Equilibrium bed-concentration of nonuniform sediment

Knowledge of the equilibrium bed-concentration is vital to mathematical modeling of the river-bed deformation associated with suspended load but previous investigations only dealt with the reference concentration of uniform sediment because of difficulties in observation of the bed-concentration. This work is a first attempt to develop a theoretical formula for the equilibrium bed-concentration of any fraction of nonuniform sediment defined at the bed-surface. The formula is based on a stochastic-mechanistic model for the exchange of nonuniform sediment near the bed, and described as a function of incipient motion probability, non-ceasing probability, pickup probability, and the ratio of the average single-step continuous motion time to static time. Comparison of bed-concentration calculated from the proposed formula with the measured data showed satisfactory agreement, indicating the present formula can be used for solving the differential equation goverming the motion of suspended load. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 59779010 and 50079025)     

Equilibrium bed-concentration of nonuniform sediment

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LISST-100X现场激光粒度分析仪体积转换常数的计算方法

激光粒度仪是施测泥沙颗粒级配分布的设备,在施测过程中以测试水体中悬浮物来确定泥沙颗粒级配的分布,并通过体积转换常数来计算含沙量。本文就LISST-100x现场激光粒度分析仪“泥沙体积转换常数”的计算方法进行分析探讨,以确定最优值的选择方法。     

螺山水文站采用流量权重系数推求断沙的探讨

悬移质输沙率及断面平均含沙量测验目前主要采用的方法是以部分流量加权法求得,该法需在含沙量测验的同时进行流量测验.通过对螺山水文站多年实测悬移质输沙率资料的分析计算,得到各取样垂线间部分流量权重系数,再利用垂线平均含沙量与垂线间部分流量权重系数的计算即可得到断面平均含沙量.该法能实现含沙量测验与流量测验异步,减少流量测次,降低生产成本,能更好地控制含沙量的变化过程.     

垂线输沙率计算方法的理论分析

由垂线含沙量分布公式与流速指数分布公式的乘积得到垂线输沙率分布公式,据此对12种垂线平均输沙率计算方法进行了分析比较,并提出了改进意见。建议用辛普生九点法与高斯—勒让德四点法作为计算垂线平均输沙率近似真值的方法,其中后者不仅工作量小,精度高,还避免了施测底速底沙的难题。     

Analytical model of vertical vibrations in piles for different tip boundary conditions: parametric study and applications

In this paper,a model named fictitious soil pile was introduced to solve the boundary coupled problem at the pile tip.In the model,the soil column between pile tip and bedrock was treated as a fictitious pile,which has the same properties as the local soil.The tip of the fictitious soil pile was assumed to rest on a rigid rock and no tip movement was allowed.In combination with the plane strain theory,the analytical solutions of vertical vibration response of piles in a frequency domain and the corresponding semi-analytical solutions in a time domain were obtained using the Laplace transforms and inverse Fourier transforms.A parametric study of pile response at the pile tip and head showed that the thickness and layering of the stratum between pile tip and bedrock have a significant influence on the complex impedances.Finally,two applications of the analytical model were presented.One is to identify the defects of the pile shaft,in which the proposed model was proved to be accurate to identify the location as well as the length of pile defects.Another application of the model is to identify the sediment thickness under the pile tip.The results showed that the sediment can lead to the decrease of the pile stiffness and increase of the damping,especially when the pile is under a low frequency load.     

Analytical model of vertical vibrations in piles for different tip boundary conditions: parametric study and applicationsx

In this paper,a model named fictitious soil pile was introduced to solve the boundary coupled problem at the pile tip.In the model,the soil column between pile tip and bedrock was treated as a fictitious pile,which has the same properties as the local soil.The tip of the fictitious soil pile was assumed to rest on a rigid rock and no tip movement was allowed.In combination with the plane strain theory,the analytical solutions of vertical vibration response of piles in a frequency domain and the corresponding semi-analytical solutions in a time domain were obtained using the Laplace transforms and inverse Fourier transforms.A parametric study of pile response at the pile tip and head showed that the thickness and layering of the stratum between pile tip and bedrock have a significant influence on the complex impedances.Finally,two applications of the analytical model were presented.One is to identify the defects of the pile shaft,in which the proposed model was proved to be accurate to identify the location as well as the length of pile defects.Another application of the model is to identify the sediment thickness under the pile tip.The results showed that the sediment can lead to the decrease of the pile stiffness and increase of the damping,especially when the pile is under a low frequency load.     

两部制电价改进计算方法

在传统两部制电价的基本计算法基础上,进一步以经济效益为主要目标,在充分考虑固定成本在电厂之间的分配情况下,该文提出了新的容量电费计算公式;而在考虑高低峰负荷调整和用户功率因数限制条件下,修改了用户电费计算公式,从而提出了一个更适应市场经济的两部制电价的计算方法。     

婺江柱样沉积物的磁学特征及其与重金属污染的相关分析

通过对婺江江心洲伍佰滩柱样沉积物（76cm）进行多项磁学参数和重金属含量的测定,得到磁性物质和重金属的垂直分布情况。运用SPSS软件对所得数据作主成分分析,分析表明磁学指标χARM/SIRM和χfd%与Fe、Al、Pb、Ga、V、Ce、Cr、Ni、Cu等重金属含量有较强的相关关系,反映了细晶粒亚铁磁性矿物对重金属的吸附作用。建立了利用磁学参数χARM/SIRM和χfd%推断污染较严重的几种重金属含量的线性回归模型。本研究表明利用磁学参数来快速推断河流沉积物的重金属污染状况是可行的。     

Enhanced understanding on incipient sedimentmotion and sediment suspension through oscillating-grid turbulence experiments

Sediment dynamics are usually described in terms of the studies developed under a steady uniform flow, where the hydrodynamic forces are taken those pertaining to the mean time-averaged flow speed. However, the inherent turbulence plays an important role and should be considered implicitly in describing the complexity of turbulence effects in geophysical phenomena. This paper reviews the implementation of isolated turbulence, generated by oscillating grid on two important sediment transport phenomena, i.e., incipient sediment motion and suspension. The generated quasi-isotropic, laterally homogenous turbulence (that is, at a distance further away from the grid) permits an in-depth investigation of the effect of turbulent fluctuations and brings new insights in understanding both phenomena. The critical Shields profile for the incipient sediment motion characterized using the second order of turbulence statistics is qualitatively similar to the Shields curve obtained under a steady uniform flow. In the suspension of particles, there is a two-way interaction between sediment and turbulence. High concentration of suspended particles changes the turbulence structure and the presence of coherent vortices changes the particle settling velocity, which subsequently alters the concentration within the suspension layer. The studies of turbulence on incipient sediment motion and particle suspension provide a better understanding of the underlying physics of sediment behavior at the near-bed region.     

Optimized operation plan for sewer sediment control

Severe operational problems of sediment deposition have frequently occurred in stormwater sewer systems in Shanghai city due to the fiat topography of the area and serious illicit connections. To control sewer sediment and its subsequential problems, optimized operation plans were proposed and an innovative performance assessment method was developed. Simulation results demonstrated that, through changing the way of pump operation and installing necessary actuators in the system, the optimized operations, especially batch intermittent intercept plan, effectively improved the flow velocity in the entire system in dry-weather condition. In conclusion, the optimized operation is an innovative idea for improving the performance and solving the problem of sediment deposition in the sewer system in Shanghai, China.     

智能微网中平衡负载下逆变器并联控制研究

传统下垂控制没有考虑本地负荷和并联逆变器间线路阻抗等因素,无功功率不能实现准确分配,系统稳定性也会随之降低。为了实现对无功功率的合理分配,在微网系统传统下垂控制算法基础上,在电压电流双闭环控制中设计虚拟阻抗,以降低有功和无功耦合程度。然后针对低压微电网中线路阻性成分较大的问题,设计虚拟负阻抗的下垂控制算法,从而进一步降低了有功和无功耦合程度。仿真结果表明,改进下垂控制前后均可以实现对有功功率的合理分配。传统下垂控制的无功功率无法合理分配,偏差达到了 20%。加入虚拟阻抗控制算法后提高了无功功率分配精度,引入虚拟负阻抗的控制算法可使该精度进一步提高。因此,相比传统下垂控制,加入该控制算法后逆变器可以获得更好的功率分配效果。     

Modeling of D-STATCOM in distribution systems load flow

This paper presents modeling of Distribution STATCOM (D-STATCOM) in load flow calculations for the steady- state voltage compensation. An accurate model for D-STATCOM is derived to use in load flow calculations. The rating of this device as well as the direction of required reactive power injection for voltage compensation in the desired value (1 p.u.) is de- rived and discussed analytically and mathematically by the phasor diagram method. Furthermore, an efficient method for node and line identification used in load flow calculations is presented. The validity of the proposed model is examined by using two standard distribution systems consisting of 33 and 69 nodes, respectively. The best location of D-STATCOM for under voltage problem mitigation approach in the distribution networks is determined. The results validate the proposed model for D- STATCOM in large distribution systems.     

FRP加固RC圆柱正截面受弯承载力计算（英文）

运用数值计算方法对FRP加固钢筋混凝土（RC）圆柱截面特性进行计算,发现截面破坏时受压区高度主要受轴压比、FRP约束强度比和纵筋配筋特征值3个主要参数影响.根据数值计算的结果进行回归,提出了受压区对应圆心角θ的计算方法.数值计算结果显示,横向约束导致的混凝土应力提高以及纵筋屈服后的强化效应使RC柱破坏时截面受弯承载力远大于规范规定值.根据理论分析和36个大比例试件实测结果提出截面破坏时受弯承载力计算方法,计算结果与试验结果吻合很好.最后,对一个典型柱变形能力进行参数分析,研究轴压比,纵筋配筋特征值和FRP约束强度比对正截面变弯承载力的影响.结果显示FRP加固圆柱破坏时受弯承载力可以比规范规定的未加固柱受弯承载力提高50%左右.     

Bearing Capacity of Mixed Pile with Stiffness Core

To study load transfer mechanism and bearing capacity of a mixed pile with stiffness core (MPSC), which is formed by inserting a precast reinforced concrete pile (PRCP), in-situ tests involving MPSCs with different lengths, diameters, water cement ratios and PRCPs, cement mixed piles, and drilling hole piles, were carried out. Limit bearing capacities, load-settlement curves and stress distribution of MPSCs and mixed piles were obtained. The load transfer between cement soil and PRCP was analyzed by finite element method (FEM). Test results and FEM analysis show that an MPSC has fully utilized the big friction from a cement mixed pile and the high compressive strength from a PRCP which transfers outer top load into the inner cement soil, and that inserting a PRCP into a mixed pile changes the stress distribution of a mixed pile and improves frictional resistance between a mixed pile and soil. The length and the section area on PRCP of an MPSC both have an optimum value. Adopting MPSC is effective in improving the bearing capacity of soft soil ground.     

基于MEMS工艺的悬臂共面式气体传感器性能分析(英文)

为了简化制作工艺,使温度分布均匀以及降低功耗,设计了一种基于MEMS制造工艺的悬臂共面式SnO2气体传感器.使用有限元法对这种传感器及膜结构堆积于硅基底上的封闭膜式气体传感器进行了稳态热分析,结果表明悬臂共面式传感器拥有更均匀的温度分布和更低的功耗.当最高温度为383℃时功耗仅为7mW,敏感薄膜上的温差低于14℃.为解决悬臂易碎的问题,提出了一种新的制造工艺,该过程在正面刻蚀SiO2层形成悬臂结构前沉积SnO2敏感薄膜,并采用深反应离子刻蚀的方法对硅基底进行体刻以避免湿法刻蚀对传感器表面的化学污染.整个过程总共需要4块掩模板.采用旋涂法溶胶凝胶法将掺有Fe离子的SnO2薄膜沉积于基底上作为敏感元件.该器件对氢气表现出了良好的气敏性能,随着氢气浓度从50×10-6上升到2000×10-6,灵敏度逐渐提高,在2000×10-6时的灵敏度为30.     

遥感技术在水质监测方面的应用

概括了水质遥感监测的原理,介绍了水质遥感监测的数据源：多光谱遥感数据和高光谱遥感数据,阐述了叶绿素、悬浮物、黄色物质三种主要水质参数的遥感监测进展,展望了遥感技术在水质监测中的应用前景。     

ADCP在内陆核电厂址水文观测中的应用

介绍了声学多普勒流速剖面仪（ADCP）的原理。以重庆涪陵核电厂为例,论证了该仪器在内陆核电厂址水文观测中的适用性;根据河流水流状况选择对应的硬件配置,可快速高效对流速、流向进行观测。总结了应用中的成功经验,提出需要注意的问题,并对利用该仪器输出数据分析计算悬沙浓度分布剖面的可行性进行了探讨。     

泾河流域现代洪水泥痕粒度特征分析

本文通过对泾河流域深入调查研究,在泾河干流和支流发现了三处现代特大洪水过后遗留下的洪水痕迹．通过对洪痕泥沙粒度特征分析,结合相关水文资料研究表明泾河流域的洪水含沙量以0．05～0．005mm的粉沙为主,泥沙分选性较差,在悬移搬运中流速对泥沙颗粒的大小起决定性作用;泾河洪水泥沙主要来源于中、上游下切侵蚀严重的黄土丘陵沟壑区和高原沟壑区,尤其是支流马连河流域,是流域治理的重点区．可为本区域的防洪减灾、工程设计及防治水土流失提供科学参考．     

基于近似点扩展函数估计的交通监控图像去雾

针对雾气分布不均匀的交通监控图像去雾,提出了一种基于近似点扩展函数估计-APEX的去雾算法。算法采用APEX的基本原理,利用暗原色先验求出的有雾图像透射图对APEX参数进行估计,且估计值按整幅图像的雾气浓度分布自适应调整,再计算出点扩展函数并逆运算得出复原的清晰图像。实验结果证明,该算法实时性高且去雾效果好,特别是对雾气分布不均匀的交通图像也有去雾效果,能满足智能交通监控系统的需求。