对足球运动员主要供能系统的探讨

文章采用文献资料、对比分析等方法，针对足球运动员在比赛中的活动方式、距离、时间以及比赛中血乳酸的生成等方面，从能量的生成和供给方面对足球运动员在比赛中的主要供能形式进行深入细致的分析，阐述了足球运动员的供能是以有氧为主。指出足球训练不应偏废某一供能系统，而应根据身体活动能量供给的比例合理地确定多年或全年的有氧和无氧代谢供能训练的比重。     

对足球运动员糖补充的分析

足球运动员在比赛中的供能方式为有氧与无氧混合供能,其中各种身体活动所需的能量中74.5%由有氧代谢供给,糖和脂肪是最重要的氧化代谢底物,足球运动员在赛前、赛中、赛后进行合理补糖,有助于运动能力的提高,延缓疲劳的出现和加速疲劳的恢复。     

冰球运动员的耐力训练

通过对冰球运动员比赛中能量供应特点的分析,提出发展有氧供能耐力、无氧磷酸原供能耐力、无氧糖酵解供能耐力训练的方法.     

高校高水平男子足球运动员专项有氧耐力训练

结合足球运动项目特点,通过对我省高校的高水平男子足球运动员进行为期8周的专项有氧耐力训练,对比训练前、后运动员的有氧代谢能力及在比赛中的表现,说明专项有氧耐力训练对提高足球运动员体能有着极其重要的作用。     

浅论发展足球运动员耐力的理论基础

运用运动生理学原理，通过对足球运动员比赛中肌肉活动状况的测定。分析足球运动员奔跑能力的供能机制，从而为选择足球运动员速度耐力的有效训练手段和方法提供一些生理学的依据。     

长距离速滑供能特点的探讨

能量代谢的传统理论一直认为长距离速滑项目以有氧代谢供能为主。我国速滑教练员多以此供能理论为依据,制定长距离速滑训练计划并实施训练。通过二年多大量的血乳酸日常监测发现,我国长距离速滑训练中运动员的血乳酸浓度多在2—6mmol/L之间,而大量的调查结果表明,长距离速滑比赛后运动员的血乳酸峰值已超过了12mmol/L。这种训练和比赛中能量供给的差异使我国长距离项目运动成绩难以提高。因此,建议在长距离速滑训练中增加糖酵解供能和耐乳酸方面的训练内容。     

高校高水平足球运动员不同场上位置的体能素质训练策略研究

随着校园足球的蓬勃发展,高校高水平组足球比赛受到诸多关注,比赛水平也显著提升。足球比赛是一个以足球为中心的有氧供能为主的活动过程,一场足球比赛时长会根据场上情况和相应规则控制在90～120分钟之间,因此体能素质是每个高水平运动员必备的基本能力之一。体能训练是足球运动队日常训练活动中必不可少的重要环节。根据足球比赛本身固有的特性,不同足球运动员的场上位置不同,在比赛中承担的主要责任以及对体能素质要求的侧重点也各不相同。本文就高校高水平足球运动员不同位置的体能素质的训练进行探究。简要概述不同场上位置足球运动员所必备体能能力的侧重点,分析当前高校高水平训练队体能训练存在的问题,提出足球运动员不同场上位置体能训练策略。     

浅谈篮球运动员糖的补充

在篮球比赛过程中,不仅仅是有激烈的对抗,还要求运动员在比赛中有进攻和防守时快速反应和短距离的全速冲刺。篮球运动员需要无氧的快速能量供应系统;同时为打好全场比赛,获取最后胜利,需要篮球运动员有良好的有氧耐力供能系统。因此,从篮球的项目特点和比赛上分析,篮球运动员的能量供能系统是多系统参与的能量供应,即：有氧、无氧能量混合供能。篮球运动员的营养补充,最重要的能量物质就是糖。     

浅论发展足球运动员耐力的理论基础

运用运动生理学原理,通过对足球运动员比赛中肌肉活动状况的测定。分析足球运动员奔跑能力的供能机制,从而为选择足球运动员速度耐力的有效训练手段和方法提供一些生理学的依据。     

柔道运动的供能特点及运动员的身体机能评定

从柔道比赛的规则及技术因素特点分析,柔道运动比赛的供能特点主要是以磷酸原和糖酵解无氧代谢为主,但也需要运动员具有良好的有氧代谢能力。结合柔道运动供能特点,从运动员无氧代谢能力、有氧代谢能力、身体机能状况和训练后疲劳恢复情况几方面对柔道运动员机能的评定方法进行了阐述。     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

全国城乡学生体质20年动态分析

基于1985、1995和2005年全国学生体质调研数据,对各时期我国城乡学生形态、机能、体能发展水平进行系统地定量研究,动态分析20年全国城乡学生体质发展的特点与规律。主要研究结果：（1）近20年城乡学生生长发育持续提前,城市学生各项形态指标生长水平高于乡村,身高城乡差距缩小,体重、胸围城乡差距加大;（2）城市学生肺活量水平高于乡村,城乡学生肺活量20年持续下降,前10年乡村学生下降快、后10年城市学生下降快;（3）乡村学生800m、1000m跑水平高于城市,城市女生50m跑、仰卧起坐水平高于乡村,其他素质城乡学生水平波动较大;（4）城市女生50m跑20年持续下降,城乡学生800m和1000m跑、城市学生50m×8往返跑20年加速下降,其他素质20年间有增有降发展极不平稳。     

定向运动对大学生身心健康发展的实践研究

采用测量、问卷调查、数理统计等方法,分析定向运动学习前后对大学生身心健康的影响.结果经T检验和x2检验且表明：定向运动不仅能增强学生体质健康水平,而且有助于学生的情绪调节,增强自信心与创新意识,培养勇敢顽强的意志品质,建立良好的人际关系,能有效地促进学生身心健康发展.为了全面提高大学生整体素质,积极实践,构建定向运动课内外一体化教学模式,进行定向运动课程模块化教学,以满足学生的多元化需求.     

Identifying home advantage in international tennis and golf tournaments

A regression analysis of competitors' tournament results in relation to their world rankings was proposed to identify the effect of home advantage in international ‘grand-slam’ tennis and ‘major’ golf tournaments. The results provided little evidence of home advantage in either the grand-slam tennis or the golf tournaments held in 1993. The only possible evidence of home advantage was found in the Wimbledon tennis and the US Open golf championships. Even these findings can be explained, at least partially, by (1) the availability of information concerning the low world rankings of the British tennis players competing at Wimbledon, and (2) selective entry, allowing only the world's top-ranked foreign golfers into the US open golf tournament. In both cases, the lower ranking home competitors have a greater opportunity to perform above their anticipated world rankings. Therefore, provided entry into tennis and golf tournaments is truly ‘open’ to both the host nation's representatives and foreign competitors alike, home advantage does not appear to be a major factor influencing the competitors' performance in such competitions. These findings may be explained by the relatively objective nature of the scoring systems used in tennis and golf, unlike the subjective influence of refereeing decisions on the results of team-games such as soccer.     

摔跤常见技术动作开始的发力特征研究

采用专门研制的摔跤测力装置,对过胸摔、挟颈背、拉臂转移和滚桥技术动作开始发力的力学特征进行测试分析,结果表明,上述动作开始的发力具有力值大和力的梯度大的特点,均有爆发用力的特征。其中过胸摔和滚桥主要把位发力最大,其总合力和力的梯度也最大。     

按摩器刺激对提高普通高校健美操专选学生柔韧性训练效果的实验研究

柔韧素质是健美操专业学生的专项素质之一,通过对普通高校健美操专业学生分组对照进行柔韧性训练的实验研究,认为对训练肌群辅以按摩器振颤刺激,可大大提高柔韧性训练效果。     

我国城市体育自然环境建设与发展的研究

采用实地调查研究、理性思维研究和文献资料调研等方法对主要问题进行了专门研究，提出了进行城市体育场所区域生态功能区划、设计体育生态功能区布局的方案、做好体育场所绿色环境系统规划、制定体育场所生态与绿地管理措施等基本观点，提出了若干城市体育自然环境建设与发展的对策。     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。