The Complementary Use of Cluster and Factor Analysis Methods

Factor and cluster analyses are distinctly different multivariate procedures with different goals. However, when used in a complementary fashion, each set of methods can be used to enhance the interpretation of results found in the other set of methods. Simple examples illustrating the joint use of the methods are provided.     

THE SELECTION OF VARIABLES IN MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS

4 different procedures are commonly employed with sample data to reduce a set of predictor variables. In the present study these procedures were repeatedly applied to computer-simulated samples to provide comparative data pertaining to two questions: (a) Which procedure can be expected to produce an equation that yields the most accurate predictions for the population? (b) Which procedure is most likely to identify the optimal set of independent variables? The samples were drawn from 12, mathematically defined, multivariate normal populations. Each population consisted of 1 criterion and 10 predictor variables. Five or fewer independent variables constituted the optimal set in each case. With respect to both questions small differences among the procedures were observed. However, the forward selection and stepwise procedures consistently produced more favorable results than the 2 backward elimination procedures. The question of the number of sampling units to use is discussed.     

创建HTML风格的帮助文件

HTML帮助文件是目前流行的风格,其主题内容是HTM文件,支持多种图像和组件.与Winhelp文件相比,HTML文件更容易创建,更方便使用.介绍了创建HTML帮助文件的一般步骤与方法.     

Students' ability to visualize set expressions: An initial investigation

Visualization is a powerful tool for understanding and solving mathematical problems. The use of Venn diagrams to visualize set expressions, however, is problematic for many students and may actually hinder their problem-solving efforts. In this study, 92 university students construct visual representations of eight set expressions. Through the use of a production system model and detailed analyses of students' work and verbal protocols, it is discovered that (1) competent and error-prone students construct and use procedures to complete set translation tasks, and (2) two-thirds of the observed errors arise from the consistent implementation of ill-formed procedures. The procedural origins of students' errors are identified and conjectures are offered regarding the perceptions and experiences that lead to the development of erroneous translation procedures.NotesThis article is based on the author's doctoral dissertation completed in 1992 at Indiana University under the direction of Frank K. Lester.     

一种测试用例集最小化生成算法研究及应用

测试用例的数量和质量决定软件测试的成本和有效性。在G算法和H算法的基础上,引入测试用例-测试需求映射关系重要性度的概念,本文提出了一种测试用例集最小化生成算法。该算法用于简化三角形分类程序的测试用例集,简化后的测试用例集是最小的测试用例集。实例分析证明该算法是有正确、有效的。     

Assessing and Controlling Acquiescent Responding When Acquiescence and Content Are Related: A Comprehensive Factor-Analytic Approach

This article proposes procedures for assessing and controlling acquiescence in personality scales when acquiescence is related to the content that the scale intends to measure. Our proposal is comprehensive in that it can be applied to different item response formats fitted with response models that can be parameterized as factor-analytic models. In the calibration stage, our proposal makes joint use of a balanced scale and a set of markers for acquiescence, and consists of 2 sequential procedures: a direct semirestricted solution, and a restricted solution with minimal identification constraints. In the scoring stage, we discuss how the information given by the acquiescence–content relation can be used to obtain Bayes expected a posteriori scores. The robustness of the direct procedure is assessed both analytically and by simulation. A free, user-friendly program that implements the procedures proposed is made available. Practical issues of use and interpretation are discussed and illustrated with an empirical application.     

条件性情绪反应干预法对提高大学生英语阅读能力的有效性

为探讨条件性情绪反应干预法对大学生英语阅读能力的有效性,以便制定一套行之有效的心理干预方法和程序,对英语学习困难的大学生进行大面积的帮助和指导.本研究采用现场实验法,对60名大学生的英语阅读能力进行干预.研究结果表明,实验组被试英语阅读用时由前测的每篇29.8分钟缩短至每篇13.44分钟;英语阅读测题正确率由前测的38.33%提高至后测的67.50%,两项指标均与对照组差异显著,条件性情绪反应干预法能有效提高大学生英语阅读能力.     

DIFFERENCES IN INSTRUCTIONAL SENSITIVITY BETWEEN ITEM FORMATS AND BETWEEN ACHIEVEMENT TEST ITEMS

Building achievement tests which are sensitive to the instructional effects of school programs concerns both practitioners and researchers in education. To produce such tests, empirical procedures to guide item selection are needed. In this paper, an operational framework and a set of empirical procedures for this task are presented. Within this framework, item sensitivity is linked to instructional implementation. A simple components of variance model has been used to provide actual estimates of instructional sensitivity. These procedures are illustrated using data from a comparative study of alternative item formats for a criterion-referenced test. Even when items were closely matched to instructional content specifications, important differences in instructional sensitivity emerged. These differences were found between the same items presented in different formats as well as between different items presented within the same format. Implications of these results for developing criterion-referenced achievement tests are discussed.     

Multivariate Meta-Analysis as Structural Equation Models

Multivariate meta-analysis has become increasingly popular in the educational, social, and medical sciences. It is because the outcome measures in a meta-analysis can involve more than one effect size. This article proposes 2 mathematically equivalent models to implement multivariate meta-analysis in structural equation modeling (SEM). Specifically, this article shows how multivariate fixed-, random- and mixed-effects meta-analyses can be formulated as structural equation models. metaSEM (a free R package based on OpenMx) and Mplus are used to implement the proposed procedures. A real data set is used to illustrate the procedures. Formulating multivariate meta-analysis as structural equation models provides many new research opportunities for methodological development in both meta-analysis and SEM. Issues related to and extensions on the SEM-based meta-analysis are discussed.     

天津市区机动车实际道路行驶特征的研究

利用自行设计的机动车车载实时道路排放测试系统 ,通过实际道路测试 ,获得描述天津市不同类型道路机动车行驶的 15个特征参数 .结果表明 ,ECE 15和FTP 75测试循环与天津市机动车实际道路行驶特征有较大差异 .根据实测结果 ,合成出可真实反映天津市机动车道路行驶特征的测试循环 ,该测试循环可用于实验室中对机动车实际道路排放水平的评价 .     

Conceptions of mathematics and how it is learned: The perspectives of students entering university

This paper reports results from an investigation to identify the conceptions of mathematics held by beginning university students and their approaches to the study of mathematics. Phenomenographic techniques were used to analyze responses to a questionnaire administered to approximately 300 students. An analysis of the results identified a structural relationship between students' conceptions of mathematics and their approaches to learning it, with the majority of students viewing mathematics as a necessary set of rules and procedures to be learned by rote. The results of this research have implications for the ways in which teaching and learning are constituted within universities.     

Interpreting the Results of Three Different Standard-Setting Procedures

Different standard-setting procedures usually produce different cut points even if each has a rational basis. In 2000, three standard-setting procedures were implemented to set cut scores in each of the 18 grade/content areas comprising Kentucky's state assessment system: the Contrasting Groups, Bookmark, and Jaeger-Mills procedures. Subsequently, participants from each of the three procedures worked together in each grade/content area to synthesize the results. These synthesis participants considered the results of, and examined the materials and information provided by, each of the three separate procedures. In this article the synthesis processes are described and discussed.     

唐代家产继承方式述略

我国古代的家产继承方式发展到唐代，形成了一套比较固定的习惯方式和可行的律令规定，并逐渐定型化和体系化。唐代家产继承的各种具体方式和程序，都是围绕如何更有效地保证各种状况的家庭的门户延续而设计的，这也是认识我国古代家产继承方式的一条主线。     

论高职院校质量管理体系的构建（之二）

高职院校质量管理体系的工作流程,包括：确定管理的目标及其分解;质量管理组织与策划;质量责任的分解和质量任务的下达;质量过程管理;教学各个环节的质量评价。质量管理体系的建立当前要解决：学校管理的质量理念缺位;学校质量管理的责任不到位;缺乏科学的管理制度体系;缺乏科学的评价标准体系。构建质量管理体系的基本步骤：从学院整体解决办学指导思想、办学理念和质量保证基础条件;建立科学的质量管理体系;建立高职院校科学的质量监控体系。     

试论公诉案件预审制度在我国刑事诉讼立法中的建构

公诉案件预审制度的合理运行是刑事诉讼运行中程序正义和诉讼效率价值的具体体现。然而,我国现行刑事诉讼法典并未设置专门的公诉案件预审程序与独立于实体审判法官的预审法官,新近出台的《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法修正案（草案）》虽然将非法证据排除等重要事项纳入了审前准备程序,但却依旧存在＂预审内容＂和＂预审法官＂的规定空白。我国的香港、澳门、台湾三法域都在刑事诉讼立法中明文规定了公诉案件的预审制度,其中设置独立于庭审法官的预审法官、完善公诉案件庭前审查程序、增设庭前预备会议程序等许多立法制度与司法实践经验都值得我们借鉴与学习。     

电机控制数字信号处理器最小测试指令集的分析和寻找

The relativity of instructions of motor control digital signal processor (MCDSP) in the design is analyzed. A method for obtaining a minimum instruction set in place of the complete instruction set during generation of testing procedures is given in terms of the processor presentation matrix between micro-operators and instructions of MCDSP.     

教育评估规程

教育评估的全过程通常可划分为项目立项、项目设计、项目实施和项目总结等阶段,以及贯穿整个过程的元评估。构建教育评估普遍适用的规程,在工作程序和方法技术上建立一套需要普遍遵循的标准和要求,对促进提高教育评估的规范化和科学性、推进教育评估的专业化和现代化具有重要意义。文章对教育评估的四个阶段所适用的规章做了概括性的阐述。     

Student Plagiarism in Universities: What are we Doing About it?

Student plagiarism subverts the system of course evaluation, debases qualifications and offends against academic integrity. Research findings from the U.S.A. and the U.K. indicate the widespread nature of student plagiarism in universities. Opportunities for plagiarism among university students appear to be on the increase but there is evidence to suggest that official policies, procedures and responses on the part of some universities and academic staff may be inconsistent and inequitable. Universities need to be more proactive in: developing strategies to raise student awareness of the unacceptability of student plagiarism; developing and enforcing policies aimed at controlling student plagiarism; and setting up programmes to promote academic integrity. A continuum consisting of seven plagiarism behaviours linked to a suggested set of procedures and penalties can be used by academic staff to classify instances of plagiarism and deal with individual cases in a fairer, more consistent manner.     

布尔迪厄社会科学方法论及其对教育研究的启示

运用布尔迪厄的概念工具时,不应遗忘概念工具内部与背后所蕴涵的方法论思想。布尔迪厄的关系性思维,是与“社会物理学”、“社会现象学”的双向“决裂”,是对社会人类学“参与性观察者”角色的颠覆。布尔迪厄社会学方法论带给教育研究者的,决不仅仅是可以直接套用的程序,而是具有根本性意义的视界和眼光。经由一种新的视界和眼光,教育、教育研究、教育理论与实践的关系等诸多根本性问题,都可能获得新的阐释,并因而展现出新的形象与势态。