quality varied across a teacher’s classes and the extent to which it was influenced by a teacher’s knowledge. We applied three-level models (levels: student, class, and teacher) to our data on 210 beginning teachers. Students from up to five classes per teacher rated the teaching quality with regard to cognitive activation, student support, classroom disturbances, and monitoring. We found that teaching quality varied substantially across a teacher’s classes. Furthermore, teachers with higher pedagogical/psychological knowledge exhibited higher teaching quality and, to some extent, lower variability in teaching quality across their classes. Thus, teachers’ pedagogical/psychological knowledge seems to be important for achieving high average teaching quality and for adopting to different classroom contexts. As a substantial proportion of the variance across a teacher’s classes cannot be explained by teachers’ knowledge, we discuss the need for research on other influencing factors.     

美国优秀历史教师教学专业标准的分析与研究

《美国优秀历史教师教学专业标准》旨在通过严格的历史教师教学标准促进学生的学习。其对于我国教师专业标准的重要启示意义在于:注重优秀历史教师知识结构的全面完整性;以卓越教学行为来展现优秀历史教师的专业形象;对于优秀历史教师核心知识与能力的要求明确、具体;以学生的学习效果评量教师的教学水平。     

A qualitative critique of teacher labor market studies

Qualitative studies of the teacher labor market suggest that problems and remedies generated by quantitative research fail to capture the most dynamic variables which are affecting the supply and demand of public school teachers. For example, quantitative research has not accounted for (1) the continual exiting and reentering of urban teachers, (2) the considerable bifurcation between urban and rural teacher labor markets as reflected in teacher mobility and cultural economic opportunities, (3) local definitions of labor market needs and teacher quality, and (4) the demanding and stressful working conditions of teaching, which are having a systemic and adverse effect on the occupation.     

不同层级教师专业发展道路的个案研究

新课程改革以来,教师发展研究从理论论述迅速发展到实践层面,受到广大教师群体的重视。教师专业发展的不同层级的个案研究显示,校本教研是教师群体专业成长的最好途径,而教师个体也可以通过适合自己的研究,达致教师专业发展的良好状态。参与教师专业发展的各种力量,对于教师发展具有不同的作用。教研员应立足于地区性的教师专业发展的促进,校长在教师专业发展中应起到引领和管理的作用,学科教研组是教师专业知识交流和成长的核心地带,教师个人通过行动研究可以达致专业发展的目的。     

当前美国教育改革的观念与趋势

面对全球化、知识经济、移民问题等的挑战,美国力图通过改革来解决公立中小学教育的质量问题以提高未来劳动力素质和全球竞争力。改革的主导观念与制度涵盖教育质量、教育标准、问责制、择校制、入学能力、支付能力等方面。奥巴马政府主导下的美国教育改革呈现五大趋势:从强调公平转变到更加强调质量;从强调改革转变到改革与投入并重;从鼓励各州发挥灵活性转变到更加注重发挥联邦政府的协调作用;从把教师作为改革对象转变到作为改革同盟军;从注重标准测验结果转变到更加注重教师、课程、教学,注重改革测验方式,努力改善教学效果。     

Who is the ideal teacher? Am I? Similarity and difference in perception of students of education regarding the qualities of a good teacher and of their own qualities as teachers

This research examines two images of teachers as seen by students of education: the ideal teacher and their own self‐image as teachers. The research compares the students’ perceptions of these two images using two sub‐groups of students of education: students at an academic teachers’ college who will be referred to as student teachers and beginning teachers, who, while teaching, are completing their academic degrees at teachers’ colleges or regional academic colleges. Data were collected from 89 students at the two colleges by means of a questionnaire that included open‐ended questions which were analyzed qualitatively. The findings of the research indicate that there are two major categories that comprise perceptions of the ideal teacher: first, personal qualities; and second, knowledge of the subject taught as well as didactic knowledge. Both groups of students similarly attributed great importance to the personal qualities of the ideal teacher, but there is a difference in their perception of the importance of knowledge: the beginning teachers attributed great importance to knowledge and perceived it as a quality similar in importance to personal characteristics, while the student teachers, who had not begun their teaching careers, attributed less importance to knowledge as a characteristic of the ideal teacher. A quality which was less prominent when profiling the ideal teacher is general education and wide perspectives. The teacher as a socializing agent, a person who promotes social goals, was not mentioned at all. Students maintained that, during their studies, they had improved their qualities as ‘empathetic and attentive’ teachers, ‘knowledgeable in teaching methods’, and in ‘leadership’. But they had hardly improved their knowledge of the subject they taught or their level of general knowledge. The discussion of knowledge and the desirable personal qualities of a teacher is relevant to the current debate regarding the relative merits of disciplinary education in contrast to pedagogical education in preparation for teaching as a profession. The clear preference for disciplinary education by policy makers in Israel and elsewhere in the field of teacher education is contradictory to the emphasis placed on the personal development of future teachers and their pedagogical education by the students of education who participated in this research.     

Recontextualising assessment resources for use in local settings: opening up the black box of teachers’ knowledge work

Research has shown that how principles and tools related to Assessment for Learning (AfL) are taken up by teachers can significantly impact how assessment initiatives are realised. However, questions remain about how teachers develop new resources for use in local contexts, and what these processes entail. This article examines such processes in the context of teacher teams, using the notion of ‘knowledge work’ to denote the creative and constructive work that teachers carry out when they work together upon AfL-related principles and tools. The analyses contribute to existing research by illuminating the micro-dynamics of teachers’ work with assessment resources, and examining different forms of epistemic actions that constitute this process. In conclusion, the paper discusses how teacher collaboration may inform AfL initiatives in significant ways, and argues that teachers’ constructive and collaborative knowledge work needs to be more fully recognised in the context of AfL initiatives.     

Building and Application of the “Relay” Volunteer Teaching Model for Pre-service Teachers under “Internet Plus”

The educational practice of pre-service teachers is an essential part of teacher training. As an important form of educational practice, volunteer teaching can effectively improve the quality of teacher training and bridge the serving of basic education. Upon the literature review on existing volunteer teaching models, this paper develops a teaching community of teachers under “Internet Plus” and the prototype of a “relay” volunteer teaching model towards the integrated design of training undergraduate pre-teachers and improving the educational quality of small rural schools. The sound “relay” volunteer teaching model has been formed upon revisions around checking its completeness, optimizing its operability, and enhancing its stability using the design-based research paradigm according to the research path of “planning-application-reflection-improvement.” The practice has indicated positive effects of the new model in promoting the academic development of students in small rural schools, enhancing the classroom teaching competency of rural teachers, and improving the professionalism of pre-service teachers. The quality and efficiency of the new model can be improved through initiatives such as providing timely and efficient technical support, establishing a favorable and harmonious relationship between teachers and students, adopting guidance with double-qualified instructors for instant companionship, and implementing flexible incentives and restraints.     

对外汉语教师素质与培训研究的回顾与展望

新中国对外汉语教师队伍建设的研究始于20世纪80年代。近十年学界针对对外汉语教师素质、教师培训和专业人才培养的研究均有所建树。以往研究的不足在于,我们对教师应具备怎样的知识结构和能力结构论述较多,而对知识与能力的关系以及如何培养、认定教师的教学能力未能作更深入的研究;对如何通过量化分析、跟踪调查的方式评估教师培训成效的研究也应当加强。而在当前汉语国际推广的新形势下,我们需要拓宽研究领域,并将我们的研究重心转移到汉语教学志愿者和海外中小学汉语教师的培训上。     

Effects of biology teachers’ professional knowledge and cognitive activation on students’ achievement

This study examined the effects of teachers’ biology-specific dimensions of professional knowledge – pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) and content knowledge (CK) – and cognitively activating biology instruction, as a feature of instructional quality, on students’ learning. The sample comprised 39 German secondary school teachers whose lessons on the topic neurobiology were videotaped twice. Teachers’ instruction was coded with regard to cognitive activation using a rating manual. Multilevel path analysis results showed a positive significant effect of cognitive activation on students’ learning and an indirect effect of teachers’ PCK on students’ learning mediated through cognitive activation. These findings highlight the importance of PCK in preservice biology teachers’ education. Items of the rating manual may be used to provide exemplars of concrete teaching situations during university seminars for preservice teacher education or professional development initiatives for in-service teachers.     

Teacher knowledge and the knowledge base of teaching

In this chapter, the knowledge base of teaching is conceived as all profession-related insights, which are potentially relevant to a teacher's activities. From this perspective, it is argued that teacher knowledge, or teacher practical knowledge, should be included within this knowledge base, along with formal propositional knowledge. Although teacher knowledge is strongly related to individual experiences and contexts, there are elements of teacher knowledge that are shared by all teachers or large groups of teachers, for instance, all teachers who teach pupils of a certain age level. Investigating teacher knowledge to identify these common elements so as to do justice to its complex and specific nature can be problematic from a methodological point of view. To illustrate the potential benefits and limitations of research on teacher knowledge, the results from several studies are presented. A major conclusion from these studies is that an understanding of teacher knowledge may be useful to improve teacher education and to make educational innovations more successful. Finally, three areas of interest for future research are identified.     

地方院校师范专业人才培养方案优化策略

地方院校师范专业人才培养方案存在教师教育课程设置缺失、学科专业课程缺乏针对性、协同育人未贯穿培养全过程、课程内容实践性知识不足等问题。对照教师专业素质结构要素,重构教师教育课程、优化学科专业课程、建立高校教师和中学教师合作授课机制、补充实践性知识教学内容等,是优化地方师范专业人才培养方案的可行路径。     

“互联网+”背景下的职业院校教师知识管理:内涵、困境、过程、评价及策略

"互联网+"背景下的知识来源途径不断得到拓展、知识数量在不断增长,如何促进职业院校教师高效地、科学地知识管理具有重要的研究价值。通过对知识分类、知识管理内涵以及相关研究现状的剖析,梳理了职业院校教师知识管理面临的困境,并给出了职业院校教师知识管理过程分析:基于工具及互联网平台的知识获取、基于知识库的知识评估与组织、线上线下知识的整合和创造以及基于真实情境的知识应用与创新。基于对职业院校教师知识管理过程分析,给出学生评教和教师教科研创新两个教师知识管理评价指标,并进一步提出促进教师知识管理的策略:建立特色知识库平台、建立教研共同体、建立教师知识管理中心和知识管理评测中心,以期能为促进职业院校教师知识管理水平提升提供参考。     

Fostering Second Graders' Scientific Explanations: A Beginning Elementary Teacher's Knowledge,Beliefs, and Practice

Teaching science as explanation is fundamental to reform efforts but is challenging for teachers—especially new elementary teachers, for whom the complexities of teaching are compounded by high demands and little classroom experience. Despite these challenges, few studies have characterized the knowledge, beliefs, and instructional practices that support or hinder teachers from engaging their students in building explanations. To address this gap, this study describes the understandings, purposes, goals, practices, and struggles of one third-year elementary teacher with regard to fostering students' explanation construction. Analyses showed that the teacher had multiple understandings of scientific explanations, believed that fostering students' explanations was important for both teachers and students, and enacted instructional practices that provided opportunities for students to develop explanations. However, she did not consistently take up explanation as a goal in her practice, in part because she did not see explanation construction as a strategy for facilitating the development of students' content knowledge or as an educational goal in its own right. These findings inform the field's understanding of teacher knowledge and practice with regard to one crucial scientific practice and have implications for research on teachers and inquiry-oriented science teaching, science teacher education, and curriculum materials development.     

美国优秀历史教师教学专业标准的分析与研究

《美国优秀历史教师教学专业标准》旨在通过严格的历史教师教学标准促进学生的学习。其对于我国教师专业标准的重要启示意义在于:注重优秀历史教师知识结构的全面完整性;以卓越教学行为来展现优秀历史教师的专业形象;对于优秀历史教师核心知识与能力的要求明确、具体;以学生的学习效果评量教师的教学水平。     

Teacher education in Bhutan: highlights and challenges for reform

Bhutan is embarking on a comprehensive education reform process, with teachers and teacher education at the centre of a number of initiatives. This study describes the current state of affairs based on interviews with key informants and semi-structured focus groups in Bhutan. Several major themes emerged, including issues of quality of students and teaching, the integration of theory and practice, organizational structure and culture, and working conditions at the present Colleges of Education, and in the broader education sector.     

论案例培训的内涵、价值与实施

教师培训是教师教育的重要内涵,也是考量教师教育质量和水平的重要因素。过去的教师培训,一般是采用讲座或学科教学的方式,这种培训对于教师系统地掌握某一方面或某一领域的知识以及开阔眼界来说是合适的,但由于这种方式及其所承载的内容远离教师真实的工作情景,对研究的问题缺乏针对性,对受训的教师缺乏吸引力而常常显得效率不高。教师需要通过对具体的教学案例进行分析、探讨、反思,来提升教育理念,丰富教学经验,从而转化为自觉的教学行为。本文试图对教师教育中案例培训的内涵、价值以及实施进行分析,以飨读者。