第五章 学费、学生资助和奖学金

<正>一、概述对大部分家长和学生来说,出国留学首要考虑的问题是如何支付大学学费。不管你是在本国接受本科教育,还是准备到海外攻读硕士学位,学费是首要考虑的因素。本章将为学生和家长介绍与留学费用相关的一些信息,包括对学习和生活成本的调查,以及世界200强大学的平均学费。此外,还将介绍奖学金、学生资助以及其他留学经费来源途径,并对一些最热门留学国家重要组织提供的奖学金进行了专门分析。     

高校学生资助体系的完善与发展——以H省为例

学生资助狭义上指用物质上的财物资助学生完成学业,广义上还包括从精神上对学生的支持、鼓励和嘉勉。目前我国学生资助体系已初具雏形,包括奖学金、助学金、助学贷款、勤工助学、学费减免、特殊困难补助、学费代偿、绿色通道等形式,各种资助形式互相补充,形成了一个比较完整的体系。     

学生资助和高等教育机会均等(续2)——对中日美3国的比较分析

本期主要讨论日本、中国的学费和学生资助状况。在日本,学费上涨很快,但是学生资助制度没有及时得到完善。国家财政提供的资助主要通过日本学生资助机构办理。该资助属贷款而不是赠予,学生在毕业后必须偿还。多数私立大学虽设立了具有其特色的奖助贷学金,但获资助学生非常少。即便是日本国立大学的学生,其教育费负担也很重。在中国,公立大学的学费飞速上涨。虽然中国的学生资助类型多样,但是赠予型多用于奖优,助贫主要靠贷款,借贷学生的偿还压力很大。中日两国都有待于进一步改善其教育机会均等化政策。     

高校特困生人格特征浅析及完善特困工作的设想

为了体现教育公平,让所有人都能有机会享有高等教育的权利,让困难学生不因交不起学费而不能上大学,国家给予了相关的优惠政策和条件,例如大学生助学贷款、生源地贷款、国家奖助学金、绿色通道等等方便政策.虽然是这样,始终不能从根本上解决这些困难大学生的经济压力和心理压力     

学生资助和高等教育机会均等(续)--对中日美3国的比较分析

上期讨论了相关理论并简单介绍了高学费、高资助政策。本期介绍对高学费、高资助政策的各种批判意见和各国的学生资助概况,考察了学生资助制度比较完善的美国的状况,包括其历史、现状、社会背景以及存在的问题等。结果显示美国的财政资助卓有成效,但也存在学生负债过重和不还敖现象,还有学生资助基准的变化使教育机会均等面临危机。     

全国 我国已建立从学前教育至高等教育全覆盖的学生资助政策体系

2007年5月,国务院下发文件,出台一系列资助举措,开始实施国家新资助政策。5年来,我国已建立起从学前教育至高等教育全覆盖的学生资助政策体系。特别是在高等教育阶段,实行了国家助学金、国家奖学金、助学贷款、学费补偿和助学贷款代偿、校内奖学金、校内无息借款、勤工助学、特殊困难补助、减免学费以及确保家庭经济困难学生顺利入学的＂绿色通道＂等多种形式相结合的资助政策。新资助政策体系实施后,     

文凭含金量高的新加坡教育

正新加坡教育文凭含金量高——学校不只对本国的中学生慷慨,对到该国念大学的海外留学生也很大方。不论新加坡学生还是外国留学生,只要在新加坡大学、理工学院或技术学院念书,都可以申请新加坡政府提供的学费资助。这笔资助无需偿还,只是学生毕业后前三年,必须留在新加坡工作。通过这种政策,新加坡至少可以把一个人才留住三年,让他们在当地就业,贡献人力。虽然根据新加坡人力部规定,只有特定大专学院的留学生可以在课余时间兼职,而且每周工作时数不可超过16小时。但是,大学生的学费和生活补助可以贷款,有些外国学生靠政府学费资助和教育贷款,就可以负担学费和生活费。     

高校学费、学生资助信息的拥有对高三学生教育期待的影响

本文基于2011年12月在山东省Z市普通高中进行的学生调查,实证研究了高三学生对本省高校学费、学生资助信息的拥有状况,影响该类信息拥有的主要因素,以及该类信息的拥有对高三学生教育期待的影响。研究结果表明,高校学费、学生资助信息尚未在高三学生中完全普及;该类信息的拥有状况受到家庭经济文化背景的影响,是否拥有该类信息对高中生的教育期待产生影响。基于上述结论,作者建议通过学校及有关部门加大对中学生进行有关高校学费、学生资助信息的宣传和教育。     

论高等教育的学费

:基于高等教育机会的公平和收益 ,受教育者应缴纳学费。作为准公共产品的高等教育服务 ,其学费不是高等教育服务的价格 ,而是高等教育服务的成本分担。高等学校培养学生的成本 ,大多数居民收入水平决定的支付能力 ,是确定学费标准的基本依据。学费听证会是政府确定学费标准的有效形式。当学费达到一定水平时 ,学费减免。助学金、奖学金、学生勤工助学和学生助学贷款等形式的学生资助政策 ,是缓解高等教育机会不公平的重要手段     

规范高校收费 全面落实贫困学生资助政策——教育部副部长张保庆答记者问

坚决规范高校收费行为,治理各种乱收费现象坚决反对以收费代替政府对高等学校的正常投入从学费收入中足额提取10%全部用于资助困难学生让更多的人上大学,让更多的人上得起大学,让已进入大学的青年能上完大学,是政府和高校的共同责任·党和政府有力量有办法解决好贫困生的学习和生活问题     

Willingness to Pay and Preference for Private Institutions

This study focuses on the correlates of student preference for private institutions over public institutions in their senior year in high school, with a particular focus on the effects of students' subjective responses to tuition costs and to financial aid availability. The data for this study were drawn from a longitudinal study of postsecondary educational choice of high school students in the state of Indiana. The results indicate that in addition to student and family background and student academic characteristics, students' subjective responses to tuition costs and to financial aid availability have a substantial linkage with student preference for private or public institutions. This study suggests that family and ascribed characteristics alone do not explain student preference for the type of postsecondary institution. Students' subjective responses to tuition costs and to financial aid availability are also directly related to student preference for a certain type of postsecondary institution, independent of student family background and academic characteristics. This suggests that the willingness to pay, not only the ability to pay, plays a direct role in student college choice decisions. The implications for policy making are discussed.     

The Effect of Financial Aid on Students' College Choice: Differences by Racial Groups

This study analyzed the impact of specific types of financial aid on students' college choice, with particular focus on racial differences. For overall student populations, the receipt of grants or a combination of grants with loans had a positive impact on attending first choice institutions. In contrast, having loans only had no significant impact. Going one step further, distinct patterns were found in the effects of financial aid on college choice by racial groups. White students were more likely to attend their first-choice institutions if they received grants or a combination of grants with loans. Asian American students were strongly influenced by having loans or a combination of grants with loans when they decided to attend their first choice of colleges. In contrast, college choices of Latino and African American students were not influenced by financial aid. Implications of the findings for financial aid policy are indicated and future research on the topics recommended.     

助学贷款制度与贫困生资助体系研究

高校贫困生不断增加的状况,要求进一步完善助学贷款制度和贫困生资助体系。国家助学贷款作为助学的主渠道,具有自身特点,但在制度上仍存在缺陷,必须完善相关制度设计,使其更符合我国国情。同时,要构建政府、高校、银行、社会资助贫困生的立体体系,发挥助学贷款和高校资助体系的良好效用。     

Distance and intrastate college student migration

Most studies of student migration focus on interstate migration of college students, largely because the aggregate data typically used are limited in geographic specificity to states. However, interstate migration is only a small part of the total student migration. Public institutions generally get most of their students from within their state; for example, 88 percent of first-time freshmen who enrolled in University System of Georgia institutions in 2002 graduated from Georgia schools. Such intrastate migration is seldom considered. This paper examines intrastate college student migration, using data for Georgia. Aside from such traditional measures of benefits and costs like tuition, financial aid, and school quality, a crucial explanatory variable in our analysis is the distance from a student's home to the different Georgia state institutions. Our empirical results indicate that student intrastate migration is strongly discouraged by greater distance, but with effects that differ across types of higher education institutions.     

高职院校学生社团建设及管理模式探索——基于对北京市部分高职院校"学生社团发展调查问卷"的数据分析

探索高职学生社团建设的新模式是新时期进一步加强和改进大学生思想政治工作,不断延伸工作手臂、凝聚青年学子思想、强化综合素质提高,构建社团管理新模式,培养适应市场需求的高等技术应用性专门人才。     

以科学发展观为指导推动大学生思想政治工作

大学生思想政治工作是一门科学,同样需要以科学发展观为指导。坚持以科学发展观为指导全面推进大学生思想政治工作,必须坚持以人为本尊重学生主体,以学生活动、校园文化建设为支点,以社会实践为主渠道,努力构建全新的思想政治教育体系,不断探索新形势下加强和改进大学生思想政治工作的新规律和新方法。     

美国大学生资助需求公式及对中国的启示

美国大学生资助需求公式是上世纪中期发展起来的,用于判断一个大学生是否需要资助,需要资助的金额是多少。其理论基础是高等教育成本需要家庭和社会共同分担,维护高等教育公平。其基本结构是学生入学成本减去家庭预期贡献。公式的核心内容是计算大学生家庭可以用于高等教育的资金。美国大学生资助需求公式可以为建立中国大学生资助需求公式提供借鉴。     

How students pay for college: temporal and individual variation

College students' finances are of considerable public interest student finances influence student choices. and student choice, have public consequences. Moreover much public money is spent to assist students financially. Yet remarkably little is known about student finances, particularly as they vary on overtime or among individuals. This study provides, some results in this area. Based on two sources of data yearly surveys of college freshmen, and a longitudinal survey of one high-school class nationwide it decomposes student expenditures on college according to the source of funds. It then examine, file resulting distribution as it varies overtime and among students who live in different places, who performed differently in high school, and who come from backgrounds of different affluence. The ditribution does vary with these variables, but the author concludes there is little evidence that current public aid programs are misdirected.     

How valid is self-reported financial aid information?

This paper compares the accuracy of college freshmen self-reported information about financial aid awards with actual data on the types and amounts of these awards. Data from the 1986–87 National Postsecondary Aid Study (NPSAS) file are replicated with evidence from a single institution. The study shows that college freshmen are relatively accurate in reporting whether any financial aid was received. However, students' self-reports of specific financial aid awards and amounts do not correspond closely to actual data. Campus administrators would come to very different conclusions about both the types and amounts of student aid if they rely on survey data compared to actual data. The results provide evidence for how nonsampling errors may bias survery results.     

The nexus between college choice and persistence

Initial student commitments have long been considered an influence on persistence, but the reasons why students choose to attend a college have seldom been considered as dimensions of initial commitments that could influence persistence processes and outcomes. This study used NPSAS-87 to examine the influence of finance-related reasons for choosing a college on persistence decisions. The findings include (1) finance-related choices have direct and indirect influences on whether students persist in college; and (2) market-based, monetary measures of financial aid, tuition costs, housing costs, and other living costs have a substantial direct effect on persistence.