1958-2013年豫南地区极端气温变化特征及周期分析

通过对豫南地区每日气温资料的搜集和整理,运用线性倾向估计法、Mann-Kendall突变检验法、Morlet复数小波等方法对WMO发布的10种极端气温指数随时间的变化趋势、突变年份及周期性进行了分析与研究。结果表明,1958-2013年豫南地区的极端最高气温缓慢下降,极端最低气温呈显著上升趋势,夏季日数、热夜日数、暖昼日数、暖夜日数呈现波动上升,冰冻日数、霜冻日数、冷昼日数、冷夜日数呈下降趋势。极端最高（低）气温、冰冻日数、霜冻日数、夏季日数、热夜日数、冷昼日数、冷夜日数、暖昼日数、暖夜日数都存在30a左右的周期。其中极端最低气温、冰冻日数、冷昼日数、冷夜日数、暖昼日数都存在5a及以下的周期。总体来说,1958-2013年,豫南地区极端天气热指数呈上升趋势,极端天气冷指数呈下降趋势。     

1960-2011年云南省极端气温事件的时空分布及趋势预测

基于云南省1960-2011年最低气温和最高气温的日数据,选取了31个气象站点,依据世界气象组织（WMO）确定的“气候变化检测和指标”,从中选取8个极端气温指数,采用反距离加权插值法、Mann-Kendall突变检验法、周期方差分析外推法、叠加趋势模型,来研究云南省极端气温事件的时空变化特征、突变检验、周期变化及对未来一个周期内变化趋势的预测。结果表明：冷昼日数、冷夜日数、冷持续日数、霜冻日数均表现为下降的变化趋势,暖昼日数、暖夜日数、暖持续日数、夏季日数均表现为上升的变化趋势,各指数空间分布各异,总体上表明云南省极端气温事件呈上升趋势。各指数发生突变的时间和周期不同,预测结果呈波动变化且与原趋势一致。     

祁连地区极端气温事件气候变化特征研究

选用祁连地区托勒、野牛沟和祁连3个气象观测站1961～2016年逐日气温(最高、最低、平均)资料,采用WMO推荐的极端气候指标定义计算了8种极端气温指数,并分析其主要气候特征。结果表明:祁连地区极端最高气温、最低气温、暖夜日数和暖昼日数呈上升趋势,霜冻日数、结冰日数、冷夜日数和冷昼日数呈下降趋势。除最高气温和冷夜日数没有检测到突变点外,最低气温在1995年发生突变,霜冻和结冰日数分别在1990年和2000年发生突变,暖夜和暖昼日数分别在1994年和1998年发生突变,冷昼日数从1997年发生突变。在近56a的时间尺度上各极端气温指数均存在多个较明显的周期。祁连地区极端气温指数与年平均气温具有很高的相关性,即极端气温对气候变暖具有很好的响应。各极端气温指数均存在明显的Hurst现象,即其未来总体变化趋势将与过去变化趋势保持一致。     

贵州省极端气温时空变化特征分析

随着全球变暖趋势加剧,西南地区极端天气事件频发,对国民经济发展和生态环境保护构成了严重威胁。利用1960—2016年33个气象站点的逐日气温数据集,采用线性趋势、滑动平均、空间插值、M-K突变检验等方法,对贵州极端气温时空变化特征及影响因素进行分析。结果表明：贵州极端气温暖系列指数呈上升趋势,夏日日数、暖日日数、热持续指数、热持续发生次数的年际变化倾向率分别为：0.6d/10a、2.7d/10a、0.02d/10a、0.2次/10a;冷系列指数呈下降趋势,霜冻日数、冷夜日数、冷持续指数、冷持续发生次数的年际变化倾向率分别为-1.6d/10a、-8.0d/10a、-0.5d/10a、-1.0次/10a,进入21世纪后升温速度加快。极端气温表现出非对称性现象,冷系列极端气温指数变化幅度大于暖系列指数,其中暖日日数升幅最大,冷夜日数降幅最大,且与海拔关系密切。多数极端气温指数突变发生在19世纪末到21世纪初。厄尔尼诺对暖系列指数影响较大;拉尼娜对冷系列指数影响较大,在次年其影响程度达到最高水平。     

1961-2012年云南省极端气温时空演变规律研究

利用云南省122个气象观测站1961-2012年逐月极值气温资料,采用线性趋势分析等方法分析1961-2012年云南省四季和年极端气温的变化趋势特征。结果表明:低纬高原地区年平均最高(最低)气温及四季最高(最低)气温的空间分布呈现北低南高的形式,整体上从滇西北向南随纬度的降低而增加,表现出明显的地区差异,最高(最低)气温的高值区域主要分布在河谷地区、云南南部地区,最高气温和最低气温的分布特征不仅受复杂地形的影响,而且还与观测站的海拔高度有关。最高(最低)气温低值区域主要分布在滇西北、滇东北;云南年平均最高气温与夏、秋、冬季最高气温的变化趋势基本相似,春季最高(最低)气温的变化具有明显的区域特征。除局部地区有降温外,升温趋势是最大的特点,升温最快的区域在滇西北。云南最高气温和最低气温的变化均呈明显的增温趋势,而最低气温的变化速度比最高气温的升温幅度快,说明云南的冷事件在减少,暖事件在增多。最高气温和最低气温的突变时间分别发生在2001年和1993年,最高气温的极大值出现在2010年,而最低气温的最大值也发生在2010年。不同气候类型代表站极端气温具有年代际和年际变化周期;极端气温发生的突变时间不同,而部分代表站的极端气温并未发生突变。     

1960年至2007年汾河流域气温年际和季节性变化特征分析

运用线性倾向分析、滑动平均法、Mann-Kendall法等数理分析方法,对山西省汾河流域19个气象站1960年-2007年的逐月气温资料进行了分析。研究表明:自1960年以来,汾河流域年平均气温、平均最高和最低气温均呈波动变化趋势,并有升高趋势,递增率分别为0.32℃/10a、0.13℃/10a和0.50℃/10a。同时,气温年较差呈减小趋势,近48年的气温年较差递减率为0.37℃/10a。此外,年平均气温、平均最高和最低气温发生趋暖突变的时间分别是1993年、1996年、1981年,且近15年是流域年平均气温发生上升的主要时段。气候趋暖还表现出在冬季气温的递增速率最大的特点。流域南北年均气温变化的区域差异并不是很明显,但就各区域的季节变化而言,春冬两季的年均气温变化则表现出明显的区域差异。     

1961-2013年山西省极端气候事件时空演变特征

利用中国气象局整编的山西18个台站1961-2013年的逐日气温、降水数据,采用极端事件定义方法和Mann-kendall突变检验等方法,计算与植被生长的水热条件与寒旱灾害直接相关的极端气候事件指数,分析1961-2013年山西省极端温度和降水气候事件的时空演变特征。结果表明,研究区极端温度事件的发生频率与持续时间在前30年呈平稳态势,20世纪90年代后变化迅速。表征极端低温事件的霜日日数(FD0)、冷昼日数(TX10P)、冷夜日数(TN10P)、冷持续指数(CSDI) 等指数均呈现下降趋势,而表征极端高温事件的夏日指数(SU25)、作物生长期(GSL)、暖昼日数(TX90P)、暖夜日数(TN90P)、热持续指数(WSDI)则均呈上升趋势。极端降水指数除普通日降水强度(SDII)和持续干燥指数(CDD)外均呈下降趋势,表明该地降水总量略有减少,但降水强度和持续干燥指数却有所增加。与极端高温事件发生频率的加剧出现在90年代初不同,表征强降水事件发生频率和强度的极端降水指标的显著变化发生在70年代。在空间尺度上,与温度相关的极端气温指数呈现出由南向北递减的分布规律,冷、暖系列指数表明晋南地区最高,晋北地区最低。与降水量相关的极端降水指数也呈南高北低的规律,最近一个时段的强降水事件有所增加。     

西藏丁青县1961—2015年气温变化特征分析

文章采用丁青县1961~2015年气温资料,运用气候倾向率、M-K趋势检验和突变分析、Morlet小波变换等方法对丁青县气温年、季变化特征进行分析,结果表明:丁青县平均气温、最高气温和最低气温均呈显著的上升趋势,气候倾向率分别为0.246℃/10a、0.242℃/10a和0.275℃/10a,升温率小于青藏高原地区,高于全国平均升温率。无论是平均气温、最高气温还是最低气温,四季均表现为增温趋势,以冬季增温幅度最大。平均气温、最高气温和最低气温的升高均为突变现象,突变点分别在1995年、2002年和1994年左右。气温变化存在明显的周期,且无论较长周期还是较短周期的变化都处于偏暖期,且在未来一定时期内呈向较暖趋势发展的走向。     

1951年至2010年北京市降水和气温的变化特征

根据北京市1951年-2010年的降水和气温数据资料,综合运用滑动平均法、Mann-Kendall检验、Hurst指数法、GM（1,1）模型等方法,从不同时间尺度和层面上分析北京市降水和气温变化的规律以及未来的趋势特征。结果表明：北京市降水的72.5%集中在夏季,7月份的降水最多,12月份最少;极端降水指标中的1日最大降水量、极端强降水日数、极端强降水比率、最长连续无降水天数呈不同程度的递减趋势,零降水日数以2d/10a的速率递增;北京市历年的降水量以44.3mm/10a的速率递减,1994年为降水的突变年份,未来的降水整体上呈增加趋势,北京市下一次旱灾大致指向2028年-2029年左右;北京市历年的平均气温、平均最高气温和平均最低气温呈不同程度的增加趋势,平均最低气温的增加趋势最为显著,平均气温和平均最低气温的突变年份都是1989年,而平均最高气温的突变年份为1993年-1994年和1996年,三者未来整体上都呈增加趋势,而平均最低气温的增加趋势最为显著。     

西藏山南地区日最高最低气温及气温日较差的变化特征分析

通过对西藏山南地区6个测站1980-2018年近40年的日最高气温、日最低气温及日温差资料的时间和空间上进行分析,结果发现:近40年山南地区6个测站日最高气温和日最低气温年代际变化均呈线性上升趋势,但日最高气温升温趋势明显高于日最低气温,日最高气温趋势变化率为0.479℃/10a,日最低气温趋势变化率为0.334℃/10a;日最高气温在春夏秋冬四季中均呈上升趋势,但升幅不同,冬季日最高气温升幅最快为0.761℃/10a,其次是春季和夏季,而秋季日最高气温变化较缓慢为0.268℃/10a,日最低气温也是冬季升副最明显,为0.428℃/10a,其次是春季和夏季,而秋季日最低气温变化缓慢为0.239℃/10a;山南地区年平均日较差呈现逐年增加的趋势,即每日的最高气温与最低气温差值越来越大;40年来日最高气温春夏秋冬四季均是南部地区的错那升温最显著,日最低气温西部浪卡子升温最显著,隆子站日最低气温升温缓慢,秋季和冬季还有些降温趋势,但不显著;山南地区日最高气温具有明显的8a振荡周期,日最低气温存在着准4a的振动周期。     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

To serve and promote science development via innovation

CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing.     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

Tracing the origin and early radiation of birds——Paleornithologist ZHOU Zhonghe

With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants."     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

The Information Environment and Universal Service

This essay focuses on universal service and the Internet as means to support social and political participation. The emphasis on access to telecommunications systems in conventional approaches to universal service is contrasted with access to content. A model of the information environment is described that accounts for the roles of content and conduit, both of which are necessary conditions to achieve true access. A method is outlined for employing information indicators to observe or measure the information environment.