浅谈生态保护和林业可持续发展

加强生态建设,维护生态安全,是21世纪人类面临的共同主题,也是我国经济社会可持续发展的重要基础。森林是陆地生态系统的主体,林业是一项重要的公益事业和基础产业,承担着生态建设和林产品供给的任务。随着经济的快速发展和社会的不断进步,对林业的发展提出了更新更高的要求。对生态保护与林业发展进行了探讨,提出了林业对生态保护的重要性。     

高原生态环境保护与可持续发展之我见-基于西藏自治区农牧科学院农业资源与环境研究所新组建

党的“十八大”把资源环境与生态保护建设提到了当今的重要议程,着重强调要尊重自然、保护环境、促进生态建设的可持续发展,把生态文明建设的新理念融入到经济、政治、文化、社会的总体各个方面,生态环境保护与可持续发展已成为今后相关部门与学术界研究的重要课题,具有十分深刻的现实和深远意义。众所周知人类既是环境灾难的制造者,也是环境灾难的受害者,更是环境灾难的治理者。西方国家生态观念与意识较为强烈,人们多数采用与选择适宜的绿色生活方式来实现保护生态文明建设,从分体现西方国家的文明与素养。值得借鉴的是怎样如何结合西藏实际情况保护西藏的碧水蓝天,建设美丽西藏将是文章论述的观点,在第四十二个“世界环境日”、“中国环境日”来临之际,西藏自治区农牧科学院组建了新型事业科研单位-农业资源与环境研究所,我将结合工作的实际情况,在保护与促进高原生态环境的循环与发展方面阐述自身的学术观点,仅供参考。     

实施可持续发展战略,建设生态型林业生产基地

近年来,林业已被纳入中国可持续发展战略,确立以生态建设为主的林业可持续发展道路.中共中央国务院指出,加强生态建设,维护生态安全,是二十一世纪人类面临的共同主题,也是中国经济社会可持续发展的重要基础.由此可见,林业生态型建设具有非常重要的现实意义和作用.文章分析了我国林业生态建设的现状及问题,提出了发展和改进策略,以供商榷.     

促进生态环境保护与扶贫开发的良性互动——以甘肃民族地区为例

生态环境脆弱是影响少数民族群众脱贫致富的重要原因之一。甘肃民族地区生态环境状况的严峻形势,不仅严重影响着自身的可持续发展和生存安全,也对西北乃至全国的生态环境具有重要影响,这就要求从战略高度认识这一区域生态问题的重要性,同时在扶贫开发中,把生态环境建设摆在与经济发展同等重要的位置,以适度开发、发展生态经济、加大智力与科技扶贫力度和重视生态文化等策略,促进甘肃民族地区生态环境保护与扶贫开发的良性互动,实现经济、社会和生态的协调发展。     

西藏生态环境保护与农牧民增收几点思考

文章阐述了在西藏出尽农牧民增收的重要性,分析了西藏农牧民增收与生态环境保护的依存关系,进一步阐明了生态建设与环境保护对农牧民增收的重要作用。面对目前西藏生态环境与农牧民增收之间存在的问题,提出实现农牧民增收的对策。     

科技扶贫与生态系统服务提升融合的机制与实现途径

在消除绝对贫困、解决区域性整体贫困基础上,亟须接续推进全面脱贫与生态文明建设、乡村振兴战略的有效衔接。文章以我国西南喀斯特区域生态治理与科技扶贫实践为例,系统梳理了石漠化治理及其成效,总结了将生态治理与扶贫开发有机结合形成的“环境移民-易地扶贫-生态衍生产业培育-生态系统服务提升”的科技扶贫体系,剖析了当前生态治理与脱贫攻坚存在的主要问题。文章建议：统筹区域整体性治理,推进植被景观恢复,发展可持续生态衍生产业,提升生态治理与社区融合发展的协同性;建立重要生态空间分区、分类管控政策,以实现科技扶贫与生态系统服务提升的融合;提升区域“造血”功能,服务于脱贫地区进一步巩固脱贫成效和全力推进乡村振兴战略。     

西藏地区可持续发展面临的主要生态环境问题及对策

西藏是我国重要的生态安全屏障区域,也是我国生态建设的重点区域。生态安全屏障建设和促进农牧民持续增收是西藏可持续发展过程中面临的两方面重大需求,其面临的主要问题包括:(1)受高原特殊的自然条件限制,西藏资源环境承载能力极为有限,其资源与生态环境本底情况有待于进一步调查、评估;(2)以高寒草地为主体的高原生态系统深受气候变化和人类活动的双重影响,屏障功能正面临日益严峻的威胁;(3)以高寒草地为支撑的畜牧业仍沿袭传统模式,农牧民收入现状及趋势与全国平均水平还有一定的差距。因此,在建设西藏生态文明的背景下,应积极探索资源节约型、环境友好型发展道路,为转变经济发展方式、发展生态产业提供理论与技术支撑,在实现农牧民增收的同时,保护和建设国家生态系统安全屏障。主要对策包括:(1)开展西藏地区资源环境容量调查与研究,保障西藏的可持续发展;(2)量化辨识气候变化和人类活动对草地生态系统的影响,建立科学有效的分类治理与管理模式;(3)实施农牧系统耦合工程,实现高寒草地保护和农牧民增收的双赢;(4)加强西藏高原特色畜产品基地保护与建设,促进农牧民增收。     

西藏生态监测的现状、问题及建议

生态监测是环境监测发展的必然趋势,文章在介绍生态监测的定义、对象及其监测的主要内容基础上,分析了在西藏开展全面生态监测对促进可持续发展,保护雪域高原碧水蓝天,维护国家甚至全球生态安全的重要意义,阐述了西藏各行业部门及相关科研机构在西藏开展生态监测的现状,指出了目前西藏生态监测存在的主要问题,并进一步提出了西藏开展长期的、系统的生态监测的建议。     

西部地区民族文化生态建设的战略选择

民族文化生态建设是构建和谐社会的重要内容。文化生态的和谐程度是一个社会和谐水平的重要标志。政府作为文化生态建设的主体,必须将文化生态建设纳入地方经济和社会发展整体规划,从战略高度予以谋划。当前只有努力实施政府主导、层级开发、公众参与、品牌提升、产业发展、人才开发、可持续发展等战略选择,才能更好地保护和发展民族文化,建好民族文化生态,提高社会的和谐水平。     

《资源科学》2004年第3期 导言

在经济欠发达地区,经济发展是以资源利用 为基础的,同时在发展过程中又不可避免地产生 一系列的生态环境问题,从而使“资源/ 生态环 境/ 经济”成为一个复杂的综合系统,这在我国 西部地区表现得尤为明显。西部既是生态脆弱 的典型地带,是我国生态环境保护与建设的重点 地区;又是经济欠发达地区,消除贫困、全面建设 小康的任务十分艰巨。同时,西部资源（特别是 生物资源）又十分丰富,不仅是经济发展的重要 物质基础,也是进行生态环境保护与建设的重要 方面。如何实现生态保护、经济发展与社会稳定 的“三赢”目标,是一个非常值得探讨的问题。本 期“生物资源开发与生态建设研究”专栏,探讨了 在西部地区如何通过生物资源的合理开发利用, 发展现代生物产业、促进区域生态环境建设等问 题;提出了构建发展生物产业、保护生物资源、建 设生态环境的“生态/ 生产”相结合的生态产业化体系的思路。这种“生态建设产业化,产业发 展生态化”的发展思路与原则,对于其他相关问 题的研究具有借鉴作用,对于可持续发展战略的 实施无疑也具有重要的意义。 生态系统服务功能的价值评估,生态安全、 资源安全等非常规安全等问题的研究,是生态科 学、资源科学研究的新领域。其中的许多问题, 还需要生态学、资源科学以及其他相关领域的科 技工作者进行探索。本期所刊登的几篇论文,就 是在这些研究领域的有益尝试。     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

To serve and promote science development via innovation

CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing.     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Tracing the origin and early radiation of birds——Paleornithologist ZHOU Zhonghe

With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants."     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

The Information Environment and Universal Service

This essay focuses on universal service and the Internet as means to support social and political participation. The emphasis on access to telecommunications systems in conventional approaches to universal service is contrasted with access to content. A model of the information environment is described that accounts for the roles of content and conduit, both of which are necessary conditions to achieve true access. A method is outlined for employing information indicators to observe or measure the information environment.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.