世界体操发展趋势和中国体操对策研究——第38届世界体操锦标赛回顾

通过对第38届世界体操锦标赛回顾,分析了世界体操竞争格局的变化特点和今后世界体操的发展趋势以及我国体操存在问题并提出了对策,w为我国有关部门制订2008年奥运会体操规划与对策提供一定参考作用。     

当前体操训练的几个值得探讨的问题(摘要)

目前我国体操项目的最高成绩是女子团体世界亚军,男子团体世界第三名。李宁获第6届世界杯体操赛6块金牌。30年来我国广大的体操教练员已经集累了比较丰富的训练经验。我国的体操技术水平和训练水平都已进入了世界体操先进行列。但是,为了夺得男女体操世界团体冠军,在体操训练中下列几个问题还是值得探讨的。     

25届体操世界锦标赛的特点和当前体操发展趋向的探讨

第25届世界体操锦标赛,第一次实行国际体操新规则,新动作,是世界高水平的比赛。本文着重综合本届体操锦标赛的特点和当前体操发展趋向进行探讨,并对中国体操队的训练和迎接北京亚运会比赛提出建设性意见。     

论我国体操后备力量培养体制的改革

一、选题依据(一)我国体操运动具有世界先进水平,是我国先进的体育项目之一。我国女、男子体操运动,先后进入了世界先进行列。1979年,我国体操运动员告别国际体坛18年后,第一次参加了在美国沃斯堡举行的第20届世界体操锦标赛。嗣后,在1980年第5届世界杯、1981年第21届世界体操锦标赛、1982年第六届世界杯、1983年第22届锦标赛和刚刚结束的第23届奥运会体操比赛中,我国体操运动员均取得了优异的成绩。我国体操运动已经达到了世界先进水平,是国际体操界中一支举足轻重的劲旅。     

从第三十七届世界体操锦标赛看中国体操现状及发展

通过本届世界体操锦标赛对世界各国体操水平及我国男女体操水平现状的分析，指出目前我国体操存在的问题，为备战奥运会进行针对性训练，同时也为广大的体操教练员训练提供参考建议，以进一步提高我国体操技术水平。     

谈肖钦鞍马（山羊）的基础训练

肖钦在2001年、2002年世界体操锦标赛上由于名气不足二届输给悉尼奥运鞍马冠军罗马尼亚著名体操选手鸟兹卡而屈居亚军,但在世界体操领域中却引起轰动,将其鞍马动作称为教科书,获得了世界体操界的认可。2003年在美国进行的第三十七届世界体操锦标赛团体预赛中有     

中苏体操实力对比分析——兼谈苏联体操训练管理科学化

在世界体操史上,男子体操世界冠军50-70年代是苏日之争,日本居领先地位。在1979年的世界锦标赛上,苏联队夺得了世界冠军,从而结束了日本体操的统治地位。80年代,中国跻身于世界强国之中。中苏之争已成为世界体操发展趋势的特点之一。回顾1981-1986年五次重大世界比赛,中、苏、日、民主德国各队个人全能和单     

新规则导向下体操运动项目选材的标准与测试方法

2006年"消灭10分"的体操新规则开始实施,在体操规则的导向下,体操运动将会向高难度的方向发展,新的高难动作的出现加速了体操运动员大胆尝试高难动作的决心。针对世界体操技术发展趋势,以及体操项目全能和单项素质的要求和技术特点,运用文献资料法和专家访谈法对体操运动项目选材的标准与测试方法进行了讨论与分析,对于提高体操运动员的选材的水平,保持我国体操项目在世界范围的优势地位具有非常重要的意义。     

新的突破、新的起点——第25届世界体操锦标赛述评

当斯图加特市传来中国体操健儿李敬、李春阳、樊迪分别登上了25届世界体操锦标赛的双杠、单杠和高低杠的冠军宝座的喜讯后,国人无不欢欣鼓舞,奔走相告。体坛有识之士欣喜地说:“在李敬等体操新秀身上看到了未来、中国体操健儿一展当年风采有望”! 随着李宁、楼云等世界一流明星的退役,中国体操队便从峰巅走向低谷。汉城奥运会中国体操队大滑坡后,忧心忡忡的国人便把目光盯住了25届世界体操锦标赛,盯住了斯图加特,并默默地企盼着中国新的体操王子诞生,企盼着世界体操运动再度刮起强劲的     

美国优秀体操运动员托马斯的赛前训练

近几年来美国体操运动飞快地发展起来,一些优秀体操运动员达到世界先进水平。像一流的运动员托马斯曾经夺得过单项世界冠军称号。他在22岁时就获得第十九届世界体操锦标赛自由体操冠军和个人全能第六名。在1979年第二十届世界体操锦标赛上又取得了男子个人全能第二名和自由体操、单杠两项冠军。捷克体操专家阿·巴兹杰尔曾经在1978年世界体操锦标赛上收集了一些优秀运动员的某些训练指标并进行比较分析。     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

全国城乡学生体质20年动态分析

基于1985、1995和2005年全国学生体质调研数据,对各时期我国城乡学生形态、机能、体能发展水平进行系统地定量研究,动态分析20年全国城乡学生体质发展的特点与规律。主要研究结果：（1）近20年城乡学生生长发育持续提前,城市学生各项形态指标生长水平高于乡村,身高城乡差距缩小,体重、胸围城乡差距加大;（2）城市学生肺活量水平高于乡村,城乡学生肺活量20年持续下降,前10年乡村学生下降快、后10年城市学生下降快;（3）乡村学生800m、1000m跑水平高于城市,城市女生50m跑、仰卧起坐水平高于乡村,其他素质城乡学生水平波动较大;（4）城市女生50m跑20年持续下降,城乡学生800m和1000m跑、城市学生50m×8往返跑20年加速下降,其他素质20年间有增有降发展极不平稳。     

定向运动对大学生身心健康发展的实践研究

采用测量、问卷调查、数理统计等方法,分析定向运动学习前后对大学生身心健康的影响.结果经T检验和x2检验且表明：定向运动不仅能增强学生体质健康水平,而且有助于学生的情绪调节,增强自信心与创新意识,培养勇敢顽强的意志品质,建立良好的人际关系,能有效地促进学生身心健康发展.为了全面提高大学生整体素质,积极实践,构建定向运动课内外一体化教学模式,进行定向运动课程模块化教学,以满足学生的多元化需求.     

Identifying home advantage in international tennis and golf tournaments

A regression analysis of competitors' tournament results in relation to their world rankings was proposed to identify the effect of home advantage in international ‘grand-slam’ tennis and ‘major’ golf tournaments. The results provided little evidence of home advantage in either the grand-slam tennis or the golf tournaments held in 1993. The only possible evidence of home advantage was found in the Wimbledon tennis and the US Open golf championships. Even these findings can be explained, at least partially, by (1) the availability of information concerning the low world rankings of the British tennis players competing at Wimbledon, and (2) selective entry, allowing only the world's top-ranked foreign golfers into the US open golf tournament. In both cases, the lower ranking home competitors have a greater opportunity to perform above their anticipated world rankings. Therefore, provided entry into tennis and golf tournaments is truly ‘open’ to both the host nation's representatives and foreign competitors alike, home advantage does not appear to be a major factor influencing the competitors' performance in such competitions. These findings may be explained by the relatively objective nature of the scoring systems used in tennis and golf, unlike the subjective influence of refereeing decisions on the results of team-games such as soccer.     

摔跤常见技术动作开始的发力特征研究

采用专门研制的摔跤测力装置,对过胸摔、挟颈背、拉臂转移和滚桥技术动作开始发力的力学特征进行测试分析,结果表明,上述动作开始的发力具有力值大和力的梯度大的特点,均有爆发用力的特征。其中过胸摔和滚桥主要把位发力最大,其总合力和力的梯度也最大。     

按摩器刺激对提高普通高校健美操专选学生柔韧性训练效果的实验研究

柔韧素质是健美操专业学生的专项素质之一,通过对普通高校健美操专业学生分组对照进行柔韧性训练的实验研究,认为对训练肌群辅以按摩器振颤刺激,可大大提高柔韧性训练效果。     

我国城市体育自然环境建设与发展的研究

采用实地调查研究、理性思维研究和文献资料调研等方法对主要问题进行了专门研究，提出了进行城市体育场所区域生态功能区划、设计体育生态功能区布局的方案、做好体育场所绿色环境系统规划、制定体育场所生态与绿地管理措施等基本观点，提出了若干城市体育自然环境建设与发展的对策。     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。