The Rewards of Human Capital Competences for Young European Higher Education Graduates

The labour market rewards for a number of required human capital competences are analysed using a sample of young European higher education graduates. Factor analysis is applied to classify competences by jobs into eight orthogonal groups, namely participative, methodological, specialised, organisational, applying rules, physical, generic and socio-emotional competences. Estimates for the total rewards for competences are obtained through conventional wage regression, whereas estimates of the total rewards are derived in terms of job satisfaction through ordered logit regression. Explanatory variables include personal characteristics, job attributes, occupational titles, fields of study, type of higher education institution and country dummies. Results on wage rewards show that jobs with higher requirements of participativeand methodological competencesare best paid; conversely, jobs with higher requirements of organisational, applying-rulesand physical competencesare worse paid. Results on total rewards suggest that jobs with higher requirements of competences increase graduates' satisfaction, the only exception being applying-rules competences.     

The rewards of human capital competences for young European higher education graduates

Abstract

The labour market rewards for a number of required human capital competences are analysed using a sample of young European higher education graduates. Factor analysis is applied to classify competences by jobs into eight orthogonal groups, namely participative, methodological, specialised, organisational, applying rules, physical, generic and socio‐emotional competences. Estimates for the total rewards for competences are obtained through conventional wage regression, whereas estimates of the total rewards are derived in terms of job satisfaction through ordered logit regression. Explanatory variables include personal characteristics, job attributes, occupational titles, fields of study, type of higher education institution and country dummies. Results on wage rewards show that jobs with higher requirements of participative and methodological competences are best paid; conversely, jobs with higher requirements of organisational, applying‐rules and physical competences are worse paid. Results on total rewards suggest that jobs with higher requirements of competences increase graduates’ satisfaction, the only exception being applying‐rules competences.     

INFLUENCE OF ASCRIBED AND ACHIEVED SOCIAL STATUSES,VALUES, AND REWARDS ON JOB SATISFACTION AMONG COMMUNITY COLLEGE FACULTY

Research on job satisfaction among community college faculty has been largely atheoretical. The present study examined the contribution of four sets of factors to explaining faculty job satisfaction in the community college. According to Kalleberg's (1977) theory of job satisfaction, employee's affective reactions to their jobs are largely determined by ascribed social statuses, achieved social statuses, job values, and job rewards. A random sample was drawn of 371 full‐time faculty from a multi‐campus community college district located in a metropolitan area in the Southwest. Nonresponses and partial responses resulted in an effective sample size of 261. A correlation analysis revealed that institutional age and physical safety job value were significantly, inversely related to job satisfaction and that all job rewards were significantly, positively related to job satisfaction. A simultaneous multiple regression analysis indicated that institutional age was a significant, inverse predictor of job satisfaction and that chronological age, and the good supervision and work itself job rewards were significant, positive predictors of job satisfaction. Of the variation in job satisfaction scores accounted for by all predictors, approximately 5% may be attributed to ascribed and achieved social statuses and to job values, and 48% to job rewards. For faculty in the district we surveyed, the keys to promoting job satisfaction would be to enhance the satisfying aspects of the work itself and good supervision. Programs which afford faculty who are less than satisfied with their jobs opportunities to be “origins” rather than “pawns” may be beneficial.     

Predicting faculty job satisfaction in university departments

This study attempts to examine the relationships between several dimensions of organizational climate and faculty job satisfaction in university departments which offer Ph.D. degrees. The three dimensions of organizational climate examined are: power perception, the perceived organizational goals, and the assessment of rewards. The major findings of the study are:(1) Nonresearch perceived organizational goals are by and large weakly related to job satisfaction in both the physical and social sciences. (2) Power perception is a strong determinant of job satisfaction in the social sciences and considerably less dominant in the physical sciences. (3) The assessment of rewards is the strongest predictor of faculty job satisfaction in both the physical and social sciences. The major conclusion of the study is that the organizational climate is one of the keys to understanding faculty job satisfaction. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.     

Effort–reward imbalance and overcommitment in UK academics: implications for mental health,satisfaction and retention

This study utilises the effort–reward imbalance (ERI) model of job stress to predict several indices of well-being in academics in the UK: mental ill health, job satisfaction and leaving intentions. This model posits that (a) employees who believe that their efforts are not counterbalanced by sufficient rewards will experience impaired well-being and (b) feelings of ERI are more frequent and damaging in employees who are overcommitted to the job. A sample of 649 academic employees working in UK higher education institutions completed validated measures. Findings showed that academics who found their work more demanding, who perceived greater rewards and who were less overcommitted typically reported poorer well-being across all measures. Rewards related to esteem/support and financial/status appeared to be particularly important in protecting academics from the negative impact of work-related efforts. Potential interventions are discussed that draw on the ERI framework to improve mental health, satisfaction and retention in the sector.     

To What Degree Does the Desire for Promotion Motivate Faculty to Perform Research? Testing the Expectancy Theory

Based on the rationale of expectancy theory, this article examines to what degree the desire for promotion motivates faculty to do research. Using Taiwanese faculty survey data, it is found that faculty members who show higher motivation for promotion display better research performance than their colleagues who show lower motivation for promotion. This article also indicates that different kinds of rewards have different motivating effects on various types of faculty research performance. After controlling for the effects of demographic, educational, and institutional variables, the results of logistic regressions show that faculty who think promotion and the satisfaction of curiosity are important tend to publish articles; faculty who want to demonstrate their mastery of their disciplines tend to publish books; and faculty who care about personal income are more likely to seek and receive the National Science Council Research Outcome Grant.     

Determinants of the job satisfaction of PhD holders: an analysis by gender,employment sector,and type of satisfaction in Spain

We analyze the determinants of job satisfaction of PhD holders in Spain. Specifically, we consider overall job satisfaction as well as basic and motivational satisfaction, following Herzberg’s typology (based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs). Using representative data for Spain’s PhD population—collected from the Spanish Survey on Human Resources in Science and Technology (2009)—we report an analysis by gender and the institutional sector (university and non-university) in which employees work. We employ Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regressions to identify the determinants of basic and motivational satisfaction in the workplace and an ordered logit model for overall job satisfaction. Results do not allow us to confirm Herzberg’s factor differentiation for Spanish PhD holders since the factors of basic motivation (including salary or working conditions—needs of “safety”) have a bearing on all types of job satisfaction (and not solely on the basic satisfaction of PhD holders). Our results do not show any significant differences by gender. However, it seems that meeting these “basic” needs is less important for the job satisfaction of PhD holders working in universities. The results seem reasonable in a Southern European country where the monetary conditions of the labor market are worse than those in other developed countries.     

Impression management messages and reactions to organizational reward allocations: The mediating influence of fairness and responsibility

In this scenario‐based experiment we examined the relationships among impression management messages, evaluations of reward allocations (fairness and responsibility) and reactions to rewards (anger, approval of manager and overall job satisfaction). The results suggest that impression management messages directly influence fairness and responsibility, and indirectly influence anger and approval. Specifically, justifications and enhancements increased evaluations of fairness, excuses decreased attributions of responsibility for unfair rewards, and entitling accounts increased attributions of responsibility for fair rewards. Also, justifications and enhancements indirectly decreased anger, increased approval, and increased job satisfaction through the mediating influence of fairness. Excuses and entitling accounts indirectly decreased anger and increased approval through the mediating influence of responsibility.     

JOB SATISFACTION AND COMMITMENT OF TWO-YEAR COLLEGE PART-TIME FACULTY

One of the more significant trends in higher education has been the recent increase in dependence on part-time faculty members. Community colleges, more than any other sector of higher education, have been affected by this trend. However, few scholars and policy makers have made systematic studies to identify whether these individuals are satisfied with their roles, responsibilities, and rewards. The purpose of this investigation was to use nationally representative data to comprehensively study the job satisfaction and commitment of two-year college part-time faculty members. In doing so, this study provided richer definitions of job satisfaction and commitment that for practical and theoretical purposes better capture the multidimensionality of the psychological constructs of job satisfaction and commitment.     

Performance pay for teachers: Determinants and consequences

Theory and evidence on performance-related pay for teaching remain inconclusive. Teachers will respond to rewards, but an appropriate reward structure may not be devised because education is a collaborative endeavor. Here we test three hypotheses: performance-related pay among teachers is more likely to be observed when there are evident indicators of team production; teachers receiving performance pay will earn more in total than otherwise equal teachers without performance pay; and teachers receiving performance pay should have higher job satisfaction. We use the Schools and Staffing Survey (2000) to test each hypothesis. Team production does strongly predict performance-related pay, and that such pay does boost earnings, but that job satisfaction is lower for those who receive such pay awards.     

Gender Earnings Gap among Young European Higher Education Graduates

This paper examines the composition of the gender earnings gap among young European higher education graduates, with a particular focus on competencies controlling for individual background and job characteristics. The results show that much of the female worker’s earnings advantage can be explained by job characteristics. With respect to the competencies required at current jobs, we find that foreign language proficiency and computer skills play a large role in explaining part of the female earnings advantage. Additionally, estimation results by each one of the countries included in the analysis show that gender earning gaps are disparate in size as well as in composition.     

Job satisfaction variance among public and private kindergarten school teachers in Cyprus

The main purpose of this study is to compare the differences in job satisfaction among public and private kindergarten school teachers in Cyprus. These comparisons take place from the perspectives of the teachers themselves and how they evaluate the working conditions in their own schools. More specifically, a series of three logistic regressions and a MANOVA were performed to predict whether the teachers are employed in private or public schools based on (a) the motivational factors that influenced them to enter the teaching profession, (b) their satisfaction with their working conditions, (c) the status and recognition that they receive, and (d) their satisfaction with the work of educational boards and associations. The results are interpreted in the context of how a country's cultural, social, and economic structures contribute to the development of particular forms of private/public schooling and the ways in which these structures seem to influence teacher job satisfaction.     

Job satisfaction among young European higher education graduates

The effects of diverse education-related variables on job satisfaction scores are analysed using a sample of European higher education graduates at early stages of their working life. Ordered choice models for job satisfaction are estimated including as explanatory diverse educational variables such as field of study, graduates’ evaluation of their educational experience, the match between the competences developed during education and those required by jobs, as well as information on graduates’ values and interests. The results show, even after controlling for actual job characteristics, that education-related variables have a great impact on graduates’ job satisfaction. Additionally, estimation results by each one of the countries included in the sample are also presented.     

海外本土化汉语教师的教学动机实证研究

文章对来昆明参加国家汉办汉语文化短训班的53位泰国和韩国汉语教师进行了问卷调查。当被问及在汉语教学工作中最重要的因素时,他们将重点放在了与汉语教学直接相关的价值与教学目标这两方面。当谈到对待现有工作的态度以及从工作中获得的奖励时,他们强调了工作给予的内在收获,而不是外在的奖励。关于工作价值题项的因子分析表明,有五种明确的基本需求及需要动机：关系,外部,自我实现,自主性和组织机构支持等动机。对工作奖励题项也进行了因子分析,出现了以下七种因子,这些因子与工作价值因子有部分重叠,即职业地位,关系/内部奖励,外部奖励,工作/事业满意度,名誉,得当的管理与自尊奖励等动机。根据以上数据,文章认为,就工作与事业的满意度而言,比起教师现正从事的具体工作,他们会对其职业的选择感到更加满意。     

我国高校毕业生的就业结果及其影响因素研究——基于2011年全国高校抽样调查数据的实证分析

对2011年全国8个省份30所高校抽样调查数据的实证分析发现:人力资本依然是影响毕业生求职结果、起薪和工作满意度的重要因素;家庭背景对求职结果有显著影响,它不仅表现在就业机会获得方面,也表现在起薪和工作满意度上;就业结果的地区和性别差异依然存在;就业单位性质、行业状况是造成毕业生起薪差异的重要原因之一;学用结合程度、户口档案解决情况和起薪等都会对毕业生的工作满意度产生重要影响。     

Environmental satisfiers in academe

Utilizing a nationwide sample of university professors in the United States, this study explored job satisfaction levels of academicians and the differences between perceived satisfaction of faculty in professional schools and that of faculty in other disciplines. The results were based upon responses from 336 faculty representing 24 universities selected on a stratified basis which included large, small, public and private universities. Teaching dimensions and research requirements were the most satisfying elements of the academic work environment; support and compensation aspects were the most dissatisfying. Faculty from professional schools reported higher levels of satisfaction for almost all of the 22 separate environmental dimensions, and these faculty also reported higher salaries and less stringent requirements for tenure and promotion. The demographic variables which explained the greatest amount of variance in work satisfaction scores were tenure, teaching load, sex, institution (public-private), and age. Salary and academic rank, which a priori are considered to be significant in an academician's satisfaction with work, appeared to have a lesser impact.     

Pedagogical staff in children’s day care centres in Germany – links between working conditions,job satisfaction,commitment and work-related stress

This article investigates links between staff working conditions in children’s day care centres (Kindertageseinrichtungen – known as Kitas in Germany), job satisfaction, commitment and perceived stress at work. Data are based on the nationwide, representative questionnaire survey AQUA (Arbeitsplatz und Qualität in Kitas – Workplace quality in children’s day care centres), a project conducted by the State Institute of Early Childhood Research in Munich. From the participants’ responses (N_total = 6606) regarding their working conditions, an index was established that permitted a categorisation into three groups of quality. Well-established instruments and scales were used to measure general job satisfaction and commitment. The Effort–Reward Imbalance (ERI) model by Siegrist and colleagues (2004) was used to examine stress at work. Results indicate that staff working under good conditions show higher job satisfaction, higher commitment values and less stress at work. Furthermore, distinct differences could be found between centre directors and staff without a leading function.     

山西省中等职业学校教师工作满意度调查研究

本研究采用调查法对山西省中等职业学校的497名在岗教师进行了工作满意度现状的调查研究。研究结果表明,山西省中职教师在同事和工作本身2个指标上具有较高的满意度水平。进一步的统计分析显示,专业课教师在晋升满意度上表现最低,公共(基础)课教师在操作程序指标上满意度最高,在工作本身指标上满意度最低,技能(实习)课教师的奖励指标上满意度水平最低;高级职称教师在报酬、利益、操作程序指标上表现最好,而在同事、工作本身和交际指标上满意度水平最低;40-49岁年龄段的教师在奖励和操作程序指标上满意度最高。     

北京市小学教师工作满意度实证研究

本研究运用问卷方法对北京市1308名小学教师进行调查,发现:第一,北京市小学教师的总体工作满意度达到了较高水平,且教师内在满意度显著高于教师外在满意度。第二,北京市小学教师工作的内在、外在和总体满意度在人口学变量上存在显著差异,表现为:薄弱校教师满意度高于优质校和中等校;男教师满意度高于女教师;学校干部的满意度高于任课教师,副科教师满意度高于主科教师;低年级教师满意度高于中高年级教师;新入职教师与老教师满意度高于中年教师;教师的职称越高,满意度越高。在原因分析的基础上,提出了政策建议。     

本专科毕业生的专业兴趣吻合度对就业满意度的影响研究

基于2021年全国高校毕业生就业状况调查数据,分析本专科毕业生的专业兴趣吻合度的影响因素,研究专业兴趣吻合度对就业满意度的影响,并分性别和学科进行异质性分析。研究发现：第一,性别、家庭背景、人力资本、学校背景等是毕业生专业兴趣吻合度的重要影响因素,男性、优势家庭背景、本科、人文社科专业、学业表现与综合素质更好、东部（非“北上广”）地区高校的毕业生,专业兴趣吻合度更高;第二,专业兴趣吻合度对毕业生的就业总体满意度与工资福利、工作地点、工作稳定性、个人发展空间、社会地位、独立自主性等单项满意度均存在正向促进作用,其中,对个人发展空间满意度的影响最大,对工资福利和工作稳定性满意度的影响最小;第三,专业兴趣吻合度对不同性别和学科毕业生的就业满意度存在异质性影响,男生和理工农医专业毕业生的就业满意度受专业兴趣吻合度的正向影响更大。