奥运会吉祥物的起源和发展

奥运会吉祥物一般以东道国有代表意义的动物形象为创作原型。吉祥物首次出现于1968年法国格勒诺布尔第10届冬季奥运会,而夏季奥运会吉祥物首次出现在1972年的慕尼黑奥运会上。此后,吉祥物便成了奥运会的传统并不断发展成为奥运形象的主导因素之一,它归属于视觉传达系统,成为奥运文化的重要载体,阐述了奥运会吉祥物的起源和发展。     

从主办国优势看2008 年奥运会我国军团竞争实力

以历届奥运会主办国主办当届与非主办届所得金牌数为研究对象,运用文献资料法和数理统计法,对主办国优势进行量化,对奥运会不同阶段及不同集团主办国间的优势进行对比分析,进而对2008年奥运会中国主办国优势及金牌数进行预测,旨在为2008年奥运备战及参赛提供参考资料。结论:(1)主办国优势在奥运会中普遍存在并有利于主办国整体实力的发挥;(2)现代奥运会第一阶段的主办国优势明显大于后三阶段,而后三阶段则无明显差别,主办国优势发展至今已趋于稳定;(3)整体实力越弱的主办国其优势越大,反之亦然;(4)经定量预测,2008年奥运会中国主办国优势为0.4040,所得金牌数为42枚左右,很可能超过美国占据金牌榜首位。     

奥运物流直面北京2008

奥运物流是成功举办奥运会的保证,目前北京的物流系统无论在规划上、技术上还是在管理上,尚不能满足2008奥运物流的需求.为了成功举办2008奥运,必须尽快借鉴国外成功奥运会物流组织的经验,建立一个有组织、协调能力强的物流机构进行奥运物流系统的规划,解决北京奥运的物流问题.     

北京奥运会网球项目主场优势、主场劣势分析

通过回顾网球四大满贯赛和奥运会网球赛东道主成绩、戴维斯杯和联合会杯的主场胜率,发现网球的主场效应不像受裁判主观影响较大的集体球类项目和打分项目来得那么明显,以往只体现在网球的团体比赛中。对于国家网球队而言,北京奥运会主场优势大于主场劣势。主场劣势中,压力过大最为突出,运动员的心理问题亟待解决;而主场优势则涵盖了我国的备战和参赛环节,是东道主所独有的。     

Economic Changes Resulting from Seoul 1988: Implications for London 2012 and Future Games

South Korea has often been considered a successful host nation after the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games and their apparent positive economic, cultural, social and environmental legacies. The purpose of this essay is to offer an analysis of economic growth as a consequence of earlier Olympic Games and to extrapolate to the 2012 London Olympic Games and beyond to the forthcoming 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics. It is the intention of this essay to examine previous studies, economic indices of world banks and reports of each Organising Committee of the Olympic Games (OCOG). The hypothesis is that the Olympic Games have not positively influenced the economic growth of the host nations. The essay explores this conclusion with reference to London 2012. The essay will reveal past negative influences of the Olympic Games and ask the International Olympic Committee (IOC): ‘What is the IOC's responsibility to the host city after the Games?’ Finally, the essay will propose and recommend an economic tool to the IOC to ensure sustainable outcomes after the Games.     

2022年北京冬奥会我国运动员奖牌预测与参赛策略--基于奥运会主场优势效应分析

以近10届冬奥会(第14—23届冬奥会)东道国为研究对象,系统研究冬奥会主办国金牌数量、奖牌数量、奖牌榜排名、不同运动分项奖牌数量等东道国优势特征,从国家竞技体育发展政策与经费投入、主场观众因素、场地熟悉程度、运动员参赛人数等角度分析冬奥会东道国优势效应产生原因;建立逻辑回归模型,预测我国运动员2022年北京冬奥会奖牌数量将创冬奥会参赛史最好成绩。借鉴冬奥会东道国办赛经验,提出我国运动员备战2022年北京冬奥会、创造冬奥会最佳参赛成绩策略:1)妥善应对疫情,实现参赛出彩目标;2)突出优势项目,确保运动员争金夺牌;3)利用场地优势,实现运动成绩新突破;4)适应观众氛围,发挥运动员最佳竞技状态;5)补齐项目短板,赛出运动员风格与水平。     

Equivalence of accelerometer data for walking and running: Treadmill versus on land

This study examined temporal trends in home advantage in the top two English football divisions and used change point analysis to test the hypothesis that home advantage has not remained constant over time. Regression analysis was used to model the impact of substitutions (a proxy for “information transfer”) and the points system on home advantage. The results suggest that changing from two points for a win to three points for a win has led to a 0.39 reduction (95% confidence interval = 0.21 to 0.56) in the ratio of home wins to away wins. Increasing the number of substitutions is associated with a small increase in the ratio of home wins to away wins, although this is not statistically significant. The evidence indicates that, in this particular context, the extent of home advantage has diminished. This contradicts most other published work, which suggests that home advantage is stable over time. I argue that this reduction is more likely to be the result of the introduction of three points for a win, which has lessened the incentives for away teams to settle for a draw, than an increase in “information transfer”. Research into temporal trends in home advantage is interesting in its own right but might, in addition, shed light on determinants of the home advantage phenomenon.     

Temporal changes in home advantage in English football since the Second World War: what explains improved away performance?

This study examined temporal trends in home advantage in the top two English football divisions and used change point analysis to test the hypothesis that home advantage has not remained constant over time. Regression analysis was used to model the impact of substitutions (a proxy for "information transfer") and the points system on home advantage. The results suggest that changing from two points for a win to three points for a win has led to a 0.39 reduction (95% confidence interval=0.21 to 0.56) in the ratio of home wins to away wins. Increasing the number of substitutions is associated with a small increase in the ratio of home wins to away wins, although this is not statistically significant. The evidence indicates that, in this particular context, the extent of home advantage has diminished. This contradicts most other published work, which suggests that home advantage is stable over time. I argue that this reduction is more likely to be the result of the introduction of three points for a win, which has lessened the incentives for away teams to settle for a draw, than an increase in "information transfer". Research into temporal trends in home advantage is interesting in its own right but might, in addition, shed light on determinants of the home advantage phenomenon.     

国际综合冬季运动会主办国主场优势与利用——以世界大学生冬季运动会为例

运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法等方法,对举办世界大学生冬季运动会的东道主国家的成绩进行统计与分析,研究发现东道主国家均存在主场优势。以第24届世界大学生冬季运动会为例,分析了我国代表团在环境地理、观众、社会文化、赛事组织及裁判因素上的主场优势原因,并对这些因素如何加以利用,以扩大东道主国家政治、经济、文化等方面的影响进行了阐述,以期为将来我国申办及举办大型体育赛事提供理论支撑。     

Home advantage in the Winter Olympics (1908-1998)

We obtained indices of home advantage, based on the medals won by competing nations, for each event held at the Winter Olympics from 1908 to 1998. These indices were designed to assess home advantage while controlling for nation strength, changes in the number of medals on offer and the performance of 'non-hosting' nations. Some evidence of home advantage was found in figure skating, freestyle skiing, ski jumping, alpine skiing and short track speed skating. In contrast, little or no home advantage was observed in ice hockey, Nordic combined, Nordic skiing, bobsled, luge, biathlon or speed skating. When all events were combined, a significant home advantage was observed (P = 0.029), although no significant differences in the extent of home advantage were found between events (P > 0.05). When events were grouped according to whether they were subjectively assessed by judges, significantly greater home advantage was observed in the subjectively assessed events (P = 0.037). This was a reflection of better home performances, suggesting that judges were scoring home competitors disproportionately higher than away competitors. Familiarity with local conditions was shown to have some effect, particularly in alpine skiing, although the bobsled and luge showed little or no advantage over other events. Regression analysis showed that the number of time zones and direction of travel produced no discernible trends or differences in performance.     

2020东京奥运会项目变动的特征、影响与启示——兼谈奥运会项目设置的演变趋势

奥运会是世界体育发展的风向标和展示窗口。进入21世纪，奥运会举办成本不断攀升，让许多申办国望而却步，同时，还有许多新项目期盼能够跻身于规模庞大的奥林匹克舞台。研究采用文献资料等方法对夏季奥运会项目设置的演变历程和2020东京奥运会项目设置的变动特征进行梳理，探讨2020东京奥运会项目变化对我国奥运战略的影响。研究认为，2020东京奥运会项目变动具有如下特征：项目设置规模空前、注重吸纳新潮运动项目、重视利益相关者；对我国奥运战略的直接影响是既增设了一些有利于我国运动员夺牌的优势项目，也增设了一些竞争对手的优势项目。间接影响，是有助于重塑国家体育形象，传统体育项目受到削弱但新兴体育项目拓展迎来机遇。基于此，研究从政策设计、人才选用、保障措施等角度提出建议。     

Referee bias contributes to home advantage in English Premiership football

Officiating bias is thought to contribute to home advantage. Recent research has shown that sports with subjective officiating tend to experience greater home advantage and that referees' decisions can be influenced by crowd noise, but little work has been done to examine whether individual referees vary in their home bias or whether biased decisions contribute to overall home advantage. We develop an ordinal regression model to determine whether various measures of home advantage are affected by the official for the match and by crowd size while controlling for team ability. We examine 5244 English Premier League (EPL) match results involving 50 referees and find that home bias differs between referees. Individual referees give significantly different levels of home advantage, measured as goal differential between the home and away teams, although the significance of this result depends on one referee with a particularly high home advantage (an outlier). Referees vary significantly and robustly in their yellow card and penalty differentials even excluding the outlier. These results confirm that referees are responsible for some of the observed home advantage in the EPL and suggest that home advantage is dependent on the subjective decisions of referees that vary between individuals. We hypothesize that individual referees respond differently to factors such as crowd noise and suggest further research looking at referees' psychological and behavioural responses to biased crowds.     

An Organizational Life Cycle Approach to Exploring the Elite Sport Legacy of Summer Olympic Host Nations: The Cases of China (Beijing 2008) and Australia (Sydney 2000)

Abstract

This paper investigates the elite sport legacies of hosting the Summer Olympics for China (Beijing 2008) and Australia (Sydney 2000). The classic organizational life cycle approach provides the conceptual framework for this retroductive study. The data for both cases are sourced from official publications, academic research, and documents from various government departments and organizations. Additional data are drawn from three semi-structured interviews with key Chinese stakeholders. The analysis provides clear evidence that governments and their stakeholders use the opportunities afforded by a home Olympics to boost Olympic performance. China and Australia experienced a similar four-phase pattern of elite sport legacy life cycle: start-up, growth, maintenance, and decline. Both countries also shared many similar policy and management factors throughout each stage. An increased awareness of the sequential nature of elite sport legacy can help Olympic host countries make a more informed decision about their long-term strategies for elite sport success.     

中国的奥运征程（1980-2012）

文章介绍了中国恢复国际奥委会合法席位后所参加的历届冬夏季奥运会,以2008年奥运会为分界,将中国体育发展分为体育大国和体育强国建设阶段,论证奥林匹克运动对中国体育发展的影响和中国体育在奥林匹克运动发展中所扮演的重要角色。提醒国人须清醒认识到我国体育实力仍与强国存在差距。还认为,奥运不只是金牌,体育也不只是竞技、赛场和强身健体,我国应加强对体育真实内涵和奥林匹克真谛精神的宣传教育。     

Referee bias contributes to home advantage in English Premiership football

Abstract

Officiating bias is thought to contribute to home advantage. Recent research has shown that sports with subjective officiating tend to experience greater home advantage and that referees' decisions can be influenced by crowd noise, but little work has been done to examine whether individual referees vary in their home bias or whether biased decisions contribute to overall home advantage. We develop an ordinal regression model to determine whether various measures of home advantage are affected by the official for the match and by crowd size while controlling for team ability. We examine 5244 English Premier League (EPL) match results involving 50 referees and find that home bias differs between referees. Individual referees give significantly different levels of home advantage, measured as goal differential between the home and away teams, although the significance of this result depends on one referee with a particularly high home advantage (an outlier). Referees vary significantly and robustly in their yellow card and penalty differentials even excluding the outlier. These results confirm that referees are responsible for some of the observed home advantage in the EPL and suggest that home advantage is dependent on the subjective decisions of referees that vary between individuals. We hypothesize that individual referees respond differently to factors such as crowd noise and suggest further research looking at referees' psychological and behavioural responses to biased crowds.     

再谈北京奥运遗产：福娃传递的和谐理念

北京奥运吉祥物“福娃”彰显了中华民族悠久的灿烂历史文化,体现了世界各国人民共有美好家园、共享文明成果、共创和平未来的和谐思想,反映了北京奥运“人文和谐、绿色生态、科技进步”的核心理念。表达了一个正在阔步迈向现代化的伟大民族坚决执行奥林匹克精神的和关心声,传递了国家和顺、民族和睦、世界和平的和谐价值,从全球视野中准确地把...     

为2008年奥运营造一流法律环境,实现“法治奥运”

通过文献资料法分析了“法治奥运”的现实意义和理论价值,阐述了“依法治奥”是历史进步,社会发展的必然趋势。“依法治奥”不仅是保护奥运知识产权的有效手段,更是“廉洁奥运”的根本保障。一流的法制环境促进奥运的成功与发展,成功的奥运呼唤一流法治制环境的保护和支持。为把2008年奥运会办成历史上最出色的一届奥运会,创造一流的法制环境是实现“法治奥运”的重要保证。     

The ‘East Asian’ Olympic Games: what of sustainable legacies?

Sport has proven to be an unstoppable globalising force. The Olympic Movement has come to epitomise modernisation and the extent to which Western sport has become globalised. The philosophy of Olympism, once resting upon just two pillars of Excellence in Sport and Culture has since 1994 been underpinned by a third, the Environment. All of the Olympic Games host cities now have to support a responsible concern for environmental issues and with that the very sustainability of ‘our’ culture, and sport itself. They must do so by bequeathing a holistic positive legacy from their Games. This paper will analyse the three ‘Asian’ Olympic Summer Olympic Games – Tokyo 1964, Seoul 1988 and Beijing 2008 – by looking at the cultural, sporting and environmental legacies each has left.

The discussion of the concept of sustainability as an element of culture will embrace Littig and Griessler’s idea that social sustainability is about the quality of societies expressed through the nature-society relationships and is not merely an economically based notion.1 ?1.?Littig & Griessler, ‘Social Sustainability’, 72. In this paper we consider the three Asian Summer Olympic Games. Each has been related to a specific nodal point in the host country's national history, as a means of illustrating, indeed emphasising, the always unique impacts of context on event and process. Yet we propose that, locked as they are in distinct epochs and differing cultural, political and economic contexts, they are nonetheless marked in common by an Asian discourse heavily reliant upon economic and nationalistic motivations.

The progressive analysis of each Games demonstrates that although each was unique, particularly in regards to the expectations stakeholders had of ‘their Olympics’, all three host nations represented themselves as ‘modern hybrids’ by simultaneously demonstrating their modernised characters and emphasising their ancient cultures. The analysis demonstrates the holistic impact of these events by reference to the wide range of economic, social, cultural and sporting changes that have emerged for each host from each festival. The evaluation of the nature and significance of these legacies reemphasises the impact of the Olympic Games as a vehicle for social change and illustrates the transformative power of sport at national and global levels.     

奥运会承办国家的国际环境分析

通过对奥运会承办国家含义及奥组委特征的描述,分析了奥运会承办国家的国际环境,包括政治、经济、安全、文化等多方面。并对这些环境做了利弊的分析,提出了奥运承办国家对待国际环境的态度与对策。     

East Reflects on West,East Meets West!: South Korean Media Responses to London 2012

London 2012 was a contradiction of Kipling's meretricious couplet about East and West. What was the response of the East, specifically the South Korean media, to London's selection as the host city of the 2012 Olympics? Furthermore, what were the various viewpoints of the South Korean media regarding the significance of London hosting the Olympic Games hard on the heels of the Beijing Olympics? Answers to these questions can provide insights into the geopolitics and politics of modern South Korea, which has very different relationships with China and Britain. An analysis, macroscopic and microscopic, in terms of politics, economics and culture, of media reactions in South Korea to the Olympics of the two nations can provide illuminating insights into a sports mega-event as an instrument of soft power.