4mm虹吸管高扬程虹吸流速研究（英文）

目的:探索高扬程条件下4mm虹吸管内气体集聚现象对虹吸流速的影响,并对传统虹吸流速水力学计算公式进行修正。创新点:1.通过对比物理模型实验值和计算值,得出了高扬程虹吸流速的控制因素及传统虹吸流速计算公式在高扬程条件下的不适用性;2.通过分析实验数据,对有压管流水力学公式进行修正,使之适应高扬程条件下的虹吸流速计算。方法:通过物理模型试验,揭示高扬程虹吸流速的特征(图3);将高扬程虹吸流速实验值和传统虹吸流速水力学公式计算值进行对比(表3和4);通过分析实验数据,结合有压管流水力学公式,得出高扬程虹吸流速经验公式(公式(5)和(8))。结论:1.在高程差H_1一定时,虹吸流速与扬程呈负相关;在扬程H0一定时,虹吸流速随高程差H_1的增大而流速加快,直至达到最大流速,并保持稳定状态;虹吸流速与管长呈负相关。2.高扬程虹吸排水由于管内气压降低析出大量气泡,形成气液二相流,影响虹吸流速的计算;目前采用的有压管流水力学计算公式不适用高扬程4mm虹吸管的虹吸水流。3.当H_12ΔH,虹吸流速的控制因素为高程差H_1;当H_1≥2ΔH,虹吸流速的控制因素为当地虹吸极限扬程H_(max)和H_0的差值ΔH;4.对于高扬程4mm虹吸管虹吸流速的确定,一是可以直接实验测定,查找相关数据,二是可以采用经验公式来确定相关的虹吸流速。     

关于我国农村人口问题的政策思考

根据代际财富流理论 ,我们认为 :转变农民高生育观念的关键在于引导农民增加对子女的教育投资 ,严厉禁止农民让未成年子女弃学务农与做工经商 ,从而改变家庭财富的流向 ,使之由子女流向家庭转为由家庭流向子女。为此 ,在政策上应采取一些措施 ,努力提高农民的文化教育水平 ,重视老有所养的问题 ,破除重男轻女的封建陋习     

High-lift siphon flow velocity in a 4-mm siphon hose

High-lift siphon drainage by 4-mm internal diameter siphon hoses is a real-time, free-power, and long-term approach for slope drainage. The conventional hydraulics formula for pressurized pipe flow is generally used to calculate the single-phase velocity of siphon flow. However, an intensive cavitation phenomenon occurs in the high-lift siphon hose and then a two-phase flow is formed. Research on the velocity of high-lift siphon flow is a prerequisite for the application of siphon drainage with a 4-mm siphon hose. Few investigations of this subject have been carried out. Hence, experiments on the high-lift (8 m≤H ₀≤10.3 m) siphon drainage in a 4-mm siphon hose were performed. The characteristics of siphon flow under different conditions were observed and test data were obtained. Comparisons between test results and calculated results showed that significant errors were given by the hydraulics formula. It is demonstrated that the effect of gas in a siphon hose should be included in the calculation of flow velocity. The findings can be used to determine the number of siphon hoses and layout of siphon drainage holes, and provide valuable information for geotechnical companies.     

Effect of Ultrafine particles on Flow Field and Transport Properties near the nterface Around a Moving Bubble

Laser Doppler Anemometer has been used to measure the flow field characteristics near the interface around a moving bubble in the presence of ultrafine particles. In order to model a moving bubble, the bubble was fixed into the counter-flow liquid by a metal mesh. Experimental materials are air and water, and the particles are complex oxidate powder. Experiments were carried out under the operating conditions: the liquid flow velocity u0 is 12.6 cm/s, the equivalent diameter de is 0.6 cm, the mass concentration of particle is 0.2%,the average particle diameter is about 10 nm and the density is 2 g/cm3. The velocity profiles of both frontal and tail-vortex areas were measured respectively. The experimental results show that the velocity fields are obviously changed in the existence of particles. In the frontal area of the bubble, both tangential and normal velocities decrease due to the presence of particles, but in tail vortex area, the tangential velocities increase remarkably, and normal velocities rise gradually from the center towards the fringe in the opposite tendency to that of no particles. The influences of flow field change in the presence of particles on gas-liquid mass transfer are analyzed and discussed.     

Coaxial liquid-liquid flows in tubes with limited length

Coaxial liquid-liquid flows were numerically studied in a nesting two-tube system. Calculations were carried out when various exit-lengths （meaning length differences between the two tubes） were used. Numerical results indicated that there exists a certain range of exit-length for the liquid-liquid flows to form stable and smooth interfaces, which requires that the exit-length should roughly be less than 5.6 times the outer tube diameter. In this range, interface instability is effectively restrained and the core fluid shows a phenomenon of die swell. When the exit-length is about 1.6 times the outer tube diameter, the core fluid has the greatest diameter size in the shell fluid. Velocity distributions at the outer tube exit favor formation of a continuous and stable core-shell structure.     

可调型圆盘散流器射流特性的实验研究

本文对送风口径可调的圆盘形散流器进行了实验研究,该散流器呈倒蘑菇形,设计有不同开口高度对应的三档扇叶位置。本文分别对各出风位置进行不同风量下常温射流特性实验和压力特性实验,比较了不同高径比和净面积比下散流器的最大中心速度、射程、全压损失的变化情况。实验结果表明:开口高度设在最小的档位时向下射流,最大中心速度下降快,全压损失大,风量对扩散半径影响很小。随着开口高度增大,风口变为水平送风,射流最大中心速度随开度的增大下降减慢,全压损失减小,到达一定开口高度后,射程几乎不受风量的变化影响。该圆盘形散流器可在高大空间中满足输送冷、暖风所需的不同送风方式。     

Unsteady flow structure of an airfoil in ground effect

Particle image velocimetry （PIV） experimental results of wake flow structure of a NACA0012 airfoil with small attack angle mounted above water surface are introduced.The experiment was carried out in a small-scale wind-wave tunnel.The diameter of wind-wave tunnel test section is 1.7 m （long） × 0.4 m （width） × 0.4 m （height）.The flow fields around the airfoil were measured under four diffierent conditions by varying the distance between the airfoil and the water surface.The attack angle of the airfoil was kept 10- during the experiment.For each experimental condition,the time series of particle images was captured to calculate continuous evolution of the velocity fields.The velocity fields were ensemble averaged to get the statistic parameters such as mean velocity and vorticity.Typical instantaneous velocity fields for each case are introduced to show the basic flow structure of wind surface flow separation.The aerodynamic loads acting on the airfoil are analyzed qualitatively according to the mean vorticity distribution in the flow field based on the theory of vorticity aerodynamics.The results indicate that the flow structures and drag/lift force of the airfoil alter remarkably with the changing distance between the airfoil and water surface.     

Reaction thrust characteristics of high-pressure submerged water jet of cylinder nozzles

The shapes and geometrical parameters of nozzles are key factors for fluidics. The relationship among the reaction thrust, flow rate pressure, diameter do and length L of a cylinder nozzle is analyzed theoretically. The simulation of the flow field characteristics was conducted via the FLUENT computational fluid dynamics package. Effects of the inlet conditions and the nozzle dimensions on the reaction thrust of a water jet were addressed particularly. The reaction thrust experiments were performed on a custom-designed test apparatus. The experimental results reveal that a） the nozzle diameter and the inlet conditions exert great influence on the water jet reaction thrust; and b） for L≤4d0, where the nozzle is treated as a thin plate-orifice, the reaction thrust is independent of nozzle length; for L〉4d0, where the nozzle is treated as a long orifice, the reaction thrust can reach maximum under the condition of a certain flow rate. These findings lay a theoretical foundation for the design of nozzles and have significant value, especially for the future development of high-oressure water-let orooulsion technology.     

Physical modelling and scale effects of air-water flows on stepped spillways

INTRODUCTION The stepped channel design has been used fomore than 3500 years. Greek and Minoan engineerswere probably the first to design an overflow steppedweir and stepped storm waterways respectively(Chanson, 2001). Later, Roman, Moslem, Mughaand Spanish designers used a similar technique. Thesteps increase significantly the rate of energy dissipation taking place on the channel face, reducing thesize of the required downstream energy dissipationand the risks of scouring. Rec…     

U形渠道断面流速分布规律试验研究

U形渠道是灌区广泛推广的灌溉渠道，其具有占地面积少、水头损失小等特点。但U形渠道流速分布规律及其流量测量仍处于研究阶段。对灌区计划用水、科学用水和节约水资源等工作造成了很大的影响，因此U形渠道测流技术是亟待解决的问题。本文从试验的角度使用断面测流方法，针对三种不同规格的U形渠道测量断面，运用数学拟合方法，探求其流速分布规律，并分析出了相应的U形渠道过水断面流量的积分求和公式，以求对以后的U形渠道量水工作有所帮助。     

Experimental investigation on mixing enhancement mechanism of turbulent jet flow with tabbed nozzle

Flow visualization and hot-wire measurement techniques were combined to investigate the influence of the size and number of tabs on jet flow field and vortex structure generation mechanism. Streamwise vortices generated by the tabs of different sizes and numbers were ob- served from the flow visualization images. Combined with flow visualization, hot-wire measurement gave a quantitative insight of the effect of various tabbed jet flows. Instantaneous two-component velocity signals （longitudinal and transverse velocity components） at different cross sections along radius direction and streamwise direction with different tabbed jet nozzles were measured using hot-wire anemometer. Average flow field parameters of tabbed jet flow such as mean velocity, turbulence intensity, vorticity were analyzed and the effects of tabs with different sizes and numbers were compared with that of circular no-tab jet flow. It is revealed that the generation of a series of counter-rotating quasi-streamwise vortices, azimuthal vortices and double-row azi-muthal vortex are the reasons for mixing enhancement of tabbed turbulent jet flow.     

Experiments and sensitivity analyses for heat transfer in a meter-scale regularly fractured granite model with water flow

Experiments of saturated water flow and heat transfer were conducted for a meter-scale model of regularly fractured granite. The fractured rock model (height 1502.5 mm, width 904 mm, and thickness 300 mm), embedded with two vertical and two horizontal fractures of pre-set apertures, was constructed using 18 pieces of intact granite. The granite was taken from a site currently being investigated for a high-level nuclear waste repository in China. The experiments involved different heat source temperatures and vertical water fluxes in the embedded fractures either open or filled with sand. A finite difference scheme and computer code for calculation of water flow and heat transfer in regularly fractured rocks was developed, verified against both the experimental data and calculations from the TOUGH2 code, and employed for parametric sensitivity analyses. The experiments revealed that, among other things, the temperature distribution was influenced by water flow in the fractures, especially the water flow in the vertical fracture adjacent to the heat source, and that the heat conduction between the neighboring rock blocks in the model with sand-filled fractures was enhanced by the sand, with larger range of influence of the heat source and longer time for approaching asymptotic steady-state than those of the model with open fractures. The temperatures from the experiments were in general slightly smaller than those from the numerical calculations, probably due to the fact that a certain amount of outward heat transfer at the model perimeter was unavoidable in the experiments. The parametric sensitivity analyses indicated that the temperature distribution was highly sensitive to water flow in the fractures, and the water temperature in the vertical fracture adjacent to the heat source was rather insensitive to water flow in other fractures.