我国游泳运动员官能流行病学的调查分析

对我国8省市110名二级以上游泳运动员进行耳、鼻、咽喉官能损伤调查,结果发现损伤发病率高达100%.相关损伤发病率最高的9种疾病依次为:中耳炎、迷路炎、外耳道炎、慢性鼻炎、急性化脓性鼻窦炎、鼻中隔歪曲、慢性咽炎、急性喉炎、慢性上颌窦炎等.疾患以慢性损伤为主,对运动员身体、训练及比赛影响较大.结合游泳运动的特点及游泳运动员的健康状况与培养价值,就发病率较高的9种损伤及其原因进行分析,并依据调查结果提出预防监督建议.     

对我国优秀冰球运动员运动创伤特点的分析

对我国优秀冰球运动员116名进行创伤调查,结果发现男运动员的创伤发病率为88.5%,女运动员为65.5%。其创伤特点主要为急性伤或由急性伤迁延而来,慢性伤只占20%左右;创伤的多发性也很明显,占70%以上。创伤发病率最高的6种疾病依次为腰背肌肉筋膜炎、髌腱腱围炎、腕关节三角软骨盘损伤、踝关节韧带断裂和不稳、髌骨软骨病和肩袖损伤。就腰背肌肉筋膜炎发病率高的原因进行了分析,并根据本调查结果提出预防运动创伤的建议。     

摔跤、跆拳道、体育舞蹈

G886.214.53 9902904摔跤运动员损伤调查与分析[刊,中,A]/慈玉林∥体育学刊.1999(1).-30-31表5参3(XH)摔跤∥损伤∥调研∥菜花耳∥耳∥疾病∥关节对从事多年摔跤运动员进行专项损伤的问卷调查,并调查数据经统计、分析,说明摔跤运动员在训练和比赛中导致的耳血肿(菜花耳)发病率占调查人数的62%,关节损伤的发病率占47%。提示应引起专业人员的高度重视。     

对我国不同级别游泳运动员耳、鼻、咽、喉器官功能损伤的研究

对我国8省(市)110名二级以上游泳运动员进行耳、鼻、咽、喉损伤调查，结果发现损伤发病率高达100％，相关损伤发病率最高的9种疾病依次为：中耳炎、迷路炎、外耳道炎、慢性鼻炎、急性化脓性鼻窦炎、鼻中隔歪曲、慢性上颌窦炎、慢性咽炎、急性喉炎。损伤以慢性损伤为主，对运动员身体、训练及比赛影响较大。结合游泳运动的特点，及游泳运动员的健康状况，就发病率较高的9种损伤及其原因进行医学分析，并提出预防监督建议。     

对我国高水平男子网球运动员运动创伤状况的调查分析

对来自我国17个省市的32名一级以上男子网球运动员进行创伤调查，结果发现创伤发病率高达100％。创伤发病率最高的7种疾病依次为：踝关节骨折及外侧韧带损伤、膝关节胫侧韧带损伤、膝关节半月板损伤、腰背肌肉筋膜炎、肩袖损伤、网球肘和腕骨骨折。创伤以急性损伤为主，影响训练的占38．74％。结合网球运动的特点就发病率高的几种创伤的原因进行了分析，并根据本调查结果提出了预防建议。     

关于长拳运动员运动损伤的调查研究

文章对33名长拳运动员进行了运动损伤的调查分析。调查表明:长拳运动员具有发病率高、急性损伤多、四肢伤多、骨性伤多的特点。文章在调查的基础上,对损伤的性质、原因进行了分析,旨在探讨长拳运动员损伤发生的规律及防治对策。     

摔跤运动员损伤调查与分析

对从事多年摔跤运动员进行专项损伤的问卷调查,其调查数据经统计、分析,说明摔跤运动员在训练和比赛中导致的耳血肿（菜花耳）发病率占调查人数的６２％,关节损伤的发病率占４７％。提示应引起专业人员的高度重视。     

广东省女子曲棍球队膝关节损伤调查分析

膝关节损伤是由棍球运动更多发性伤病之一,严重的损伤不仅影响训练和比赛,甚至会导致运动员运动生涯的终止.对广东女子曲棍球队运动员膝关节损伤进行了调查,结合等动力量潮试对女子由棍球运动员膝关节损伤的原因进行了分析.结论:广东女子由棍球运动员膝关节损伤高发病率提示膝关节损伤仍是医务监督和预防的工作重点.广东女子曲棍球运动员屈伸肌发展比较协调,但同名肌发展失衡较普遍,可能是导致曲棍球运动员膝关节损伤高发病率的原因之一.     

湖北省高校高水平篮球运动员运动损伤的现状与预防对策分析

对湖北省高校高水平篮球运动员进行运动损伤调查。结果表明运动损伤发病率男生为98.57%；女生为57.45%，其损伤特点男生多是急性伤，女生多是慢性劳损伤，损伤呈多发性。运动损伤得原因最多的依次为准备不充分、疲劳、负荷过大、思想麻痹等方面。运动损伤的部位和性质主要为足/踝、膝、手/腕和擦伤、挫伤、骨折等。建议：加强对运动员进行竞赛规则教育、体育道德和自我保护意识培养，加强技术训练和力量练习以及科学的训练方法和医疗监督。     

北京体育大学标枪运动员肘关节损伤的调查分析

文章采用问卷调查法,对天津职业大学标枪运动员肘部损伤情况进行调查和分析。结果表明:标枪运动员肘部损伤的发病率很高,且水平越高损伤的可能性就越大,损伤的次数就越多,其主要原因是技术不正确、比赛中受伤、组织安排不合理、局部负荷过大、准备活动不当,提出预防和减少损伤发生的基本方法。     

跳水运动员颈椎损伤的X线特征及其防治

112例跳水运动员颈椎X线结果显示,正常者仅21例(18.8％),异常者91例(81.2％),其中诊断为颈椎病者 27例(22.9％)。主要病变为环枢椎损伤,椎体及附件退行性变,与成年人 X线不同的是椎间隙虽狭窄,但无椎间盘变性,椎体变形而无骨赘形成等,认为这是青少年骨骼发育成长与损伤相互制约的结果,是运动性应力性损伤的特征,与该项目动作特点密切相关。     

青少年跳水运动员生长发育状况的评估

目的：了解上海青少年跳水运动员的发育状况，探讨较为科学实用的评估方法。方法：采用X线骨龄测试、第二性征评价、神经内分泌激素检查、性腺超声检查等方法，为青少年运动员进行发育评估。结果：共20名运动员，其中50%骨龄落后于生活年龄，40%第二性征Tanner分期落后1期；对4名落后较明显的运动员进行性腺超声检查、神经内分泌激素检测和LHRH兴奋试验，其中1名运动员诊断为体质性青春期延迟。结论：上海青少年跳水运动员较多存在骨龄与第二性征落后现象，个别出现体质性青春期延迟。     

芜湖市少儿跳水运动员科学选材的探讨

少儿跳水运动员的科学选材正确对今后能否成为优秀选手有着直接的关系。从形体、素质、心理、遗传、机能等方面为应具备的基本因素,对少儿跳水运动员进行科学选材,并对血红蛋白、平衡能力、视力、时空感觉,以及手臂力量、下肢爆发力、腰腹力量、空翻速度、灵敏协调性等各项指标的特征和标准的范围进行探讨,旨在为少儿跳水运动员选材和训练提供了科学依据。     

Morphological proportionality in elite age group North American divers.

The purpose of this investigation was to describe the morphological parameters that characterize elite age group divers. Comparisons are made to normative age group data from the Coquitlam Growth Study and the constancy of important characteristics from age group to age group is examined. Data were collected on 27 male and 28 female elite divers who participated in the 1990 North American Age Group Diving Championships. Body build, body composition and skinfold corrected diameters were determined from 36 anthropometric parameters and analysed by ANOVA, t-test and Phantom z-scores procedures. All age groups except the 14- to 15-year-old males were significantly (P < or = 0.05) shorter than their norms but recorded higher androgyny index values. The estimated relative muscle mass increased significantly (P < or = 0.05) with age for males at all ages (40.8-46.3%). The 16- to 18-year-old females had a significantly (P < or = 0.05) larger relative muscle component compared to the younger age groups (40.1-38.4%). When normalized for height, active tissue development of the extremities was comparable between the sexes except in the forearm. The results indicate that at all age levels short stature is an important characteristic for divers. Analysis of regional active tissue development provides further insight into sport-specific prerequisites for success at elite levels.     

Morphological proportionality in elite age group North American divers

Abstract

The purpose of this investigation was to describe the morphological parameters that characterize elite age group divers. Comparisons are made to normative age group data from the Coquitlam Growth Study and the constancy of important characteristics from age group to age group is examined. Data were collected on 27 male and 28 female elite divers who participated in the 1990 North American Age Group Diving Championships. Body build, body composition and skinfold corrected diameters were determined from 36 anthropometric parameters and analysed by ANOVA, t‐test and Phantom 2‐scores procedures. All age groups except the 14‐ to 15‐year‐old males were significantly (P ≤0.05) shorter than their norms but recorded higher androgyny index values. The estimated relative muscle mass increased significantly (P≤0.05) with age for males at all ages (40.8–46.3%). The 16‐ to 18‐year‐old females had a significantly (P<0.05) larger relative muscle component compared to the younger age groups (40.1–38.4%). When normalized for height, active tissue development of the extremities was comparable between the sexes except in the forearm. The results indicate that at all age levels short stature is an important characteristic for divers. Analysis of regional active tissue development provides further insight into sport‐specific prerequisites for success at elite levels.     

A comparison of depth estimation between novice and experienced sport divers

Many depth gauges are dangerously inaccurate. It is therefore interesting to know how accurately divers can estimate depth, and whether this varies with diving experience. Six novice and six experienced divers followed a rope along the shelving bottom of a quarry and estimated their depth at nine marked points. Except for novices' estimates when shallow, both groups underestimated their depth. The degree of underestimation was significantly less for novices than for experienced divers. Both underestimation and variability increased with depth. It is suggested that novices made deeper depth estimates than the experienced group because they were more anxious.     

Beneficial effect of enriched air nitrox on bubble formation during scuba diving. An open-water study

Bubble formation during scuba diving might induce decompression sickness.

This prospective randomised and double-blind study included 108 advanced recreational divers (38 females). Fifty-four pairs of divers, 1 breathing air and the other breathing nitrox28 undertook a standardised dive (24 ± 1 msw; 62 ± 5min) in the Red Sea. Venous gas bubbles were counted (Doppler) 30–<45 min (early) and 45–60 min (late) post-dive at jugular, subclavian and femoral sites.

Only 7% (air) vs. 11% (air28®) (n.s.) were bubble-free after a dive. Independent of sampling time and breathing gas, there were more bubbles in the jugular than in the femoral vein. More bubbles were counted in the air-group than in the air28-group (pooled vein: early: 1845 vs. 948; P = 0.047, late: 1817 vs. 953; P = 0.088). The number of bubbles was sex-dependent. Lastly, 29% of female air divers but only 14% of male divers were bubble-free (P = 0.058).

Air28® helps to reduce venous gas emboli in recreational divers. The bubble number depended on the breathing gas, sampling site and sex. Thus, both exact reporting the dive and in particular standardising sampling characteristics seem mandatory to compare results from different studies to further investigate the hitherto incoherent relation between inert gas bubbles and DCS.     

Stride Adjustments during a Running Approach toward a Force Plate

Purpose

Previous research demonstrating that specific performance outcome goals can be achieved in different ways is functionally significant for springboard divers whose performance environment can vary extensively. This body of work raises questions about the traditional approach of balking (terminating the takeoff) by elite divers aiming to perform only identical, invariant movement patterns during practice.

Method

A 12-week training program (2 times per day; 6.5 hr per day) was implemented with 4 elite female springboard divers to encourage them to adapt movement patterns under variable takeoff conditions and complete intended dives, rather than balk.

Results

Intraindividual analyses revealed small increases in variability in the board-work component of each diver's pretraining and posttraining program reverse-dive takeoffs. No topological differences were observed between movement patterns of dives completed pretraining and posttraining. Differences were noted in the amount of movement variability under different training conditions (evidenced by higher normalized root mean square error indexes posttraining). An increase in the number of completed dives (from 78.91%–86.84% to 95.59%–99.29%) and a decrease in the frequency of balked takeoffs (from 13.16%–19.41% to 0.63%–4.41%) showed that the elite athletes were able to adapt their behaviors during the training program. These findings coincided with greater consistency in the divers' performance during practice as scored by qualified judges.

Conclusion

Results suggested that on completion of training, athletes were capable of successfully adapting their movement patterns under more varied takeoff conditions to achieve greater consistency and stability of performance outcomes.     

Compelling overuse injury incidence in youth multisport athletes

The present investigation was carried out to examine the incidence and pattern of injuries in adolescent multisport athletes from youth sports academy. Injury data were prospectively collected from 166 athletes during the seasons from 2009 to 2014. A total of 643 injuries were identified, 559 (87.0%) were time-loss injuries. The overall injury incidence was 5.5 (95% confidence interval CI: 5.1–6.0), the incidence of time-loss injuries was 4.8 (95% CI: 4.4–5.2), the incidence of growth conditions was 1.2 (95% CI: 1.0–1.4) and incidence of serious injuries was 0.6 (95% CI: 0.5–0.8) per 1000?h of exposure. The prevalence of overuse injuries was 50.3%. Growth conditions represented 20.0%. Most of the injuries (67.0%) involved the lower extremities, and both foot and ankle were the most predominant injured body parts (22.0%). Knee injuries were mostly from overuse (50 vs. 23, p?=?.02), whereas foot and ankle injuries resulted from an acute mechanism (94 vs. 31, p?<?.0001). Minor and moderate injuries accounted for 87.0%. Muscle, tendon and osteochondrosis injuries accounted for 52.0% of all injuries. Comparing groups, squash sport was having the highest injury incidence (8.5 injuries per athlete). Higher exposure was associated with greater overuse relative risk (RR?=?1.03, 95% CI: 1.01–1.014, p?<?.001). In conclusion, the results of this study identified a high incidence of injuries in this youth sports population. Striking was the prevalence of overuse injuries of 50%, which suggests the need for injury prevention protocols for adolescent highly trained athletes.     

上海优秀击剑运动员和跳水运动员注意特征比较

运用文献分析法、数据分析法,对上海优秀击剑运动员和跳水运动员注意特征的比较研究,发现跳水运动员与击剑运动运动员的注意特征有显著差异。注意稳定性及注意集中这两项注意特征,是优秀跳水运动员所具备的重要注意特征。优秀击剑运动员所具备的最重要的注意特征是注意转移。