女子柔道运动员上肢肌肉力量变化特征的研究

用ＣＹｂｅｘⅡ＋等动测力系统对１３名女子柔道运动员上肢肘关节屈伸肌群分别进行最大等长测试（肘关节９０（°）屈位、６０（°）／ｓ慢速测试、１２０（°）／ｓ、２４０（°）／ｓ快速测试及耐力测试。结果发现，最大等长力量屈肌大于伸肌（Ｐ＜０．０５）。随测试速度增加屈伸肌力量下降，并且快速力量下降幅度较大。不同速度下屈伸肌表现出的最大力量相差不大（Ｐ＞０．０５），屈伸肌力比基本平衡。屈伸肌耐力存在较大差别，伸肌耐力明显高于屈肌（Ｐ＜０．００１）。伸肌产生最大肌力时的肘关节角度受环节速度的影响，随速度加快其最大肌力出现在收缩过程的后期。     

不同快速降体重量对肌肉功能的影响

目的:探讨不同快速降体重量对肌肉功能的影响;方法:以12名健康男生为实验对象,测定脱水前(0%bw l)、桑拿脱水快速降体重2%(2%bw l)、桑拿脱水快速降体重4%(4%bw l)这3种不同体重状态下最大等速肌力、等速肌耐力与无氧作功能力;在测定无氧作功能力时,结合运用主观用力程度等级评价量表(RPE),对肌肉功能进行系统评价;结果:1)2%bw l和4%bw l对肌肉的最大等速力量均没有削弱作用;2%bw l后,屈肘肌群的最大等速肌力反而增大。2)2%bw l对屈、伸肘肌群以及屈、伸膝肌群的等速肌耐力均没有影响;4%bw l后,屈肘肌群与屈、伸膝肌群的等速肌耐力不变,而伸肘肌群的等速肌耐力显著性下降。3)2%bw l和4%bw l对下肢的无氧耐力没有削弱作用。     

古典式摔跤运动员提抱技术的腰背表面肌电分析研究

通过解剖学动作分析、表面肌电测试法,对古典式摔跤运动员使用提抱技术时的表面肌电进行实验测试,分析古典式摔跤运动员使用提抱技术的腰背肌肉协同变化过程。结果显示：1）在使用跪撑提抱技术时腰背肌肉中背阔肌做功百分比最高,平均为350k;2）主动肌的激活顺序为竖脊肌、背阔肌,肩胛提肌;3）在提抱技术中拮抗肌发挥着重要作用,且高水平运动员在提抱技术发力阶段;拮抗肌放电量与主动肌放电量有同步明显上升趋势;4）运动员应加强主动肌与拮抗肌的快速力量、反应力量和力量耐力训练,特别是针对性地进行专项力量训练。     

古典式摔跤运动员提抱技术的腰背表面肌电分析研究

通过解剖学动作分析、表面肌电测试法,对古典式摔跤运动员使用提抱技术时的表面肌电进行实验测试,分析古典式摔跤运动员使用提抱技术的腰背肌肉协同变化过程.结果显示,在使用跪撑提抱技术时腰背肌肉中背阔肌做功百分比最高,平均为35%;主动肌的激活顺序为竖脊肌、背阔肌和肩胛提肌;在提抱技术中拮抗肌发挥着重要作用,且高水平运动员在提抱技术发力阶段,拮抗肌放电量与主动肌放电量有同步明显上升趋势.运动员应加强主动肌与拮抗肌的快速力量、反应力量和力量耐力训练,特别是针对性地进行专项力量训练.     

神经肌肉电刺激摹拟肌肉力量训练的生物力学研究

基于对电刺激作用于神经肌肉组织的生理机制和电刺激技术系统与电刺激摹拟肌肉力量训练效果的生物力学关系的基本认识和实验研究,得出如下基本结论:(1)神经肌肉电刺激摹拟肌肉力量训练的效果显著优于肌肉直接电刺激;(2)神经肌肉电刺激摹拟肌肉力量训练使肌肉收缩的速度力量、最大力量和力量耐力均有显著的增长;(3)神经肌肉电刺激在注重提高肌肉功能群的力量素质时,能较好地满足肌群协调能力的发展;(4)电刺激能以较低的体能消耗实现局部肌群的摹拟力量训练。     

不同形式振动训练中下肢肌群的神经肌肉激活特征

探讨半蹲姿势下,垂直振动和多维振动刺激所引起的下肢不同肌群的神经肌肉激活特征.结果表明.两种振动刺激均能诱发激活更多的运动单位参与募集,增加肌肉的EMGrms值.但多维组合振动改变同群肌肉内和前后肌群间的支配比例关系,为科学运用振动训缘法提供理论依据.     

健美操专选学生下腰背肌肉耐力状况及对策研究

为了解健美操专选学生下腰背肌肉耐力状况,以湖南工业大学2009级、2010级健美操专选学生为实验对象,运用文献资料法、实验法等方法,对湖南工业大学健美操专选学生的下腰背肌肉耐力和肌肉疲劳以及下腰背肌肉平衡状态等指标进行测试和分析,发现湖南工业大学健美操专选学生肌肉耐力和平衡状态普遍偏差,可采用如瑞士球等训练手段提高竖脊肌和多裂肌的耐力水平,同时在健美操训练和课程中应重视下腰背肌肉耐力和平衡能力的训练。     

不同负荷水平颈部肌肉等长收缩的平均肌电变化特征

目的：采用表面肌电信号（Surface Electromyographic Signal,sEMG）分析技术研究不同负荷水平颈部两侧头夹肌、胸锁乳突肌和斜方肌上部肌肉等长收缩对相关肌肉平均肌电（（Average EMG,AEMG）活动的影响,为进一步开展颈部肌肉功能和康复训练效果评价提供科学依据。方法：16名无颈部疾病的健康青年男性志愿者,分别在颈椎屈曲、后伸、左侧屈和右侧屈4个运动方向上完成20%最大随意收缩力（Maxi mal Voluntary Contraction,MVC）、40%MVC、60%MVC、80%MVC和100%MVC的等长收缩实验,期间采集被检肌肉的sEMG信号,计算标准化的AEMG。结果：①受试者最大颈椎后伸力量显著大于颈椎屈曲、颈左侧屈及右侧屈力量,而后三者之间没有显著差异;②递增负荷水平等长收缩条件下与运动方向同侧的颈部肌肉出现收缩增强效应,而对侧拮抗肌表现出明显的共收缩现象;③运动方向和负荷水平均对各被检肌肉的AE-MG有明显作用,且以上两因素对各被检肌肉AEMG有明显交互作用。结论：人体颈部最大伸颈力量显著大于屈颈、颈左侧屈和右侧屈力量,完成矢状面屈伸和额状面侧屈运动时各被检肌肉的AEMG值与负荷水平成正比。     

数字化等长肌肉收缩功能检测系统信度及效度研究

目的基于肌肉等长收缩原理,设计研发一款数字化等长肌肉收缩功能检测系统,并对其信度及效度进行研究,验证测试系统的信度和效度。方法 13名大学生经同一检测者2次使用等长肌力测试系统,进行最大力量测试,测试间隔时间1周,使用组内相关系数(ICC)对结果进行信度分析;采用独立样本t检验对校标后,肘、膝不同力臂位置测量值与固定载荷(小、中、大)进行效度检验。结果信度检验结果表明,除膝关节右侧伸肌第1次与第2次相关系数低于0.75,为0.695,其它相关系数均在0.75以上;效度检验结果表明,除肘关节伸肌力臂位置27 cm实测值与固定载荷150 N之间存在显著性差异外(P<0.05),肘关节屈肌力量及膝关节屈、伸肌力量力臂位置实测值与大、中、小固定载荷之间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论研究设计研发的等长肌力测试系统具有较好的重测信度及效度,可实现对肘膝关节肌肉力量的精确测量,同时具有实时性的特点。     

激活臀部肌肉的常用练习

单桥练习 练习部位 臀肌、股后肌群 练习目的 增强臀部、背部肌肉力量 增强脊柱稳定性 起始动作（以右侧为例）仰卧位 双腿屈膝 双手放于体侧,掌心向下     

优秀投掷运动员核心力量等速肌力测试研究

目的:分析浙江师范大学投掷训练队优秀运动员腰背肌的生物力学特征,探讨投掷运动员的成绩与腰背屈伸肌群力量的关系,为投掷训练和易受伤部位的预防提供理论依据。方法:利用德国Isomed2000等速肌力测试系统进行核心力量等速肌力测试,测试严格按照Isomed2000等速测试系统使用手册的要求进行操作。结果:优秀投掷运动员腰背屈伸肌群等速向心收缩峰力矩随测试速度(30°/s~180°/s)的增加大体呈递减趋势,且随着角速度的增大,优秀投掷运动员的腰背屈伸肌群等速向心收缩峰力矩下降幅度(斜率K:伸-0.884小于屈-0.655)比普通人(K:伸-0.275小于屈-0.035)小,且优秀投掷运动员伸肌最大峰力矩的下降幅度要比屈肌小;在角速度为30°/s到120°/s时,最大功率随着给定角速度的增大而增大,在180°/s时又有所减小;腰背屈伸肌群峰力矩的角度在30°/s到180°/s时伸肌55.5°~58°大于屈肌的54.5°~56.25°,随着角速度的增大,大体呈上升趋势,在30°/s时峰力矩角度最小。     

不同角速度下自行车运动员膝关节肌力特征的研究

方法：利用CONTREX等速肌力测试与训练系统,以180°／s、120°／s、60°／s3种角速度对苏州市自行车训练队26名运动员右腿膝关节进行等速向心屈伸测试。目的：分析自行车运动员不同角速度下等速向心收缩与膝关节肌肌力的关系及肌力特征。结果：1、屈伸肌峰力矩随速度的增加呈减小趋势。2、到达峰力矩的时间随测试速度的增加而缩短。且男女运动员在180°／s与120°／s组间均无显著差异。3、膝关节相对平均功率伸肌均大于屈肌,120°／ts时,屈伸肌的相对平均功率最大。4、屈伸肌比在64．8％～70．6％内,有随速度增加而增加的趋势。结论：以60°／s的角速度训练肌肉最大力量效果更明显;爆发力在120°／s时训练效果最佳;屈／伸肌比值（H／Q）在正常范围内,但低于优秀运动员（优秀运动员可达80％以上）。     

Quadriceps effort during squat exercise depends on hip extensor muscle strategy

Hip extensor strategy, specifically relative contribution of gluteus maximus versus hamstrings, will influence quadriceps effort required during squat exercise, as hamstrings and quadriceps co-contract at the knee. This research examined the effects of hip extensor strategy on quadriceps relative muscular effort (RME) during barbell squat. Inverse dynamics-based torque-driven musculoskeletal models were developed to account for hamstrings co-contraction. Net joint moments were calculated using 3D motion analysis and force platform data. Hamstrings co-contraction was modelled under two assumptions: (1) equivalent gluteus maximus and hamstrings activation (Model 1) and (2) preferential gluteus maximus activation (Model 2). Quadriceps RME, the ratio of quadriceps moment to maximum knee extensor strength, was determined using inverse dynamics only, Model 1 and Model 2. Quadriceps RME was greater in both Models 1 and 2 than inverse dynamics only at barbell loads of 50–90% one repetition maximum. The highest quadriceps RMEs were 120 ± 36% and 87 ± 28% in Models 1 and 2, respectively, which suggests that barbell squats are only feasible using the Model 2 strategy prioritising gluteus maximus versus hamstrings activation. These results indicate that developing strength in both gluteus maximus and quadriceps is essential for lifting heavy loads in squat exercise.     

Differences in trunk and thigh muscle strength,endurance and thickness between elite sailors and non-sailors

Dinghy sailors lean their upper body over the windward side of the boat (‘hiking’) to keep the boat’s balance and maximise its speed. Sustaining the hiking position is essential for competitive performance and this study examined sport-specific differences of muscles relevant for hiking in elite sailors. Knee extensor muscle strength as well as trunk muscle strength, muscle endurance and muscle thickness were assessed in elite dinghy sailors (n = 15) and compared to matched, non-sailing controls (n = 15). Isometric extensor strength was significantly higher in sailors at 60° (+14%) but not at 20° knee flexion. Sailors showed significantly higher trunk flexor (but not extensor) strength under isometric (+18%) and eccentric (+11%) conditions, which was associated to greater muscle thickness (rectus abdominis +40%; external oblique +26%) and higher endurance for ventral (+66%) and lateral (+61%) muscle chains compared to non-sailors. Greater muscles thickness and the particular biomechanical requirements to maintain the hiking position may drive the increases in isometric and eccentric muscle strength as well as ventral and lateral trunk endurance. The current findings identified sport-specific muscle function differences and provide performance benchmarks for muscle strength and endurance in elite sailors.     

Effect of resistance training regimens on treadmill running and neuromuscular performance in recreational endurance runners

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of heavy resistance, explosive resistance, and muscle endurance training on neuromuscular, endurance, and high-intensity running performance in recreational endurance runners. Twenty-seven male runners were divided into one of three groups: heavy resistance, explosive resistance or muscle endurance training. After 6 weeks of preparatory training, the groups underwent an 8-week resistance training programme as a supplement to endurance training. Before and after the 8-week training period, maximal strength (one-repetition maximum), electromyographic activity of the leg extensors, countermovement jump height, maximal speed in the maximal anaerobic running test, maximal endurance performance, maximal oxygen uptake ([V·]O(?max)), and running economy were assessed. Maximal strength improved in the heavy (P = 0.034, effect size ES = 0.38) and explosive resistance training groups (P = 0.003, ES = 0.67) with increases in leg muscle activation (heavy: P = 0.032, ES = 0.38; explosive: P = 0.002, ES = 0.77). Only the heavy resistance training group improved maximal running speed in the maximal anaerobic running test (P = 0.012, ES = 0.52) and jump height (P = 0.006, ES = 0.59). Maximal endurance running performance was improved in all groups (heavy: P = 0.005, ES = 0.56; explosive: P = 0.034, ES = 0.39; muscle endurance: P = 0.001, ES = 0.94), with small though not statistically significant improvements in [V·]O(?max) (heavy: ES = 0.08; explosive: ES = 0.29; muscle endurance: ES = 0.65) and running economy (ES in all groups < 0.08). All three modes of strength training used concurrently with endurance training were effective in improving treadmill running endurance performance. However, both heavy and explosive strength training were beneficial in improving neuromuscular characteristics, and heavy resistance training in particular contributed to improvements in high-intensity running characteristics. Thus, endurance runners should include heavy resistance training in their training programmes to enhance endurance performance, such as improving sprinting ability at the end of a race.     

力量练习对老年人神经肌肉和内分泌系统的影响

老年人神经肌肉结构和功能发生一系列变化，主要表现为骨骼肌老龄性萎缩，肌肉力量下降和运动单位减少。老年人内分泌的改变也不利于肌肉代谢，其主要特征有血清睾酮总量、血清游离睾酮和血清生长素下降，而血清皮质醇上升。这些衰老征象影响了老年人的日常生活，但力量训练可以有效地增加老年人肌肉质量和力量，改变肌纤维百分比，也能引起内分泌产生适应性变化。     

The effect of low back pain on trunk muscle size/function and hip strength in elite football (soccer) players

ABSTRACT

Low back pain (LBP) is a common problem in football (soccer) players. The effect of LBP on the trunk and hip muscles in this group is unknown. The relationship between LBP and trunk muscle size and function in football players across the preseason was examined. A secondary aim was to assess hip muscle strength. Twenty-five elite soccer players participated in the study, with assessments conducted on 23 players at both the start and end of the preseason. LBP was assessed with questionnaires and ultrasound imaging was used to assess size and function of trunk muscles at the start and end of preseason. Dynamometry was used to assess hip muscle strength at the start of the preseason. At the start of the preseason, 28% of players reported the presence of LBP and this was associated with reduced size of the multifidus, increased contraction of the transversus abdominis and multifidus muscles. LBP decreased across the preseason, and size of the multifidus muscle improved over the preseason. Ability to contract the abdominal and multifidus muscles did not alter across the preseason. Asymmetry in hip adductor and abductor muscle strength was found between players with and without LBP. Identifying modifiable factors in players with LBP may allow development of more targeted preseason rehabilitation programmes.     

前臂屈肌群电刺激训练前后的力量变化及对伸肌群力量的影响

采用电刺激训练前后力量测试的方法,获得了前臂屈肌群的最大等长力量、一般力量、爆发力和肌肉耐力的变化数据,分析和探讨了电刺激训练前臂屈肌群对其伸肌力量的作用,为科学地应用电刺激训练法提高肌肉力量,提供一定的依据。     

三种深蹲动作模式肌电特征的研究

目的：对3种不同深蹲模式进行肌电测试,以期探讨不同模式下动作的合理性,为教学、训练提供一定的理论依据。方法：本文运用文献资料法、实验法和数理统计法对不同模式的肌电测试进行对比分析研究。结果：动作模式1与动作模式2相比,股内侧肌、股直肌、股外侧肌、臀大肌有非常显著性差异（P〈0.01）,股二头肌有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。动作模式1与动作模式3相比,股内侧肌、股直肌、股外侧肌、臀大肌有非常显著性差异（P〈0.01）,股二头肌有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。动作模式2与动作模式3相比,股内侧肌、臀大肌有非常显著性差异（P〈0.01）,股直肌、股外侧肌有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,股二头肌没有显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论：3种不同模式深蹲动作的股外侧肌、股直肌、股内侧肌、股二头肌、臀大肌的积分肌电数值表现出显著性差异,动作模式3优于其它两种动作模式。在深蹲训练中强调臀部肌肉的主动收缩,才能更好的提高下肢力量的作用。     

综合力量训练对中国女子篮球运动员腰、膝、踝等速力量的影响

目的:了解在常规力量训练基础附加核心力量训练及振动训练方法对国家女子篮球队18名运动员腰背、膝关节、踝关节等速肌力的影响。方法:采用Pneu VIBE振动训练台对国家女子篮球运动员进行振动刺激力量训练,振动频率为25～40 Hz,同时进行核心区肌力训练。经过12周系统的力量训练,应用IsoMed 2000等速测试训练仪器对女子篮球运动员腰腹、膝、踝关节屈伸肌群进行等速力量测试分析。结果:经过12周综合力量训练,女子篮球运动员腰背等速肌力明显上升,屈肌峰力矩(PT)增加了14.35%,背伸肌力量增加了15.65%,差异具有显著性。而下肢力量膝关节峰力矩、屈伸肌峰力矩比率(H/Q)无显著变化。踝关节研究发现,左踝背屈峰力矩训练后稍有减弱,跖屈肌峰力矩以及跖屈/背屈比无显著变化。结论:在常规力量训练中增加先进的核心区训练可有效增加女子篮球运动员腰腹肌力,而振动训练以提高踝、膝关节肌力的方法的有效性需要进一步研究。